Growing Bamboo for Commercial Purposes in the Southeastern US

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overall increase in the diameter Growing Bamboo for Commercial Purposes in the of new culms as a bamboo grove matures. Likewise, an individual culm Southeastern U.S.: FAQs will not increase in height after the first season, but culms emerging in AUTHORED BY: DAVID COYLE, NANCY LOEWENSTEIN, DEAH subsequent years will be taller. Culms LIEURANCE, RYAN BEAN, YANSHU LI, STEPHEN ENLOE, AND can put on additional branches over PUSKAR KHANAL time, thereby increasing the amount of leaves available for photosynthesis and growth of the grove. Self-shading Introduction HOW DOES BAMBOO will eventually limit this potential GROW? increase in carbon gain from Golden bamboo (Phyllostachys photosynthesis. Culm walls continue aurea), planted as an ornamental and Bamboo has an interesting growth to harden for several years until historically for use as fishing poles, is pattern. Bamboo creates groves, reaching maturity. Bamboos flower a familiar sight spreading beyond old in which all of the culms (stems) irregularly, sometimes decades apart. homesteads. Sometimes confused are clones of the original planting. Many species flower gregariously with native river canes (Arundinaria Bamboo culms emerge from a (meaning all the culms on a single spp.), golden bamboo is one of over dense rhizome system which is clonal plant, and all the plants of the 1,400 species of fast-growing, woody, generally located within the upper same species around them, flower evergreen grasses in the subfamily 12 inches of soil. Rhizomes are and produce seed at the same time) 3 Bambusoideae (Poaceae) . Bamboos modified underground stems that while others flower sporadically. range in size from short ground function similarly to roots. As new Seeding is often followed by death of covers to timber bamboos which culms emerge from the ground they the clonal grove2,14. can reach heights of 75 feet and elongate very rapidly. This rapid diameters of 5 inches or more. growth (or ‘shooting’) is a result of redistribution of stored carbohydrates WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE In recent years there has been (stored energy) from the previous BETWEEN CLUMPING AND renewed interest in promoting growing season and not new growth RUNNING BAMBOOS? bamboo as a sustainable cash crop. from current photosynthesis. Culms There are two major types of Bamboo has been called “green remain the same diameter from bamboo: clump forming and gold” and “the most useful plant in emergence to maturity and individual running17 (Fig. 1). The rhizomes of the world”, with uses ranging from culms do not increase in diameter clumping bamboos grow radially and structural materials to industrial over time. However, there is an products, fencing, and even food. produce very little horizontal Still, many questions remain about Fig. 1. Rhizome structure of clumping and running bamboo. From Lieurance et al. 2018. the use of bamboo as a crop in the southeastern U.S. The purpose of this bulletin is to address some of these questions and to provide some basic information about the growth and biology of bamboo.

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 1 growth before they turn upwards and Bamboo imports reached $336 million, WHERE IS BAMBOO BEING produce a culm. As a result, they spread which was 23% of the global import PROMOTED? rather slowly, forming dense clumps with total. Bamboo furniture, bamboo minimal spatial spread. Most clumping plywood, and bamboo basketwork Bamboo is being promoted throughout bamboos are from subtropical/tropical accounted for about 70% of the the southeastern U.S., especially in regions of Asia, Africa and South imported products, and bamboo shoots areas where previous crops have failed. America, and are not very cold tolerant for food consumption accounted for For instance, where the citrus greening (though this varies among the different about 10%. The flooring market is epidemic has impacted Florida citrus bamboo species). With the exception the most important category for the growers, bamboo is being marketed to of bamboos in the genus Fargesia, bamboo products, but new markets landowners as a viable crop in the post- clumping bamboos generally do not such as veneer and panels for interior citrus era. In Alabama, the focus is on grow well in temperate climates, which decorations are also rapidly developing. the ‘Black Belt’ region where economic encompasses most of the southeastern However, markets for bamboo raw opportunity is depressed. U.S.23 materials in the southeastern U.S. are not yet well established. WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC The rhizomes of running bamboos CONSIDERATIONS FOR produce more horizontal growth and WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY GROWING BAMBOO? send up multiple culms along the BAMBOO PRODUCTS? rhizome, resulting in significantly greater Many factors play a role in the spatial spread. Running bamboos can Most bamboo products are secondary economics of growing bamboo spread up to 15 feet a year. Running products, such as engineered bamboo commercially, including the following bamboos tend to be more tolerant of materials (e.g. bamboo flooring), factors: cold than clumping bamboos and are woven bamboo materials (e.g. fabric), generally better suited for temperate bamboo/rattan furniture, and paper 1. Markets: Are there established climates. Our native river canes pulp. Bamboo is also being turned into facilities in your local area that accept 27 (Arundinaria spp.) are in the running biochar and used as a soil amendment bamboo raw material in a sustained 16 bamboo category. and has potential as a biofuel . manner? If the company selling the Additionally, bamboo shoots can be bamboo plants is also the buyer, do WHAT SPECIES ARE BEING harvested for food. they have guaranteed pricing and PROMOTED FOR COMMERCIAL sustained demand? USE? WHERE CAN A GROWER SELL 2. Site Preparation: Getting a Two species of running bamboo BAMBOO? site ready for planting – which may originating from temperate areas in Asia include vegetation removal, tillage, are being promoted for commercial use Few commercial markets for raw and herbicides – can cost several in several southeastern states: moso bamboo currently exist in the hundred dollars per acre. The addition bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and rubro southeastern U.S., though there may of an irrigation system, if needed, will bamboo (Phyllostachys rubromarginata). be some demand from smaller niche substantially increase these costs. Because it is more suitable for sub- markets for things like bamboo shoots tropical climates, a clumping bamboo (food) or art and craft supplies (e.g. 3. Plant material: Planting material (Dendrocalamus asper) is also being brush handles). Currently, in anticipation for bamboo may be available as promoted for cultivation in Florida. of developing markets, the companies rhizomes or young plants. Young plants promoting commercial planting of from nurseries are preferred as they bamboo appear to be the primary establish more successfully and more IS THERE A DEMAND FOR market for raw bamboo materials (i.e., quickly than rhizomes. Cost per plant BAMBOO PRODUCTS IN THE the companies selling nursery stock will vary depending on availability and U.S.? and often times financing planting species, but may be over $40 per plant. will purchase the bamboo from the Also, 100% survival is not likely25 so The annual market value of bamboo grower). This appears to be primarily extra plants may be needed to get a products world-wide is estimated to contract-based, and it is unclear what fully established site to avoid waiting be $60 billion13. International trade would happen to the market should the longer to reach grove maturity. accounts for a minor proportion ($1.7 company no longer continue to buy billion in 2016, or < 5%, of the total bamboo (i.e., if the anticipated markets market value), but the U.S. was the fail to materialize or if the company second largest importer of bamboo. folds).

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 22 4. Labor: A significant amount HOW DOES BAMBOO HANDLE fertilization at planting with a complete of manual labor is typically involved INCLEMENT WEATHER AND fertilizer (e.g., 80 lbs N, 35 lbs P, and with planting, growing and harvesting FIRE? 50 lbs K per acre) is recommended, bamboo. These costs will vary as this will increase productivity1. Soil depending on the grower’s methods While bamboo is known to be a very tests may help determine appropriate and equipment/personnel resources, strong construction material10,20, there is fertilizer application types, formulations, and there are no published data evidence that bamboo is not particularly and frequencies. During the first year, documenting current bamboo hardy in certain environmental bamboo plants should be watered propagation and harvest costs. conditions. Specifically, ice storms can every 7-10 days (if it doesn’t rain). This (but do not always) damage bamboo may require installation of an irrigation 5. Transportation: What will it cost stands, with reports of nearly 60% of the system, depending on the size of the to get harvested bamboo to market? culms bent, broken, or uprooted after plantation. Young plants should also be 25 Distance to the processing facility a single ice storm29,30. In young (1-year- protected from competing vegetation is a primary factor. In southeastern old) culms, the damage rate was about and in some cases from herbivory by U.S. forestry operations, due to 70%. Ice storms are somewhat common deer or other animals. transportation costs, wood typically is in many states in the southern U.S. and not transported more an average of 90 may pose a threat to the establishment Growth is strongly influenced by 4 miles to the mill . In some instances, if and health of bamboo plantings. In environmental factors and can be 1 the grower is working under contract addition, bamboo does not hold up well highly variable from year to year . with a bamboo company, transport of when subjected to frequently rising and Growing bamboo takes time, and little the bamboo from the grower to the falling temperatures, as it may result in can be done to speed up initial grove market or processing facility may be mechanical damage which would likely development. In the southeastern U.S. covered under the contract, but this will reduce the value of the bamboo26. it will typically take over a decade for a likely depend on with which company grove to reach harvestable size25. Given the grower enters an agreement. There is little information regarding that wall thickness and culm quality bamboo’s ability to withstand high changes with age, it may take several 6. Containment: For running winds, but anecdotal reports (personal years for individual culms to reach the species, there are costs associated with observations and newspaper articles) desired maturity for particular end spread prevention. Repeated mowing, following recent hurricanes in the products. As new culms will continually herbicide applications, the installation of southeastern U.S. suggest it is not very grow an area, it may be necessary to physical barriers, or excavating a ditch tolerant. Bamboo has a shallow root mark individual culms in order to keep around the perimeter of the grove are system, which makes it relatively top- track of their age. Thinning the grove methods that can be used to contain heavy and therefore more easily blown will help maintain product quality and 25 running bamboo. All have associated over24. grove health . Once established, a costs – some only in labor, some in labor bamboo plantation will probably be and materials. Bamboo can be a fire hazard as viable for several decades before it the woody stems and thick layer of would start to decline and need to be 7. Time: It may take a decade dead leaves on the ground are quite replaced. However, data on expected or more to harvest certain bamboo flammable. Bamboo also retains dead grove life and productivity with different products, during which time the grower twigs, which can further serve as fuel harvesting regimes is not currently may not see any revenue from the and as fire ladders taking fire into the available. planting. canopy. In some cases, fire can reduce bamboo clump growth by leading to DO EFFORTS NEED TO BE 8. Conversion out of bamboo: If a culm mortality following a fire9. MADE TO CONTAIN BAMBOO? determination is made down the road that growing bamboo is no longer IS BAMBOO EASY TO GROW Both running and clumping bamboo desirable, the costs of conversion to ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE? require management to keep plantings other uses (e.g., forestry or agricultural contained, with at least a 20 ft. buffer uses) could be high because mechanical Newly planted bamboo plants are not between the bamboo planting and and chemical means (multiple herbicide tolerant of competing vegetation. Fairly a natural area. Buffer areas around applications) are typically needed to extensive site preparation, including bamboo plantings can be mowed completely eradicate bamboo from a land clearing and herbicide application, to prevent bamboo from spreading. site. In cases where there is a contract may be necessary before planting. Mowing will need to be done on a with a bamboo company, there may Studies show that young bamboo schedule (as you would your lawn) be penalties for early departure from a responds well to fertilization and during ‘shooting’. Young bamboo culms contract. are fairly fragile and can also be

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 3 Table 1. Summary of approaches and techniques to control species of running bamboo. There are few published studies for many of these techniques.

manually removed in areas where they should not apply an herbicide that the past25, but this method yields culms are not desired simply by knocking them could impact or kill the remainder of the of different sizes and might result in over (with a kick, shovel, etc.). grove. cutting of culms that are not the proper size for the intended end products. Belowground physical barriers (such as HOW IS BAMBOO Strip cutting also results in slower plant recovery. Harvesting culms for food, metal or landscape cloth sheeting) can HARVESTED? be installed to stop rhizome expansion. requires the manual cutting of a culm These must be buried to at least a Due to the growth pattern of bamboo, when it is roughly 12 inches tall, then 28 inch depth to prevent roots from culms within the grove will vary in size peeling the outer vegetative layers to 23 growing underneath the barrier. A (culms may be marked to keep track of expose the inside (similar to peeling an trench (approximately 12 in. deep by age/size) and will get larger as the grove onion). Information on how often culms 12 in. wide) can also be dug around the matures – so, the smallest culms are can be harvested, and how many can be grove. Trenches should be monitored so often the oldest. Different sized culms harvested at a time without impacting that bamboo roots that emerge into the are used for different end products, so subsequent harvests, is not available. trench can be pruned off. Chemicals can hand labor is currently the most effective also be used to remove new bamboo method of product removal from the shoots (see Table 1) but applicators field. Strip harvesting has been used in

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 4 IS BAMBOO INVASIVE? influence stream chemistry and dynamics leading to impacts on aquatic Many of the species of running species19. However, when grown at a bamboos evaluated with University of wider spacing, bamboo plantings can Florida’s IFAS plant risk assessment be desirable for some bird species8. (http://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/) were Research from the Pacific Northwest deemed to have a high probability of showed field mice readily ate the seeds becoming invasive. Except for clumping of two non-native bamboo species, bamboos, all bamboo species currently and bamboo masting events could under consideration for commercial use potentially lead to increases in rodent are predicted to be invasive15. Several populations22. Bamboo can also be a fire state invasive plant councils (including hazard and could potentially alter fire Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, regimes which could cause long-term North Carolina, South Carolina, and ecological harm. Tennessee, as of February 2019) have listed golden bamboo (Phyllostachys IS GROWING BAMBOO A aurea) as invasive. Golden bamboo is an GOOD WAY TO SEQUESTER ornamental species of running bamboo CO ? which is closely related to moso and 2 rubro bamboos. Some studies conducted in China suggest that bamboo may sequester Figure 2. Golden bamboo can even outcompete Since many bamboo species take a and crowd out Chinese privet, another invasive CO2 at higher rates than conifer or very long time to reach reproductive 28 species prevalent throughout the southeastern hardwood forests . However, the U.S., and one known for forming dense thickets. maturity, spread by seed is a minor reported sequestration rates are concern, but cannot be completely comparable to those reported for ruled out. Due to the growth habit of pine plantations in the Southeast21. to apply to mature stands and rarely clumping bamboos, most generally Further research is required to result in complete control. Granular do not spread quickly. However, if accurately compare growth and carbon formulations of imazapyr have been not contained, running bamboos will sequestration rates and to determine effective but must be used very carefully spread. Over time a grove can extend overall carbon inputs associated with due to potential non-target injury well beyond the area it was first planted. cultivated bamboo growing in the of other plants. In all cases, control Bamboo, like many non-native invasive Southeast. or eradication is labor intensive and plants, can grow into native vegetation, expensive6. outcompeting it, often resulting in the WHAT HAPPENS IF A GROWER complete conversion of natural areas into bamboo groves (Fig. 2). Once WANTS TO STOP GROWING SUMMARY established, bamboos are very difficult BAMBOO? While some bamboos may exhibit to control (see Table 1) which is also Once established, a bamboo grove can excellent growth rates, there is as a consideration when determining be very difficult to eradicate (Table 1). In yet little information regarding the invasiveness. open areas, bamboo plants can be dug economic costs and benefits of growing up and removed with heavy equipment bamboo commercially in the Southeast. DO NON-NATIVE BAMBOOS as the rhizomes tend to be fairly shallow. Information on how to best manage PROVIDE WILDLIFE HABITAT Frequent cutting of the entire grove groves for optimal harvests is lacking, as OR OTHER ECOSYSTEM can reduce underground reserves and are established markets for bamboo raw SERVICES? eventually control the stand. This could materials. Extension and peer-support take several years depending on the systems are also lacking. Furthermore, When planted densely for commercial species and on the health and size the species of bamboo being promoted purposes, bamboo plantations support of the grove and is not likely to fully for commercial cultivation in the very little wildlife or native plant habitat eradicate the grove. southeastern U.S. are non-native and due to the dense growth and heavy pose a risk of becoming invasive. leaf litter which prevents much else Cut stems can be treated with systemic Care should be taken if these species from growing in the understory. In herbicides such as glyphosate or are planted, and proper mitigation areas where bamboo has invaded and imazapyr, but multiple applications procedures should be followed, keeping become the dominant vegetation, are typically required. Foliar sprays in mind that once established, bamboo bamboo leaf litter can also significantly may suppress growth but are difficult is very difficult to control.

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 5 AUTHORS: David Coyle, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC

Nancy Loewenstein, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Deah Lieurance, Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Ryan Bean, Clemson Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University, Clemson, SC

Yanshu Li, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Stephen Enloe, UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Puskar Khanal, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC

We thank Jeff Eickwort, David Jenkins, and Robert Polomski for earlier reviews of this document.

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www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 6 Resources

For the location and phone numbers of state agencies in Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service: the southeastern U.S. providing forestry assistance and http://www.oces.okstate.edu/ information, see the following websites: Clemson Cooperative Extension (South Carolina): http://www.clemson.edu/extension/ Alabama Forestry Commission: http://www.forestry.alabama.gov/ University of Tennessee Extension: Arkansas Forestry Commission: https://extension.tennessee.edu/ http://forestry.arkansas.gov/Pages/default.aspx Texas A&M AgriLife Extension: http://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu/ Florida Forest Service: http://www.floridaforestservice.com/ Virginia Cooperative Extension: http://www.ext.vt.edu/ Georgia Forestry Commission: http://www.gatrees.org/

Kentucky Division of Forestry: To locate a consulting forester: http://forestry.ky.gov/Pages/default.aspx

Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry: Association of Consulting Foresters: http://www.ldaf.state.la.us/ http://www.acf-foresters.org/acfweb. Click on “Find a Forester”, then select your state in the Mississippi Forestry Commission: http://www.mfc.ms.gov/ “People Search – Public” search page. North Carolina Forest Service: http://www.ncforestservice.gov/

Oklahoma Forestry Services: http://www.forestry.ok.gov/ For more information on how to select a consulting South Carolina Forestry Commission: forester, go to: http://www.state.sc.us/forest/ http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2718.pdf

Tennessee Division of Forestry: http://texashelp.tamu.edu/011-disaster-by-stage/pdfs/recovery/ER- https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/section/forests 038-Selecting-a-Consulting-Forester.pdf Texas A&M Forest Service: http://texasforestservice.tamu.edu/ http://www.ua ex.edu/environment-nature/forestry/FSA-5019.pdf Virginia Department of Forestry: http://www.dof.virginia.gov/ Additional information on bamboo is available at: For the location and phone numbers of University Extension personnel in the southeastern U.S. providing American Bamboo Society: https://www.bamboo.org/ forestry assistance and information, see the following websites: Southeast Chapter of the American Bamboo Society: http://www.sec-bamboo.org/?sRes=1 Alabama Cooperative Extension System: http://www.aces.edu/ World Bamboo Organization: https://worldbamboo.net/ University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service: http://www.uaex.edu/ Bamboo Farming USA: https://www.bamboofarmingusa.com/ bamboo-scams University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS): EcoPlanet Bamboo: https://www.ecoplanetbambooplantations. http://solutionsforyourlife.ufl.edu/ com/

University of Georgia Extension: http://extension.uga.edu/ Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service: https://extension.ca.uky.edu/ Photo Credits Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service: From Lieurance et al. 2018 (reference 15). http://www.lsuagcenter.com/ Figure 1: Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University. Mississippi State University Extension Service: Figure 2: http://extension.msstate.edu/ North Carolina Cooperative Extension: https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/

www.southernforesthealth.net/insects 7 References

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