318 Reports and Proceedings. the Range having been laid down unconformably on the denuded surface of the Lower Old Red and Upper Silurian rocks: also that oscillations of level took place during the Permian and Triassic periods, as shown by the unconformities between the several members of these groups ; and that the last great catastrophe, which brought down the Trias on the Eastern side of the Range, was posterior in date to the Lias.

KBPOBTS -AJXTID PROCEEDINGS.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—June 7, 1865 ; W. J. Hamil- ton, Esq., President, in the chair. The following communications were read:— 1. ' Note on Ovibos moschatus, Blainville.' By M. E. Lartet, For. Mem.G.S. Translated by the late H.Christy, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.— A hoof-phalange found by Mr. Christy and the author in the Gorge d'Enfer was stated to be identical in form and dimensions with the corresponding bone of the existing Ovibos moschatus, to which species M. Lartet therefore referred it. With it were found remains of Ursus speleeus, Felis spelaa, Wolf, Reindeer, and Aurochs, as well as worked flints differing from those found in any other of the Dor- dogne caves. The author remarked that the Gorge d'Enfer is the most southern locality at which remains of Ovibos moschatus have yet been found, and is 15° south of its most southern limit at the present day; but the Reindeer has been found by Mr. Christy and himself farther south still—on the northern slope of the Pyrenees. 2. ' On somjB Additional Fossils from the Lingula-flags.' By J. W. Salter, Esq., F.G.S. With a Note on the Genus Anopolenus; by Henry Hicks, Esq., M.R.C.S.—In a recent paper Mr. Salter described the new genus Anopolenus as a blind Trilobite allied to Paradoxides, without facial sutures or head-spines, and with truncate body-seg- ments not produced into spinous appendages, as in most of its con- geners. The remains of a new species, provided with extraordinary free cheeks, have proved that this conclusion was founded upon a part only of the head and of the body of the animal, which now appears to be more truly intermediate between Paradoxides and Olenus than was before supposed, while at the same time it presents characters opposed to those of either genus. Mr. Hicks gave a full description of the genus as now known, and of the new species, which he called Anopolenus Salteri. From his description, it ap- jjears that Anopolenus possessed minute eyes, a facial sutui-e, and expanded pleura, but that their arrangement was abnormal. In con- clusion, Mr. Salter compared the two species of Anopolenus now known, stating that the one first described, without the more anterior of the two segments which compose the head, was to all appearance a perfect Trilobite. He also gave a figure of a new species of Olenus — O. pecten. 3. ' On the Discovery of a New Genus of Cirripedia in the " Wenlock Shale of Dudley." ' By Henry Woodward, Esq., F.G.S. —The attention of the author having been called to two species of Reports and Proceedings. 319

Chiton described by M. de Koninck from the Wenlock Shale, he found one of them {Chiton Wrightianus) to be a Cirripede. He stated that the distinctive characters of Chiton are—(1) The valves never exceed eight in number; (2) the series is always unilinear; (3) the valves are always symmetrical, and divided into three areas. The species mentioned does not, however, conform to any of these cha- racters, as it had probably as many as four rows of unsymmetrical plates, having no apophyses, a uniformly sculptured surface, and not divided into three areas: each series exceeded eight in number. Mr. Woodward then showed that Chiton Wrightianus was really a Cirripede, and formed the type of a new genus, to which he gave the name Turrilepas Wrightii. 4. ' On some New Species of Eurypterida.' By Henry Woodward, Esq., F.G.S In his ' Advanced Text-book of Geology,' Mr, Page figured and named the only known species (S. Powriei) of his new genus Stylonurus, but gave no description of it. Mr. Woodward now described the species in detail, from specimens found near Pitscandly, in the Turin Hill Range, Forfarshire; he also gave a description of a new species (S. Scoticus) found in an Old Bed Sandstone quarry in Montroman Muir, near the Forfar and Montrose Pike. Mr. Salter has expressed an opinion that S. Powriei is a full-grown male, and S. Scoticus a young female of the same species; but Mr. Woodward observed that if the sexes are not to be determined by the thoracic plates, but by more general characters, then the two forms of plates in Slimonia indicate two species of females, and the two forms in Pterygotus minor ought to indicate two species of males. 5. • On a New Genus of Eurypterida from the Lower Ludlow Rocks of Leintwardine, Shropshire.' By Henry Woodward, Esq., F.G.S. —In this paper Mr. Woodward described a Crustacean alluded to by Mr. Salter in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' for 1857, under the MS. name of Limuloides. It appears to form a connecting link between the Xiphosura and the Eurypterida, but it differs from the former in not having a cephalothorax—the cephalic, thoracic, and abdominal divisions being distinct, and apparently capable of separate flexure—and from the latter in having only three ihoracic segments. The name Limuloides not being allowable as a generic appellation, the author applied it to the most perfect example of the genus, using the generic term Hemiaspis. The following specimens were exhibited:—Toe-bone of Ovibos moschatus, from the Gorge d'Enfer ; presented by the late H. Christy, Esq., F.G.S. Turrilepas {Chiton) Wrightii, from the Wenlock Shale, Dudley (lent by Charles, Ketley, Esq., E. J. Hollier, Esq., and John Gray, Esq.) ; and casts of Stylonurus and Pterygotus from Forfarshire (from James Powrie, Esq., F.G.S.); exhibited by H. Woodward, Esq., F.G.S. Siliceous skeletons of Carboniferous Limestone Corals; exhibited by H. B. Brady, Esq., F.G.S. Teeth of a new species of Elephant; exhibited by the Rev. J. Gunn, F.G.S. 320 Reports and Proceedings.

THE EDINBURGH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—May 4tli, 1865 ; David Page, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S., &c, Vice-President, in the chair.—Mr. D. J. BEOWN read a paper ' On the G-eology of the Vicinity of Moffat.' He first described the surface-accumulations which had evidently been deposited in the bed of an old lake—a fact observed by Professor Jamieson. These accumulations consisted of mounds of gravel in 'which no animal remains had been found. He next described the Glacial Drift of the locality, and stated that it assumed a similar appearance to the Red Sandstone below it—the greater portion of this drift being derived from the debris of the sandstone ; and, from a section which he had constructed across the valley, he showed that the drift lay conformable to the formation beneath. From the close resemblance of the one to the other, he inferred that should the Drift at some future period be consolidated into stone, no geologist could distinguish that formation from the one below it. From this ho cautioned geologists against rashly concluding that two deposits were of the same age, even were their rocks of the same mineralogical texture, and even should the one lie conformably on the other. Mr. Brown then described the Red Sandstone, in which no fossils had been found. This sandstone, from its construction (an angular con- glomerate), he inferred was produced by the action of Ice, and was deposited when the climate was much colder than at the present day. He then argued that the formation was of Permian age, and the equivalent of the sandstones of Corn-Cockle Muir. The whole of the other rocks in the neighbourhood, he said, belonged to the Lower Silurian period, but to what division has not yet been determined, for no other organisms than'Graptolites have been found in them. There were good grounds for believing that with a more minute examination1 other organisms will yet be found. He had found what he believed to be the: head of a small Trilobite at a place called Dobb's Linn, and the mark of a small bivalve shell at Garple Liiin; but both of these were so imperfect, that they could not be specifically determined. They held out hopes, however, that others in a better state of preservation may yet be found. The Graptolites that Mr. Brown had collected belonged to four distinct genera; namelj', Rastrites(l species), Graptolites(8 species), Diplograpsus (8 species), and Didymograpsus sextans. He had also found three species that are yet undetermined. Mr.' ALEXANDER SOMEKVIIXE read a paper on the Ganoid Fishes of the Mid-Lothian Coal-field, in which he stated that the Ganoid Fishes are characterised by their cartilaginous skeleton, their bodies being covered and protected by bony plates or enamelled scales, either of a round or rhomboidal form. He remarked that the genera belonging to the Palasozoic formations had the tail or caudal fin heterocercal or unequally lobed—a structure produced by the vertebrae being pro- longed into the upper lobe of the tail, which is much larger than the lower. He stated that this order of Fishes is still represented in our present waters by the Sturgeon, the Lepidosteus, and the Polypterus. He then gave a description of the following genera occurring in the Coal-field of Mid-Lothian:—the Rhizodus, Urone- Reports and Proceedings. 321

tnus, Megalichthys, Pygopterus, Clenodus, Acanthodes, Palaoniscus, Amblypterus, Eurynotus, and Platysomus. The two principal lo- calities in which these Ichthyolites occur are in the limestones of Burdiehouse, and the shales of Wardie, near Newhaven. He then exhibited specimens of the Rhizodus, portions of its huge jaws with both the serial and the laniary teeth, the head-plates, scales, &c; also specimens of the Megalichthys, and of the different species of Palceoniscus, Amblypterus, and Eurynotus; and scales of an un- described species occurring at Edmonstone. He noticed also the occurrence of coprolites of Fishes in these beds, many of which still retain the spiral markings of the intestines; others contain the indigestible remains of scales, and teeth of the smaller species which had been devoured. Specimens of coprolites were exhibited from Burdiehouse and the Wardie shales.

BRISTOL NATURALISTS' SOCIETY.— Geological Section, March 30; Mr. S. H. Swayne in the chair Mr. STODDART called the atten- tion of the members to a fine section of the Lias that was then exposed in the White Ladies' Road, at the back of West Park Road. Numerous fossils had been collected, characteristic of the division known as the Bucklandi-series; but the point of most interest in connection with it was an observation made by Mr. SANDERS, who had found in that small tongue of the Lias an anticlinal, or curve of the strata, produced by some disturbing cause. Mr. STODDART then read a paper On the Upper Beds of the Lower Silurian Series, illustrating it with a complete series of fossils. The Bala beds in Merionethshire were fully described and explained by sections, and the different localities suited for study were pointed out. The beautiful Cystideans and other Echinoderms that abounded in these beds were explained, and their analogies shown. After a description of the Caradoc and Lower Llandovery beds, with their fossil contents, the author concluded his paper by giving a brief summary of the early life upon the earth, showing how gradual had been its development, and that as yet not the slightest trace of any vertebrate animal having lived in those immensely distant ages had been found.—Bristol Daily Post, April 20, 1865.

DUDLEY AND MIDLAND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—I. On April 25th, a Field-meeting was held at Hednesford and Cannock Chase, which was attended by about sixty Members. The party spent the whole day in examining the various new workings which are being opened in the northern portion of the Coal-field, and which are destined ere long to make this a most important district, and a busy centre of industry. The works of the Hednesford Colliery Company (where the plant, engines, &c. are of the most modern and improved charac- ter), and the sinkings of the Cannock and Rugeley Company, were more especially examined. At the former place, a most interesting open working in the Upper Coal-measures yielded many specimens of Fish-remains. II. On Tuesday, May 2nd, at the Ordinary Monthly Meeting of VOL. II.—NO. XIII. Y 322 Reports and Proceedings.

Members, it was stated that the Society now numbers nearly 400 Members. A paper was read On the Application of Improved Fire- bars to Puddling and Heating Furnaces. A new species of Trilobite, a Carpolite, and a Cystidean were exhibited. III. The Second Field-meeting was held May 16th, about sixty Members being present. The party was conveyed from Stourbridge by special train to the junction of the Hayes Mineral Branch Rail- way with the Stourbridge and Birmingham line. The first point of interest was an adjacent cutting on the Hayes Branch, in which all, or nearly all, the seams of coal found in that part of the district are exposed, lying at a high angle of inclination. The Thick- coal is well exhibited. A line of fault runs immediately eastward of the cutting, and throws down the measures on the Cradley side in some places about a hundred yards, as is proved by a number of workings contiguous to the fault. Three pits on the Hayes Estate, and very close to each other, were visited, in which the rapid deep- ening of the beds from the Hayes Limestone eastward is proved. In the first the fire-clay is only about 12 yards deep, in the second it is 60 yards from the surface, and in the third the same bed is 160 yards from the top. The small patch of Silurian Limestone be- longing to the Ludlow series next occupied the attention of the geologists. The Aymestry Limestone is the most conspicuous in this district. The other exposures of the same formation are at Turner's Hill, and along the western flank of Sedgley Beacon. The beds here dip to the east, and occupy but a very small area. These low- lying rocks have doubtless been brought in by the upheaving force which produced what is known as the Netherton Anticlinal or Saddleback, the effect of which was to tilt up the measures on each side of a line extending from Netherton through Quarry Bank to the Lye. A considerable number of fossils were obtained, consisting of fragments of Trilobites, Cup-corals, Shells, &c: in all, twenty- four species of fossil forms had been made out in the short search. The party then proceeded up a pleasant hill which until recently seemed a barrier to the miner; but now a colliery has been opened, near the summit. The new sinkings on the hill belong to the Crad- ley Colliery Company, and the plant is of modern construction, embracing all the improvements which have recently been intro- duced in the winning of coal. The winding gear is worked by two coupled horizontal engines, working to 60-horse power. The mines have been sunk 188 yards to the fire-clay. The Brooch-coal lies at a depth of 132 yards, and the Thick-coal at 153 yards. The mea- sures have yielded a good deal of water, but appear to be in a per- fectly horizontal position, which is strong presumptive evidence that they extend evenly under the Red rocks farther to the south. The Thick-coal is here about 14 yards in thickness, including part- ings; so that there seems little danger that this fine seam will be found greatly split up in its southern extension. Mr. King explained briefly the principal points in the section of the shafts, and also in connection with the plant; and the party then passed down to the mines and extensive fire-clay works of Messrs. Harper and Moore, Reports and Proceedings. 323

Lower Delph. The new sinkings on Horner Hill, Cradley, were next visited. This is altogether a new mining centre, though it really belongs to what may be termed the Coal-field proper. Messrs. J. Evers and Sons have commenced operations, and have already reached the Brooch-coal, at a depth of 116 yards. Mr. J. E. Swindell, the senior member of the firm, met the party, and ex- plained the most noteworthy features in connection with the colliery. The engine-house is a very lofty and spacious building. The engine is of vertical construction, 40-horse power, with 4-feet stroke, and cylinders 22 inches in diameter. There is a self-acting steam-break, by which the possibility of over-winding is very ingeniously pre- vented. Great interest was shown in the inspection of these plants, which afford such a marked contrast to the rudely constructed ap- pliances which South Staffordshire has long been content to use; and it is to hoped that not a few will be impressed with the advisability of adopting the modern improvements, whenever new sinkings are commenced. Mr. Swindell justly observed, that it was high time South Staffordshire should cease to be contented with the clumsy methods of getting coal which have been so long in use. On the top of the adjoining hill, commanding a fine prospect of the south- western part of the Coal-field, the Rev. J. H. Thompson gave an address on the botanical and geological features of the district. The principal geological facts connected with the district were lucidly explained, and illustrated by numerous diagrams and sections. At the close, a vote of thanks was given to Mr. Thompson for his interesting address ; and the party then proceeded to the new British Iron Company's works at Congreaves. Here they spent a short time in examining the engine; after which the two largest fur- naces were ' tapped,' and the process of casting was witnessed by the Members from the top of the furnace gangway. The Hawn new sinkings (belonging to the Company) were next visited, the parties passing along the newly constructed railway. The works are here only just commenced, and at present are stopped until the pumping- engine is erected to carry off the water, which is rather abundant. It was found absolutely necessary to leave out the latter part of the programme, which referred to the sinkings at Manor Farm, near Hales Owen. Dinner was provided at the Shenstone Hotel. The Venerable Arch- deacon Hone occupied the chair, and, after dinner, proposed a vote of thanks to the gentlemen who had so kindly given assistance to the Society during the day. These were—Mr. James Fisher, The Hayes; Messrs.King Brothers, and Messrs. Harper and Moore, Crad- ley Park; Mr. J. G. Swindell, Homer Hill; Rev. J. H. Thompson; Mr. J. P. Hunt, Corngreaves. The next meeting is to be held at Oxford and its immediate neigh- bourhood.—Birmingham Daily Post, May 18. IV. The Annual Meeting was held on Tuesday, June 6th, at the Museum, Dudley. The report for the past year states that Field- meetings have been held at Cannock Chase, Cheltenham, Llangollen, Hagley, Great Barr, Warwick, and Hednesford. Meetings of Ordi- Y 2 324 Reports and Proceedings.

nary Members have been held on the first Tuesday in each month, and the papers read at these meetings hare been issued quarterly in the Transactions of the Society. The present Member-list shows 35 Honorary, 125 Ordinary, paying one guinea per annum, and 224 Field-club Members, paying five shillings a year. The income for the past year has been .£177 9*. 6d., and the expenditure £161 3*. Od., leaving a balance in hand of £16 6*. 6d. Earl Dudley was re-elected President, and Mr. John Jones Secre- tary. The Committee for the ensuing year was also elected; and after votes of thanks to the late Committee and the Chairman, the proceedings terminated.

NORWICH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—At the last Monthly Meeting of the above Society, the Rev. John(Gunn, President, in the chair, the various objects which lay on the table for examination were commented upon. The first was a portion of a bovine or cervine cra- nium, with horns attached, from the collection of Miss Gurney. A discussion took place respecting a fossil tooth, fotind in the river- mud, near the Cow Tower, and presented many years ago to the Norwich Museum. It was thought to be the tusk of a large species of Boar.—Mr. Williams exhibited two vertebrae of Platax, and a piece of Lignite, from Bramerton. Mr. Gunn stated that he had lately discovered a fine tooth of the Mastodon at Horstead. A paper, by Mr. TAYLOR, was then read, On a Displacement of the Chalk at Whitlingham. After offering some general observations on the physical characters of the Chalk, Mr. Taylor said—The ' White House' at Whitlingham is so well known to all Norwich people, that nothing further need be said concerning it. If a person, starting thence, should walk along the river-side, he will see on his right hand several quarries, all of which are now deserted except one. Here the Chalk-beds -come up, and are, in many places, capped with about four inches of Norwich Crag, containing the usual marine shells. The Chalk-beds appear to lie in nearly a horizontal position generally. A new cutting, however, which has recently been made during the alterations in the grounds of Mr. Harvey, reveals a very interesting phenomenon. At this section the layers of Chalk, in- stead of lying horizontally, form an anticlinal or saddle-shaped ridge. Both the layers of Chalk, as marked by the thin film of oxide of iron which usually coats them, and the bands of flint, pass right over, and form the ridge above alluded to. In fact, this single chalk- quarry affords indications of a disturbance which has taken place in the strata. From a further examination, it may be seen that the bands and layers of flint are not shattered, neither are the strata at all broken. It will be further seen that the sand- and gravel-beds which overlie the Chalk do not seem to have partaken of any of the disturbances of the beds upon which they rest, but lie in the position in which they were originally deposited. Hence it is evident that the above disturbance took place before either the formation of the Norwich Crag, or the deposition of the Drift-beds.—Norwich Mer- cury. Reports and Proceedings. 325

THE MALVEEN NATURALISTS' CLUB held its First Field-meetiDg on May 23, the country for examination being that well known as Bromsgrove Lickey. Mr. E. Lees, the Vice-President, in the tem- porary absence of the President, Kev. W. S. Symonds, led the party to the summit of the Beacon Hill, whence a fine view of the trans- verse ridge of the Lower Lickey Hills is obtained. Thence the party returned to Kendal End, where Mr. Lees read some observa- tions on the Lickey quartz-rocks. At a quarry on the road to Kendal End, a singularly grand section of the Llandovery rocks was examined, at one part of which the strata are strangely con- torted, but the general dip appeared to be to the south. Thence the party proceeded round the northern base of the Lower Lickey to- wards Rubery Hill, where they were joined by the President. After passing the base of Rendall Hill, the Club reached the Old Hose and Crown, where they halted for dinner. After the ordinary business of the Club had been completed, the President delivered his annual address, in which he gave a resume of the scientific progress and discoveries of the past year, special allusion being made to Dr. H. B. Holl's elaborate paper on the Mal- vern District (noticed separately), and the discoveries of flint imple- ments in Drift in various localities in the West of England. After a discussion in which Dr. Holl took part, the Rev. T. Smythe moved a vote of thanks to the Rev. W. S. Symonds for his able address, which, put by the Vice-President, was carried by ac- clamation. Mr. E. Lees then described the district over which the Club had passed that day. Dr. H. B. Holl made some remarks on the result of his researches in the Malvern Hills. Arrangements were then made to invite the British Association to visit Worcester and Malvern in September, when Dr. Holl will lead the visitors to points of interest on the hills, and Dr. Grindrod will place his rooms and collections at the service of the Association Berrow's Worcester Journal, May 27.

RICHMOND AND NOETH RJDING NATURALISTS' FIELD-CLUB.—On May 15th, the President, Edward Wood, Esq., F.G.S., invited the whole of the Members to his residence in Frenchgate, Richmond. By eight o'clock, between 200 and 300 Members had assembled. Mr. Wood first delivered a short lecture in the Museum, with spe- cial reference to the Feins and other vegetable remains found in the Coal-measures. The lecture was intended as preliminary to a trip to one of the Durham Coal-mines which it is proposed to visit during the summer. The Members afterwards adjourned to the gardens, and inspected the extensive collection of living Ferns, which appeared in all their vernal beauty. Mr. Wood gave a description of the Magnesium light, with illustrations, which terminated the evening.— Yorkshire Gazelle, May 20.