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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF .

SESSION 1909-1910.

November 3rd, 1909. Prof. W. J. SOLLAS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' Certain Jurassic (Lias-Oolite) Strata of South Dorset, and their Correlation.' :By S. S. Buckman, F.G.S. 2. ' Certain Jurassic (" Inferior Oolite ") Ammonites and Brachio- poda.' :By S. S. Buckman, F.G.S. 3. ' The Granite-Ridges of Kharga Oasis : Intrusive or Tectonic?'1 By William Fraser [-[ume, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. 4. ' The Cretaceous and Eocene Strata of Egypt.' By William Fraser ]-[ume, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. The following specimens and maps were exhibited :- Ammonites, etc. from the ' Inferior Oolite,' exhibited by S. S. :Buckman, F.G.S., in illustration of his papers. , rock-specimens, and lantern-slides, exhibited by Dr. W. F. Hum~, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., in illustration of his papers. Carte g4ologique internationale de rEurope, i.~oo.ooo1 : Livraison V[, Sheets EII, F II, F III, Berlin, 1909 ; prese~lted by the Map Com- mission of the International Geological Congress.

l Withdrawn by permission of the Council. VOL. LXVI. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIET~'. [Feb. IOIO,

:November 17th, 1909. Prof. W. J. SOLLAS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. James Alexander Haddon Armstrong, Dumisa, via Esperanza (Natal); Robert Alexander Farquharson, B.A., St. 5ohn's College, Oxford; George Arthur Green, Civil Engineer, P.W.D., Bombay (India); and John H. Wylie, 6 Watch Bell Sbreeb, Rye (Sussex), were elected Fellows of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' The of :Nyasaland.' By Arthur R. Andrew, F.G.S., and T. Esmond Geoffrey Bailey, B.A., F.G.S. With a Description of the Flora, by E. A. Newell Arber, M.A., F.G.S. ; Notes on the Non-Marine Fossil Mollusca, by Richard Bullen Newton, F.G.S. ; and a Description of the Fish-Scales of Colobodus, etc., by Ramsay ]:[eatley Traquair, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 2. ' The Faunal Succession of the Upper Bernician.' ~ By Stanley Smith, M.Sc., F.G.S. 3. ' :Notes on the Dyke at Crookdene (Northumberland), and its Relations to the Collywell, Tynemouth, and Morpeth Dykes.' By Miss M. K. Heslop, M.Sc., and Dr. J. A. Smythe. (Communicated by Pros G. A. Lebour, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S.) The following specimens, lantern-slides, etc. were exhibited :- Fossils from Nyasaland and lantern-slides, exhibited by A. R. Andrew, F.G.S., and T. E. G. Bailey, B.A., F.G.S., in illustration of their paper and appendices. Specimens from the Upper Bernieian of Northumberland, ex- hibited by Stanley smith, M.Se., F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Specimens, rock-sections, and lantern-slides, exhibited by Prof. G. A. Lebour, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., in illustration of the paper On the Crookdene Dyke by Miss M. K. Heslop, M.Se., and Dr. J. A. Smythe. The type-scale of Acrolepis (?) africana, discovered by the late Prof. Henry Drummond, exhibited by Dr. R. H. Traquair, F.R.S., F.G.S. A photographic transcript, made and exhibited by F. Edward :Norris, F.G.S., of a record of an earthquake on November 10th, given by a newly erected seismograph at Guildford. Crystals of gypsum formed ia the sands of Karachungul Lake, Gutiew District (Uralsk Prey.), near the north-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea, exhibited by W. ]=[. Dalton, F.G.S., F.C.S.

i Withdrawn by permission of the Council. ~176176 Vol. 66.] PROCEEDIN(IS OF THE 6EOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

December 1st, 1909. Prof. W. J. SOL,AS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Charles E. Ashcroft, Raniganj, Bengal (India); Sidney Bates, Prudhoe Grange, Prudhoe-on-Tyne ; William Henry Booth, 20 Queen Anne's Gate, S.W. ; Cyril :Edward N. Bromehead, B.A., Museum, Jermyn Street, S.W. ; Charles Barrington Brown, jun., B.A., Caius College, ; Reginald Cyril Herbert Cooke, F.C.S., London and Rhodesia; Edward Percy Currall, B.Sc., Hampton Road, Solihull, Birmingham; Charles J. Fauvel, 810 Salisbury House, London Wall, E.C. ; Alexander Moncrieff Finlayson, M.Sc., Im- perial College of Science & Technology, South Kensington, S.W.; Ann Ghose, Banganapalli, Madras Presidency (India) ; George John Selkirk Hollister, B.Sc., Iverleigh, Scalpcliffe Road, Burton-on- Trent; William A. Jenkin, 5 Bclla Vista, Rio Tinto (); William John, Sea View, Cefn Cribbwr, Bridgend (Glamorgan); Lieut.-Colonel John Lloyd Jones , I.M.S., United Service Club, Calcutta (India); Manoel Arrojado Lisbon, A.R.S.M., A.R.C.S., Villa Japurj, Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro ; John Henry Lofthouse, Lyell ttouse, ]:[arrogate ; Arthur Longbottom, B.A., 50 Braemar Avenue, Wimbledon Park, S.W. ; Charles Nairne, Dishargarh P.O., Bengal (]ndia), and Seafield Road, Dundee; John J. Nichol], 52 Pulteney Road, Oxford Villas, South Woodford (Essex); Frank Oxley, Baxterby, near Atherstone (Warwickshire); R. Woodhouse l'ocock, 28 Blomfield Road, Maida Vale, W.; Manmatha Kumar Ray, B.Sc., Purbasthali, Bengal (India); James Romanes, B.A., Christ's College, Cambridge; Eric William Seeman, A.R.S.M., St. Chad's, Ealing, W. ; John Powers Smith, 1 Crawford S~reet, Dunedin (New Zealand); Francis Mackworth Trefusis, B.A., Exeter College, Oxford; Henry Titus Wakelane, M.Inst.C.E., Woodlawn, Teddington; and J. Penry Cyril Williams, Ph.D., P.O. Box 4, Calcutta (India), were elected Fellows of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The PRESIDENT announced that Fellows were invited to send in to the Secretary, so as to reach him not later than January 10th, 1910, the names of any Fellow or Fellows whom they might desire to see placed on the Council. All names so sent in would be carefully considered by the Council, in making their recom- mendations to the Fellows at the Annual General Meeting.

The following communications were read :-- 1. 'The Tremadoc Slates and Associated Rocks of South-East Carnarvonshire.' By William George Fearnsides, M.A., F.G.S., Fellow of, and Lecturer in Natural Sciences at, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. iv PEOCE~VI~QS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Feb. IgIO , 2.' On some Small Trilobites from the Rocks of Comley ~Shropshire).' By Edgar Sterling Cobbold, F.G.S. 3. ' The Rocks of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Nanas (Singapore).' By John Brooke Scrivenor, M-.A., F.G.S. 4. 'The Tourmaline-Corundum Rocks of Kinta (Federated Malay States).' By John Brooke Scrivenor, M.A., F.G.S.

The following specimens and lantern-slides were exhibited :-- Rock-specimens and fossils from South-East Carnarvonshire, exhibited bjT W. G. Fearnsides, M.A., :F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Specimens of Cambrian trilobites and lantern-slides, exhibited by E. S. Cobbold, F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Rock-specimens and microscope-sections, exhibited by J. B. Serivenor, M.A., F.G.S., in illustration of his papers.

December 15th, 1909. Prof. W. J. SOLLAS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

David A. Louis, F.I.C., F.C.S., 123 Pall Mall, S.W. ; Frederick William , B.E., e/o Messrs. S. Pearson & Son, Ltd., Oilfields Dept., Coatzaeoalcos, Vera Cruz (Mexico); and Edward Wilton Newton, Secretary of the Royal Polytechnic Society, 4 Cross Street, Camborne (Cornwall), were elected Fellows of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :~ 1. ' The Skiddaw Granite and its Metamorphism.' By Robert Heron Rastall, M.A., F.G.S. 2. ' The Metallogeny of the British Isles.' By Alexander Mon- crieff Finlayson, M.Sc., F.G.S. 3. ' The Geological Structure of Southern Rhodesia.' By Frederic Philip Mennell, F.G.S.

The following specimens and lantern-slides were exhibited :- Rock-specimens and lantern-slides, exhibited by R. H. Rastall, M.A., F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. A specimen showing stones naturally embedded in woody tissue, from Syndale, near Faversham, exhibited by Cecil Carus-Wilson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Vol. 66.] PROCEEW~OSOF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

January 12th, 1910. Prof. W. J. SOLUAS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following Fellows of the Society, nominated by the Council, were elected Auditors of the Society's Accounts for the preceding year :--G~'oRon WILI~IA~ YOUNG and JOH~ HOPKZ~SO~, F.L.S.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' On the Igneous and Associated Sedimentary Rocks of the Glensaul District (County Galway).' By Charles Irving Gardiner, M.A., F.G.S., and Prof. Sidney Hugh Reynolds, )I.A., F.G.S. ; with a Palaeontological Appendix by Frederick Richard Cowper Reed, M:A., F.G.S. 2. ' The Gneisses and Altered Dacites of the Dandenong District (Victoria), and their Relations to the Dacites and to the Grano- Diorites of the Area.' :By Prof. Ernest Willington Skeats, D.Sc., F.G.S. 3. ':Recent Improvements in Rock-Section Cutting Apparatus. '1 By H. J. Grayson. (Communicated by Profi E. W. Skeats, D.Sc., F.G.S.)

The following specimens were exhibited :-- A series of rock-specimens, graptolites, trilobites, and other fossils, from the Glensaul district, exhibited by C. I. Gardiner, M.A., F.G.S., Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., and F. R. C. Reed, M.A., F.G.S., in illustration of their paper. Rock-specimens, microscope-sections, and photographs, exhibited by Prof. E. W. Skeats, D.Sc., F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Alkali and other rocks from the Macedon district (Victoria); and obsidianites from Victoria, South , and Western Australia, exhibited by Prof. E. W. Skeats, D.Sc., F.G.S. Photographs and lantern-slides illustrating the paper by H. J. Grayson, exhibited by Profi E. W. ~keats, D.Sc., F.G.S. HJrizontal seismogram of January 1st, 1910, taken at Guildford, and exhibited by F. Edward Norris, F.G.S. A stone-implement, from the collection of P. Anderson, Lerwick (Shetland), exhibited by James Cross, F.G.S.

Withdrawn by permission of the Council. vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, [Feb. x9~o ,

January 26th, 1910.

Prof. W. J. SOLT.AS,LL.D., Se.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Friedrich Noel Ashcroft Fleischmann, M.A., F.C.S., 37 Palace Court, Bayswatcr, W. ; Robert William Church, B.Sc., Mining Engineer, Hazaribagh P.O., Chota l~agpur (India); Herbert Leader Hawkins, B.Sc., Lecturer on Geology in Reading Uni- versity College, Durlstone, The Mount, Reading ; Peter McIntyre, 18 Leinster Avenue, East Sheen, S.W. ; Arthur John Maslen, F.L.S., Lecturer on Geology and at the South-Western Poly- technic, Chelsea, 23 Ellerby Street, Bishop's Park, S.W. ; and Edmund Oswald Thiele, B.Sc., 12 Amity Grove, Raynes Park (Surrey), were elected Fellows; and Prof. Francois Alphonse Christian Forel, University of Lausanne () ; and Dr. A. E. T5rnebohm, formerly Director of the Geological Survey of Sweden, Stockholm, were elected Foreign Correspondents of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. 'On a Skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton.' By , LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Sec.G.S. 2. ' Problems of Ore-Deposition in the Lead and Zinc Veins of Great Britain.' By Alexander Moncricff Finlayson, M.Sc., F.G.S. 3. ' On the Vertebrate Fauna found in the Cave-:Earth at Dog Holes, Warren Crag (Lancashire). '1 By John Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., Assistant Keeper in the Museum.

The following specimens were exhibited :-- A skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhamp- ton, exhibited by F. Lewis Bradley, F.G.S., in illustration of the paper by Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., F.L.S., Sec.G.S. ; also lantern-slides exhibited by Dr. Smith Woodward in illustration of the same. Lantern-slides, exhibited by A. M. Finlayson, M.Sc., F.G.~., in illustration of his paper. Photographs and specimens from the cave-earth at Dog Holes, Warton Crag, exhibited by J. W. Jackson, F.G.S., in illustration of his paper.

Withdrawn by permission of the Council. Vol. 66.] PROCEEDIN6S OF THE GEOLOflICAL SOCIETY. vii

February 9th, 1910. Prof. W. J. SosT.~s, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Rev. Joseph Fowler, M.A., ~Iilton Vicarage, Portsmouth; James Bastian Hill, Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. ; Charles Edgcumbe Maddoek, San Josd, Hill Street, Hastings (Sussex); and G. W. Tyrrell, Assoc.R.C.S., Assistant to the Professor of Geology in Glasgow University, 112 York Drive, Hyndland, Glasgow, were elected Fellows of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

Dr. ])otrsLAs MAWSON, B.E., Lecturer in Mineralogy in the University of Adelaide (South Australia), delivered a lecture entitled ' With Sir Ernest Shaekleton in the Antarctic,' illustrated by lantern-slides.

The 1)i'~ESH)ENT proposed, and Sir ARr GEIJ(I]3 seconded, a vote of thanks to the Lecturer, which was adopted with acclamation and suitably acknowledged.

Dr. MAwsoN exhibited and commented on certain specimens of rare minerals from the :Broken ]till milling district (New South ). 8 JUhJ 1910 A.N~UAL GENERAL .MEET1.NG,

February 18th, 1910.

Prof. W. J. SOLLAS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R,S., President, in the Chair.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1909.

[T is gratifying to note that the increase in the Number of Fellows has been more than maintained during the past year. In 1909 the Fellows elected numbered 64 (as compared with 52 in 1908), and 40 of these paid their Admission Fees before the end of the year. Moreover, 15 Fellows who had been elected in the previous year paid their Admission Fees in 1909, making the total Accession of new Fellows during the twelve months under review amount to 55. Setting against this number a Loss of 44 Fellows (30 by death, 12 bv resignation, and 2 by removal from the List, under Bye-Laws, Sect. VI, Art. 5), it will be noted that there is a net increase in the Number of Fellows of 11 ~as compared with an increase of 5 in 1908, and of 27 in 1907). The total Number of Fellows is thus increased to 1294, made up as follows :--Compounders, 258 (4 less than in 1908); Con- tributing Fellows, 1011 (17 more than in 1908); and Non- Contributing Fellows, 25 (2 less than in 1908). Turning to the Lists of Foreign Members and Foreign Corre- spondents, we have to deplore the loss of 1 Foreign Member (Dr. F. Sehmidt), and of 1 Foreign Correspondent (M. Perceval de Loriol- Lefort). At the end of 1908 there were three vacancies in the List of Foreign Members ; these, as well as the vacancy made by s decease of Dr. Schmidt, were filled by the election of Prof. B. v Koto, Dr. F. Cernysev, Prof. J. H. L. Vogt, and Prof. R. Zeiller into that List. Three of the five vacancies arising in the List of Foreign Correspondents were filled by the election of Dr. D. 9le Corts Prof. M. Lugeon, and Prof. R. S. Tarr, leaving two vacancies in the List of Foreign Correspondents at the end of 1909. With regard to the Income and :Expenditure of the Society during 1909, the figures set forth in detail in the Balance-Sheet may be summarized as follows :--The actual Receipts (excluding the Balance of .s Os. 2d. brought ibrward from the previous VOL. LxvI. b PROCI~EDINOS OF THE GI~..OLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May 19 t r year, and s the amount of the Sorby and Hudleston Bequests) amounted to s 8s. 4d., being s 10s. 4d. more than the estimated Income. On the other hand, the total Expenditure during the same year amounted to s 19s. 4d., being s 8s. 8d. less than the estimated Expenditure for the year, and s 1]s. 0d. more than the actual Receipts, the year closing with a Balance in hand of s 18s. 2d. During the year a sum of s was received from the executors of the late Dr. H. C. Sorby, being the amount of the legacy bequeathed by him to the Society. A similar sum was received from the executors of the late Mr. W. H. Hudleston, the amount of his legacy. The Council have invested the greater part of these two sums in the purchase of s Canada 3~ per cent. Stock, at a cost of s lls. 0d. Following on the informal polls of the Fellows referred to in the last Annual Report, a Special General Meeting of the Society was held on February 10th, 1909, the result of which was announced in the Proceedings for that date, vol. Ixv, p. viii. The Council have to announce the completion of Vol. LXV and the commencement of Vol. LXVI of the Society's Journal. The seventh Award from the Daniel Pidgeon Trust Fund was made on April 7th, 1909, to Mr. Alexander Moncrieff Finlayson, M.Sc., who proposed to undertake researches on the Genesis of the Sulphide Ores. The following Awards of Medals and Funds have also been made by the Council:- The is awarded to Prof. , in recognition of his ' researches concerning the Mineral Structure of the Earth,' especially in relation to the Tertiary Mammalia and the Tertiary Stratigraphical Geology of North America and Patagonia. The , together with a sum of Ten Guineas from the Murchison Geological Fund, is awarded to Profi Arthur Philemon Coleman, in appreciation of his contributions to the advancement of Geological Science, and especially of his work on the Sudbury Nickel-Ore Deposits and his investigations concerning the Glacial Geology of North America. The , together with a sum of Twenty-Five Pounds from the Lyell Geological Fund, is awarded to Dr. Arthur Vaughan, who, in the opinion of the Council, has deserved well of th~ science, especially in connexion with his researches into the Faunal Succession ill the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of the British Isles. The Balance of the Proceeds of the Wollaston Donation Fund is awarded to Mr. Edward Battersby Bailey, in recognition of his work on the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of Scotland and the Tectonic Structure of the Glen Coe Area, and to encourage him in further research. The Balance of the Proceeds of the Murchison Geological Fund is awarded to Mr. John Walker Stather, in ackllowledgment of his Vol. 66.] AN~UAT. ~PORT. xi work in fostering the advancement of Geological Science in the ]=lull district, especially in connexion with the Glacial Geology of" :East Yorkshire. A moiety of the Balance of the Proceeds of the Lyell Geological' :Fund is awarded to Mr. Frederick Richard Cowper Reed, in recog- nition of his researches on the Palaeozoic Geology, and especially the Invertebrate Fossils, of Great Britain and Ireland and of tha Indian :Empire and other regions. The other moiety of the Balance of the Proceeds of the Lyell Geological Fund is awarded to Dr. Robert Broom, in recognition of his researches on the Reptiles of the Karroo Formation of South. Africa.

REPORT OF TH~ LIBRARY AND MUSEUI~ CO~I~ITTEE FOR 1909:.

The Committee have pleasure in reporting that the Additions, made to the Library during the year under review have main- tained, both in number and in importance, the standard of previous. years. During the past twelve months the Library has received by Dona- tion 2'29 Volumes of separately published Works, 316 Pamphlets,. 33 Detached Parts of Works, 239 Volumes, and 35 Detached Parts. of Serial Publications, and 25 Volumes of Newspapers. The total number of accessions to the Library by Donation is thus found to amount to 493 Volumes, 316 Pamphlets, and 68 Detached Parts. Moreover, 153 Sheets of Geological Maps were presented to the Library, including 62 Sheets received from the Geological Survey of : and Wales, and 54 Sheets from that of Scotland; 9 Sheets from the Geological Survey of Canada; 3 Sheets from the Geological Commission of the Cape Colony ; 4 Sheets from the Geological Survey of the Transvaal; 3 Sheets from the Geological Institute of Rumania; 3 Sheets from the Geological Survey of Japan ; 2 Sheets presented by the Swiss Geolo- gical Commission; and 3 Sheets of the International Geological Map of :Europe. Among the Books and Pamphlets mentioned in the foregoing paragraph, especial attention may be directed to the following works :--the third edition of Prof. H. Rosenbusch's ' :Elemente der Gcsteinslehre'; Vol. I of the 3rd edition of Prof. :E. Kayser's ' Lehrbuch der Geologie'; the Reports of the National Antarctic Expeditio,1 of 1901-1904, issued by the Royal Society ; the Recor& of the Darwin-Wallace Celebration by the Linnean Society; the late Prof. A. Heilprin's work on the :Eruption of Mont Pel~ ;. Prof. A. Lacroix's exhaustive account of ' La Moatagne Pelge apr~s ses Eruptions' ; Sir Archibald Gcikie's memoir of' Charles Darwin, as '; Prof. A. G. Nathorst's kindred f~heme, 'Carl yon Linng als Geolog'; the Report on the San Francisco Earthquake b2 xii PROCEEDINGS 0]~ THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. E~ay i9IO , issued by the Earthquake Investigation Committee (Carnegie Institution of Washington); the 2nd edition of the 'Geology of South Africa,' by Dr. F. H. Hatch & Dr. G. S. Corstorphine; the 2nd edition of the ' Geology of Cape Colony,' by Dr. A. W. Rogers & Mr. A. L. Du Toit ; the two volumes and atlas recording the results of the Scientific Mission to Ethiopia, by the late Jean Duchesne- Fournet ; Dr. J. M. Maclaren's exhaustive treatise on ' Gold' ; the 5th edition of Dr. F. H. Hatch's ' Textbook of ' ; the finely printed first volume of the Memoirs issued by the new Geolo- gical Survey of the Netherlands; the Geological Survey Memoirs on the Neighbourhood of Newark and Nottingham, on the Country near Oban & Dalmalty, on the Country around Londonderry, on the Water-Supply of Kent, Bedfordshire, and Northamptonshire; and the second edition of the Geological Survey Memoir on the Country around Newport (Men.). Moreover, numerous publi- cations were received from the Geological Survey Departments of Canada, the Cape Colony, the Transvaal, of the various States of the Australian Commonwealth, and of the Dominion of New Zealand ; also from the Geological Survey departments of Hesse-Darmstadt, Wiirtemberg, Prussia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Rumania, Spain, and Portugal; from the United States Geological Survey and from the independent State Surveys of Iowa, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio. The President of the Society pre- sented to the Library the first five volumes of the Geologisches ,Centralblatt (Keilhack), bound in cloth. The Books and Maps enumerated above were the gift of 144 iovernment Departments and other Public Bodies ; of 179 Societies and Editors of Periodicals ; and of 195 Personal Donors. The Purchases, made on the recommendation of the standing Library Committee, included 39 Volumes and 4 Detached Parts of separately published Works; 55 Volumes and 11 Parts of Works published serially ; and 15 Sheets of Geological Maps. The Expenditure incurred in connexion with the Library during ~a~e Year 1909 was as follows :--

s s. d. Books, Periodicals, etc. purchased ...... 78 12 9 :Binding of Books and Mounting of Maps .... 93 15 7

s 8 4

With regard to the Card Catalogue of the Library, Mr. C. D. Sherborn reports as follows :-- ' The Card Catalogue progresses well, and the cards of " Geological Litera- ture" for 1908 have now been checked, sorted, and put away in the cabinets. The literature from 1800 to 1894 has been begun ; and, in order to proceed as rapidly as possible, two copies of the Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers were cut up into slips for mounting on c~rds. The twenty-four volumes were read and marked last year, and rearranged into one alpbabet; and most of the cards for the letters A & B have been cross-referenced and arranged, and are now being put away in the cabinets, The literature from Vol. 66.'] x~,r:xr, ~Evo~x. xiii

1800 to 1908 therefore (with the exception of 1884-1894, not yet available), so far as A and B are concerned, will be at the service of the Fellows in the course of the next few months : some little time being required to sort into the cabinets the 40,000 cards resulting from last year's work. A feature in this new material is the marking of absent papers with the words ~oT IN THIS L~BaAIrY; for every subject connected with geology, mineralogy, metallurgy, physical geography, and palseontology has been inserted. This remark can be crossed off, when the Librarian has been authorized to purchase the pamphlet Further assistance is provided for the searcher, if he will trouble to refer from the NOT IS THIS raBRARY card to that card which records the Transactions or other periodical in which the paper was originally published, for on it he will find recorded the Library in London where the publication can most conveniently be seen. As practically three years' work has been done in one, so as to give the new part a good start, the Fellows must not expect much advance to be made this year, for the work is laborious and exacting.'

Musru~.

For the purpose of study and comparison, the Society's Collections were visited on 21 occasions during the year, the contents of 107 drawers being thus examined. The permission of the Council having been duly obtained, about 23 specimens were lent during 1909 to various investigators. :No expenditure has been incurred in connexion with the Museum during the past year.

The appended Lists contain the Names of Government Depart- ments, Public :Bodies, Societies, Editors, and Personal Donors, from whom Donations to the Library have been received during the year under review :--

~. GOYERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND OTHER PUBLIC BODIES. Alabama.--Geological Survey. Montgomery (Ala.). American Museum of Natural History. :New York. Argentina.--Ministerio de Agrieultura. Buenos Aires. Australia (S.), etc, See South Australia, etc. Austria.--Kaiscrlich-KSaigliche Geologische Reichsanstalt. Vienna. Bavaria.--KSnigliehes Bayerisches Oberbergamt. Munich. Belgium.--Acad~mie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres & Beaux-Arts de Bclgique, Brussels. ~. Mus~e Royal d'Histoire :Naturelle. Brussels. Bergens Museum. Bergen. Berlin.--KSnigliche Preussische Akademie der Wisseuschaften. Birmingham. University of. Bohemia.--:Naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung. Prague. Royal Museum of :Natural History. Prague. Bristol.--Pablic Library. .--I)epartment of Mines. Victoria (B.C.). British Guiana.--Department of Mines. Georgetown. British South Africa Company. London. Buenos Aires.--Museo :Nacional de Buenos Aires. California.~Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. , University of. Berkeley (Cal.). Camborne.--Mining School. Cambridge (Mass.).--Museum of Comparative Zoology in Harvard College. xiv PROCEEDINGS OF THR GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. []~r IgIO ,

Canada.--Geological & Natural History Survey --, High Commissioner for. London Cape Colony.--Department of Agriculture (Geological Commission), Cape Town. . South African Museum. Cape Town, Chicago.--' Field' Columbian Museum. C6rdoba (Argentine Republic).lAcadem~a Nacional de Ciencias. Cracow.--Academy of Sciences. Denmark.---Commission for Ledelsen af de Geologiske & Geographiske Unders5- gelser i Gr5nland. Copenhagen. --. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Copenhagen. Dublin.--Royal Irish Academy. Egypt.--Department of Public Works (Survey Department). Cairo. Finland.--Finlands Geologiska Undersiikning. Helsingfors. .--Minist~re des Travaux Publics. Paris. Mus6um d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. Georgia.--Geological Survey. Atlanta (Ga.). Germany.--Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforseher. Halle an der Saale. Great Britain.--Army Medical Department London. - . British Museum (Natural IIistory). London. --. Colonial Office. London. Geological Survey. London. --. Home Office. London. ~. India Office. London. Holland.--Departement van Kolonien. The Hague. Staatlicbe Bohrverwaltung in den Niederlanden. The Hague. Hull.--Municipal Museum. I-Iungary.--KSnigliche Ungarische Geologische Anstalt (Mags'ar FSldtani Tarsulat). Budapest. Illinois State Museum of Natm'al History Springfield (Ill.). India.--Geotogical Survey. Calcutta. --. Indian Mu~um. Calcutta. Surveyor-General's Office. Calcutta. Iowa Geological Survey. Des Moines (Iowa). Ireland.--I)epartment of Agriculture & Technical Instruction. Dublin. [taly.--Reale Comitato Geologico. Rome. Japan.--Earthquake-lnvestigation Committee. Tokio. --. Geological Survey. Tokio. Jassy, University of. Kansas.--University Geological Survey. Lawrence (Kan.). Kingston (Canada).--Queen's College. Klausenburg (Koloszv~.r).--Provincial Museum & Library. Leeds, University of. London.--City of London College. --. hnperial College of Science & Technology. --. Imperial Institute. --. Royal College of Surgeons. -. University College. Madrid.--Real Academia de Ciencias Exactes, Ffsicas & Naturales. Magdeburg.--Museum fiir Natur- und Heimatkunde. Melbourne (Victoria).--National Museum. Mexico.--lnstituto GeolSgico. MexicoCity. Michigan College of Mines. Houghton (Mich.). Milan.--I~ale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze & Lettere. Missouri.--Bureau of Geology & Mines. Jefferson City (Mo.). Montana University. Missoula (Mont.). Munich.--K5nigliche Bayerisehe Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mysore Geological Department. Bangalore. Nancy.---Acad6mie de Stanislas. Naples delle Scienze. :Natal.--Department of Mines. PietelTaaritzburg. Geological Survey. Pietermaritzburg. . Government Museum. Pietermaritzburg. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.--Armstrong College. New Jersey.--Geolo~cal Survey Trentham (N.J.). New South Wales, Agent-General for. London. - . Department of Mines & Agriculture. Sydney. Vol. 66.] AN~vxs R~eORT. XV

New South Wales Geological Survey. Sydney. New York State Museum. Albany (N.Y.). New Zealand,--Department of Mines. Wellington. Geological Survey. Wellington Norway.--Geological Survey. Christiania. Nova Scotia.--Department of Mines Halifax Ohio Geological Survey Columbus (Ohio) .--Burcau of Mines. Toronto. Padua.--Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere & Arti. Paris.--Acad~mie des Sciences. Perak Government. Taiping. .--Ministerio de Fomento. Lima. Pisa, Royal University of. Portugal.--Commiss~o dos Trabalhos Geologicos. Lisbon. Prussia.--Ministerium fiir tIandel & Gewerbe. Berlin. KSnigliche Preussische Geologische Landesanstalt. Berlin. Queensland, Agent-General ibr. London. Department of Mines Brisbane. Geological Survey Brisbane. Redruth.--School of Mines. Rhodesia.--Chamber of Mines. Bulawayo. Rhodesian Museum. Bulawayo. Rio de Janeiro.--Museu l~acional. Rome.--Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Rumania.--Geological Survey Bucarest. Russia.--Comit~ G~ologique. St. Petersburg Musde Gdologique Pierre le Grand. St. Petersburg Section Gdologique du Cal)inct de S.M. l'Empereur. St. Petersburg. S'~o i~aulo (Brazil).--Commiss~'u) geographica & geologica. S~o Paulo City. Secretaria da Agricultura, Commercio & Obras Publicas. S~o Paulo City. South Australia, Agent-General for. London. . Department of Mines. Adelaide. . Geological Survey. Adelaide. Spain.~Comision del Mapa Geol6gico. Madrid. Stockhohn.--Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademi. Sweden.--Sveriges Geologiska UndersSkning. Stockholm. Switzerland.--Geologische Kommission tier Schweiz. Berne Tasmania.--Sccretary for Mines. Itobart. Tokio.--hnperial University. --. College of Science. TransvaaL--Geological Survey. Pretoria. Mines Department. Pretoria. Turin.--Reale Accademia delle Scienze. United States.--Department of Agriculture. Washington (D.C.). Geological Survey. Washington (D.C.). National Museum Washington (D.C.). Upsala, University of. Victoria (Austral.), Agent-General for. London. - ( ). l)epartment of Mines Melbourne. ( ). Geological Survey. Melbourne. Vienna.--Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Washington (D.C.).--Smithsonian Institution. , State of (U.S.A.).--Geological Survey Olympia (Wash.). .--Imperial Agricultural Department. Bridgetown (Barbados) Western Australia, Agent-General for. London. Department of Mines. Perth. Geological Survey. Perth. Wisconsin.--Geological & Natural History Survey. Madison (Wisc.).

II. Soc:~.Ti~s A~D EDITORS. Acireale.--Accademia di Scienze, Lettere & Arti. Adelaide.--Royal Society of South Australia. Agram.--Socictas Historico-Naturalis Croatica. Alnwick.--Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Basel.--Naturforsehende Gesellschaft. Bath.--Natural History & Antiquarian Field-Club. xvi PEOCEEDINO$ OF THE GEOL0flICAL SOCIETY. [MayIgIO ~

Belgrade.--S,,rvian Geological Society. Bergen.--' Naturen.' Berlin.--Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft. - . Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. - . ' Zeitschrift fiir Praktische Geologie.' Belule.--Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Bordeaux.--Socidtd Linndenne. Boston (Mass.) Society of Natural History. . American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Bristol Naturalists' Society. Brooklyn (N.Y.) Institute of Arts & Scien~s. Brunswick.--Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft ~u Braunschweig. Brussels.--Soci~t$ Betge de G$ologie, de Pal~ontologie & d'Hydrologie. . Soci~t~ Royale Zoologique & Malacologique de Belgique. Budapest.--FSldtani KSzlSny. Buenos Aires.--Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Bulawayo.--Rhodesian Scientific Association. Caen.--Socidtd Linndenne de Normandie. Calcutta.--' Indian Engineering.' Asiatic Society of Bengal. Cambridge Philosophical Society. Cape Town.--South African Association for the Advancement of Science. South African Philosophical Society. Cardiff.---South Wales Institute of Engineers. Chamb~ry.--Soci~td d'Histoire Naturelle de Savoie. Chicago.--' Jom~al of Geology.' Christiauia.--Norsk Geologisk Forening. ~----. ' Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne,' Colombo.--Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Colorado Springs.--' Colorado College Studies.' Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society. Denver.---Colorado Scientific Society. Dijon.--Acad~imie des Sciences, Arts & Belles-Lettres. Dorpat (Jurjew).--Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Dresden.--Naturwissenschaftliche Geseil~haft. ~ Verein ffir Erdkunde. Edinburgh.--Geological Society. . 'Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Royal Society. Ekaterinburg.--Socidtd Ouralienne d'Amateurs des Sciences Naturelles. Falmouth.--Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Frankfurt am Main.--Senckenbergische Naturforschende GeseUschaft. Freiburg im Breisgau.--Naturibrschende Gesellschaft. Fribourg.--Soci~t6 Fribourgeoise des Sciences Naturelles. Geneva.--Soci~t6 de Physique & d'Histoire Naturelle. Giessen.---Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur- & Heilkunde. Glasgow.--Geological Society. Gloucester.---Cotteswold Naturalists' Field-Club. Gratz.--Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein ffir Steiermark. Haarlem.--Socidtd Hollandaise des Sciences. Halifax (N.S.).--Nova Scotian Institute of Science. Hamilton (Canada).--Hamilton Scientific Association. Hanau.--Wetterauische GeseUschaft ffir Gesammte Naturkunde. Havre.~Soci~t~ G~logique de Normandie. Helsingfors.--Soci6t6 Gdographique de Finlande. Hereford.--Woolhope Naturalists' Field-Club. Hermannstadt.--Siebenbfirgischer Verein ffir l~'aturwissenschaft. Hertford.--Hertfordshire Natural History Society. Hull Geological Society. Indianapolis (Ind.).~lndiana Academy of Science. Johannesburg.--Geological Society of South Africa. Kiev.--SociSt~ des Naturalistes. Lancaster (Pa.).--' Economic Geology.' Lausanne.~Soci~t~ Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Lawrence (Kan.).--' Kansas University Bulletin.' Leeds.--Geological Association. . Philosophical & Literary Society. Vol. 66.] ANNUAL I~.eoR:r. xvii~,

Leeds.--Yorkshire Geological Society Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society. Leipzig.--' Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie & Mineralogie.' Li~ge.---Socidtd Gdologique de Bclgique. . Socidtd Royale des Sciences Lflle.--Socidt6 Gdologique du Nord. Lima.--' Revista de Ciencias.' Lisbon.--Sociedade de Geographia. Liverpool Geological Society. . Literary & Philosophical Society. London.--' Tile Atheneum.' . British Association for the Advancement of Science. ---. British Association of Waterworks Engineers. . Chemical Society 'The Chemical News ' The Colliery Guardian.' ' The Geological Magazine.' ' Association. ---. Institution of Civil Engineers. . Institution of Mining Engineers. ~. Institution of Mining & Metallurgy. Iron & Steel Institute. Linnean Society. 'The London~ Edinburgh, & Dublin Philosophical Magazine.' --. Mineralogical Society. ' The Mining Journal --. ' Nature.' --. Palmontographical Society, -- ' The Quaxry.'

- Ray Society. ' Records of the London & West-Country Chamber~of Mines --. Royal Geographical Society Royal Institution. Royal Meteorological Society. Royal Microscopical Society Royal Photographic Society. Royal Society. l~oyal Society of Arts. Society of Biblical Archmology. ' The South-Eastern Naturalist' (S.E. Union of Scientific Societies). Victoria Institute. ' Water.' Zoological Society. Manchester Geological & Mining Society. . Literary & Philosophical Society 1Kanila.--Philippine Journal of Science. Melbourne (Victoria).--Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers. . Royal Society of Victoria ' The Victorian Naturalist Mexico.--Sociedad Cientifica ' Antonio Alzate.' Moscow.--Socidtd Impdriale des Naturalistes. New Haven (Conn.).--' The American Journal of Science. New York.--Academy of Sciences. :. American Institute of Mining Engineers. ' Science.' Newcastle-upon-Tyne.--North of England Institute of Mining &:MechanicaI~ Engineers. University of Durham Philosophical Society. Northampton.--Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Niirnberg.--Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. Oporto.--Academia Polytecnica. rCoimbraJ Ottawa.--. Paris.---Commission Franvaise des Glaciers. -.. Socidtd Fran~aise de Mindralogie. .. Socidt~ Gdologique de France. ' Spelunca.' Penzance.--Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Perth.--Perthshire Society of Natural Science. xviii PROCEEDII~GSOF THS eEOTOOICAL SOC~T~. [May I9IO,

Philadelphia.--Academy of Natural Sciences. American Philosophical Society. Pisa.---Societs Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Plymouth.--Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science Rennes.--So~i~t~ Scientifique & M~dicale de l'Ouest. Rochester (N.Y.).--Academy of Science ~. Geological Society of America. Rome.--Societ~ Geologica Italiana. Rugby School Natural History Society. Santiago de Chile.---Sociedad Nacional de Mineria. ~. Soci~t~ Scientifique du Chili S~o Paulo (Brazil).---Sociedade Scientifica. Scranton (Pa.).--' Mines & Minerals.' St. John (N.B.).--Natural History Society of New Brunswick. St. Petersburg.--Russische Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft. SO)ckholm.--Geologiska FSrening. Stratford.----Essex Field-Club. Stuttgart.--' Centralblatt ffir Mineralogie, Geologie & Pal~ontologie.' ~. 'Neues Jahrbuch ftir Mineralogie, Geologie& Palitontologie.' Oberrheinischer Geologischer Verein. Verein f/Jr Vaterliindische Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg. - . ' Zeitschrift ftir Naturwissenschaften.' Sydney (N.S.W.).--Linncan Society of New South Wales. ~. Royal Society of New South Wales Toronto.--Canadian Institute. Toulouse.--Soci~t~ d'Histoire Naturelle. Truro.--Royal Institution of Cornwall. Vienna.--'Beitr~ge zur Pal~iontologie &.Geologie (Esterreich-Ungarns & des Orients.' 'Berg- & Hiittenmhnnisches Jahrbuch.' Geologische Gesellschaft. ~. Kaiserlich-KSnigliche Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft. Washington (D.C.).--Academy of Sciences --. Biological Society. --. Philosophical Society Wellington (N.Z.).--New Zealand Institute. Wiesbaden.--Nassauischer Verein ffir Naturkunde. Worcester.--Worcestershire Naturalists' Club. York.--Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

III. PERsoI~AL DonoRs.

Adams, F. D. Brun, A Dewey, H. Aguilar y Santillan, R. Brunhes, J. I)oflein, F. Allen, E. T. Bullen, Rev. R. A. Dollfus, G. F. Ameghino, F. Burr, M. Duchesne-Fournet, P. Anderson, J. C. Burrard, S. G. Arctowski, A. Favre, J. Arctowski, H. Carez, L. Ashton, W. Feilden, H. W. Carruthers, R. G. Fenneman, N. M. Augustin, E. Carus-Wilson, C. Ffarington, Miss M. H. Avebury, Lord. Chapman, F. Filliozat, M. Choifat, P. Barrois, C. Forel, F. A. Cole, G. A. J. Fritsch, A. Bassler, R. S. Condit, D. D. Beattie, J. C. Conwentz, H. Belowsky, M. Cooper, A. Gaillard, C. Bennett, F. J. Col~torphine, G. S. Gebhard, I:[. Biddlecombe, A. Coste, E. Geijer, P. Black, C. H. Courty, G. Geikie, Sir Archibald. Bcehm, G. Crook, T. Gilbert, G. K. Bonney, T. G. Cviji~, J. Glangeaud, P. Bourdariat, A. Gregory, J. W. Branner, J. C. Dall, W. H. Grobcr, P. Brown, H. Y. L. Dalton, L. V. Groom, T. T. Briickner, E. Desbuissons, L. Guppy, R. J. L. Vol. 66.] ANNUAL REPORT. xix

Habenieht, H. Maclaren, J. M. Schottler, W. H~gg, R. Mansuy, H. Schwarz, E. H. L. Hall, M. Marr, J. E. Serivenor, J. B. Halberstadt, B. Martin, E. A. Serretta, F. Harker, A. Matthes, F. E. Sheppard, T. Harmer, F. W. Maufe, H. B. Sieburg, --. Harrison, J. B. Meunier, S. Smith, F. Hatch, F. H. Moberg, J. C. Smith, J. Hayden, H. H. Molyneux, A. J. C. Smith, W. D. Heilprin, A. Mourlou, M. Spencer, J. W. Helgers, --. Muret, E. Spethmann, H. Hcepli, U. Springer, F. HSgbom, A. G, Nares, Sir Georg Steinmann, G. Hopkinson, J. Nathorst, A. G. Stevenson, J. J. Hume, W. F. Newton, E. T. Stott, C. H. Newton, [~. B. Iddings, J. P. N51ke, F. Tesch, P. Noth, J. Thiele, E. O. Jackson, J. W. Tcernquist, S. L. Johnson, D. W. Oates, l~'. F. Toula; F. Johnston-Lavis, H. J. Oswald, F. Twelvetrees, W. I{. Joly, J. Joukowsky, E. Pack, R.W. Uhlig, V. Jousseaume, F. Palache, C. Jukes-Browne, A. J. Parkinson, J. Vadhsz, M. E. Jutson, J. Pavlovid, P. S. Van Hise, C. R. Penhallow, D. P. Perceval, S. G. Walldn, A. Kayser, E. Pjetursson, H. Knowles, Sir Lees. Walther, J. Portis, A. Ward, K. Kolderup, C. F. Pringle, J. Komorowicz, M. yon. Warren, C. H. Prosser, C. S. Warren, S. H. Washington, H.S. Laeroix, A. Rabot, C. Weinschenk, E. Lake, P. Rastall, R. H. White, I. C. Lambe, M. Reed, F. R. C. White, W. P. Lamplugh, G. W. Renevier, E. Whitaker, W. Lantenois, H. Ricciardi, L. Widman, R. Lapparent, A. de. Richardson, L. Wilckens, O. Lapworth, H. Robarts, N. F. Williston, S. W. Latham, B. Romanes, J. Wiman, C. Lemoine, P. Rosenbusch , H. Winwood, Rev. H. H. Lisboa, M. A. R. Wollcmann, A. Liversidge, A. ~acco, F. Woolacott, D. Lcewinson-Lessing, F. Sauvage, H. E. Wright, F. E. Lowe, H. J. Sawyer, A. R. Lugeon, M. Schardt, It. Zeiller, R. Lydekker, R. Scharff, R. F. Ziegler, V. de. :xx PROCEEDIN6S OF THE GEOL0{}ICAL SOCIETY. [May 19 ~o~

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF THE SOCIETY AT THE: CLOSE O~ THE Y~ARS 1908 ANn 1909.

Dec. 31st, 1908. Dec. 31st, 1909t. Compounders ...... 262 ...... 258 Contributing Fellows ...... 994 ...... 1011 Non-Contributing Fellows.. 27 ...... 25.

1283 1294 Foreign ]~eml~ers ...... 37 ...... 40 Foreign Correspondents .... 40 ...... 38

1360 1372

Comparative Statement, explanatory of the Alterations in the Number ~ of Fellows, Foreign Members, and Foreign Gorrespondents at the close of the years 1908 and 1909.

Number of Compounders, Contributing and Non- l 1283 Contributing Fellows, December 31st, 1908 .. S .Add Fellows elected during the former year and ~ 15 paid in 1909 ...... j .Add Fellows elected and paid in 1909 ...... 40

1338 Deduvt Compounders deceased ...... 9 Contributing Fellows deceased ...... 19 Non-Contributing Fellows deceased ...... 2 Contributing Fellows resigned ...... 12 Contributing Fellows removed ...... 2 44

1294 Number of Foreign Members and Foreign Cor-~ 77 respondents, December 31st, 1908 ...... J Deduct Foreign Member and Foreign Cor- ~ 2 respondent deceased ...... ) 2

75 .Add Foreign Correspondents elected .... 3 3 7.8

1372 ~ol. 66.] ANNUAL REPORT. xxi

DECEASED FELLOWS. Compounders (9). Bauerman, I[. Pollard, J. Blakey, J. Ripon, Marquis of. Graham, Dr. C. Saunders, J. E. Hudleston, W. 1=[. Seeley, Prof. 1-[. G. Kelly, E.

Resident and other Contributing Fellows (19). Amherst of :Hackney, Lord. Lomas, J. Atkinson, J. T. Myers, J. W. Brookes, J. Parsons, •. Ekin, C. Price, iF. G. H. :Forbes, D. Reade, T. M. :Fortescue, :Hon. W. iF. Ridyard, J. :Fraser, Dr. J. Shilston, T. Gunn, R. M. Stanley, W. iF. :Hughes, J. E. Wardle, Sir Thomas. Lock, C. G. W.

Non-Contributing Fellows (2). Polwhele, T.R. I Whiteaves, Dr. J. :F.

DECEASED IFOREIGNMEMBER (1). Schmidt, Dr. iF.

DECEASED IFOREIGN CORRESPONDENT (I). Lorio1-Lefort, P. de.

IF~LL0WS RESIGZ~.D(12). Browne, R. 5. Norman, R. S. Crawley, W. J. C. Parker, Rev. Dr. J. D. :Fisher, Dr. H. Pawson, A. H. Gough, G. C. :Potter, E. Grundy, J. Smith, L. L. Jaquet, J. B. Wood, C. A. xxii I'ROC~Em~S OF ZH~. GSOLOalCA~. SOCX~.Z~. [May I9xo ,

FE~.~.OWS Rm~OWD (2). Gregson, W. ] Quentrall, T.

The following Personages were erected Foreign Members during the year 1909 :~ Dr. Feeder Cerny~ev, of St. Petersburg. Prof. Bundjir5 KbtS, of Tokyo. Prof. Johan H. L. u of Christiania. Prof. Rend Zeiller, of Paris.

The following Personages were elected Foreign Gorrespondents durin!? the year 1909 :m Dr. Daniel de Corts of Madrid. Prof. Maurice Lugeon, of Lausanne. Prof. Ralph Tart, of Ithaca, N.Y. (U.S.A.).

After the Reports had been read, it was resolved :-- That they be received and entered on the Minutes of the Meeting, and that such parts of them as the Council shall think fit be printed and circulated among the Fellows.

That the thanks of the Society be given to Prof. W. 3. Sollas, retiring from the office of President.

It was afterwards resolved :-- That the thanks of the Society be given to Mr. G. W. Lamplugh and Dr. ~I. J. H. TeaU (also retiring from the Council), retiring from the office of Vice-President.

That the thanks of the Society be given to Prof. S. H. Cox, Mr. R. D. Oldham, and Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, retiring from the Council.

After the Balloting-Glasses had been closed, and the List~ examined by the Scrutineers, the following g~ntlemen were declared to have been duly elected as the Officers and Council for the ensuing year :-- .~176 Vol. 66.] ANNUAL REPORT. XXlll

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL.--1910.

.PRESIDE.NT. Prof. William Whitehead Watts, Se.D., ]~.Sc., F.R.S.

VICE-PR ESI.DENTS. Charles William Andrews, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. , M.A., F.R.S. Horace Woollaston Monekton, Treas.L.S. Prof. William Johnson Sollas, LL.D., Sc.D., F.I~.S.

SECRETARIES. Prof. Edmund Johnston Garwood, M.A. Arthur Smith Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

FOREIGN SECRETAR i:. Sir , K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Pres.R.S.

TREASURER. Aubrey Strahan, Sc.D., F.R.S.

gO UNC[L. Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc. Horace Woollaston Monckton, Charles William Andrews, B.A., Treas.L.S. D.Se., F.R.S. George Thurland Prior, M.A., D.Se. George Barrow. Prof. Sidney Hugh Reynolds, M.A. Prof. William S. Boulton, B.Se. Profi William Johnson Sollas, LL.D., James Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. Sc.D., F.R.S. Prof. Edmund Johnston Garwood, Aubrey Strahan, Sc.D., F.R.S. M.A. Herbert Henry Thomas, M.A., B.Sc. Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., D.C.L., Pro f.WilliamWhiteheadWatts, Sc.D., LL.D., Sc.D., Pres.R.S. M.Se., F.R.S. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.R.S. Henry Woods, )[.A. :Robert Stansfield Herries, M.A. Arthur Smith Woodward, LL.D, Finlay Lorimer Kitchin, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. Ph.D. Horace Bolingbroke Woodward, Bedford McNeill, Assoc.R.S.M. F.R.S. John Edward ]~Iarr, Se.D., F.R.S. ~li George William Young. xxiv PROCEEDIN68 OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May I9IO ~

LIST OF

THE FOREIGN MEMBERS

OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, IN 1909.

I)ate of Election. 1877. Pros , Vienna. 1880. Geheimrath Prof. Ferdinand Zirkel, Leipzig. 1884. Commendatore Prof. Giovanni CapeUini, Bologna. 1885. Prof. Jules Gosselet, Zille. 1886. Prof. Gustav Tsehermak, Vienna. 1890. Geheimrath Prof. Heinrich Rosenbusch, tteidelberg. 1891. Prof. Charles Barrois, .. 1893. Prof. Waldemar Christofer BrSgger, Christianie~. 1893. hi. Auguste Michel-Ldvy, Paris. 1893. Prof. Alfred Gabriel Nathorst, Stockholm. 1894. Prof. George J. Brush, New Haven, Conn. (U.S.A.). 1894. Prof. Edward Salisbury Dana, New Haven, Conn. (U.S.A.). 1895. Dr. , Washington, D.C. (U.S.A.). 1896. Prof. Albert Helm, Zi~rich. 1897. M. I~douard Dupont, B~essets. 1897. Dr. Anton Fritseh, Prague. 1897. Dr. Hans Reusch, Christiania. 1898. Geheimrath Prof. Hermann Credner, Leipzig. 1898. Dr. Charles Doolittle Walcott, Washington, D.C. (U.S.A.). 1899. Prof. Emanuel Kayser, Marburg. 1899. M. Ernest Van den Broeck, Brussels. 1899. Dr. Charles Abiathar White, Washington, D.C. (U.S.A.). 1900. M. Gustave F. Dollfus, Paris. 1900. Prof. Paul yon Groth, Munich. 1900. Dr. Sven Leonhard Tdrnquist, Zund. 1901. M. Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, St. _Petersburg. 1901. Prof. Alfred Laeroix, Paris. 1903. Prof. Albrecht Penck, Berlin. 1903. Prof. Anton Koch, Budapest. 1904. Prof. Joseph Paxson Iddings, Chicago (gr.8.A.). 1904. Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, New York (U.S.A.). 1905. Prof. Louis Dollo. Brussels. 1905. Prof. August Rothpletz, Munich. 1906. Prof. Count ttermann zu Solms-Laubach, Strasburg. 1907. Hofrath Dr. Emil Ernst August Tietze, Vienna. 1907. Commendatore Prof. Arturo Issel~ Genoa. 1908. Prof. Bundjir5 KStS, Tokyo. 1908. Dr. Feodor Cerny~ev, St. Petersburg. 1909. Prof. Johan H. L. Vogt, Christiania. 1909. Prof. Rend Zeiller, Paris. Vol. 66.] AI'~NUAL ~m'ORT. XXV

LIST OF THE FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, IN 1909. Date of ]~lection. ]874. Prof. Igino Cocchi, ~'lorence. 1879. Dr. II. l~mile Sauvage, t~oulogne-sur-Mer. 1889. Dr. Rogier Diederik Marius Verbeek, The Hague. 1890. Geheimer Bergrath Prof. Adolph yon Kcenen, Gbttbtgeu. 1892. Prof. Johann Lehmann, Kiel. 1893. Prof. Algxis P. Pavlow, Moscow. 1893. M.Ed. Rigaux, Boulogne-sur-l~Ier. 1894. Dr. Francisco P. Moreno, Za 1)lata. 1895. Prof. Constantin de Kroustchoff~ St. Pete~'sbur(y. 1896. Prof. Johannes Walther, Halle an tier Saale. 1897. M. Emmanuel de Margerie, Paris. ]898. Dr. Marcellin Boule, Paris. 1898. Dr. W. II. Dall, lVashS~gton, D.C. (U.S.A.). 1899. Dr. Gerhard Holm, Stockholm. 1899. Prof. Theodor Liebisch, Gb'tti~gen. 1899. Prof. Franz Lccwinson-Lessing, St. 1)etersb~:q. 1899. M. Michel F. Mouflon, Brussels. 1899. Prof. Gregorio Stefanescu, ]hwarest. 1900. Prof. Ernst Koken, TiibS~gen. 1900. Prof. Federico Sacco, Turbt. 1901. Prof. Friedrich Johann Becke, Vienna. 1902. Prof. Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, C]ffcago~ Ill. (U.S.A.). 1902. Dr. Thorvaldr Thoroddsen, Copenhagen. 1902. Prof. Samuel Wendell Williston, Chica.qo, Ill. (5~S.A.). 1904. Dr. William Bullock Clark, JBaltbnore (U.S.A.). 1904. Dr. Erich Dagobert yon Drygalski, Charlottenbu~. 1904. Prof. Giuseppe de Lorenzo, Naples. 1904. The IIon. Frank Springer, Burlington, Iowa (5\S.A.). 1904. Dr. Henry S. Washington, Zocust, N.J. (U.S.A.). 1906. Prof. John M. Clarke, Albany, N.Y. (U.S.A.). l~OG. Prof. , Cambridge, Mass. (U.S.A.). 1900. Dr. Jakob Johannes Sederholm, ttelsingfo~'s. 1907. Prof. Baron Gerard Jakob de Geer~ Stockhobn. 1907. Prof. Armin Baltzer~ Berne. 1908. Prof. Hans Schardt, Veytau.r, near 3lontreux. 1909. Dr. Daniel de Corthzar, Madrid. 1909. Prof. Maurice Lugeon, Zausanne. 1909. Prof. Ralph S. Tan', Ithaca, ~hT.Iz. (U.S.A.).

YOL. LXVI. 6 xxvi :PI~0CE]~DINGS OF THE 6EOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May I9Io,

AWARDS OF THE WOLLASTON MEDAL

UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE CDONATION FUND ~

I~,STABLISHED BI" WILLIAM HYDE WOLLASTON, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., ~.TC. 'To promote researches concerning the mineral structure of the Earth, and to enable the Council of the GeologicalSociety to reward those individuals of any country by whom such researches may hereafter be made,'--' such individual not being a Member of the Council.' 1831. Mr. William Smith. 1872. Prof. James D. Dana. 1835. Dr. Gideon A. Mantell. 1873. Sir P. de M. Grey Egerton. 1836. M. Louis Agassiz. 1874. Prof. Oswald Heer. 1837. t Capt. T. P. Cautley. 1875. Prof. L. G. de Koninck. ! Dr. . 1876. Prof. Thomas II. Huxley. 1838. Sir Richard Owen. 1877. Mr. Robert Mallet. 1839, Prof. C. G. :Ehrenberg. 1878. Dr. Thomas Wright. 1840. Prof. A. H. Dumont, 1879. Prof. Bernhard Studer. 1841. M. Adolphe T. Brongniart. 1880. Prof. Auguste Daubr~e. 1842. Baron Leopold yon Buch. 1881. Prof. P. Martin Duncan. 1843, l M. l~,lie de Beaumont. 1882. Dr. Franz Ritter yon Hauer. M, P. A. Dufr*noy. 1883. Dr. William Thomas 1844. The Rev. W. D. Conybeare. Blanford. 1845. Prof. John Phillips. ]884. Prof. Albert Jean Gaudry. 1846. Mr. William Lonsdale. 1885. 5!r. George Busk. 1847. Dr. Ami Bou6. 1886. Prof. A. L. O. Des Cloizeaux. 1848. The Very Rev. W. Bucklaud. 1887. Mr. John Whitaker Hulke, 1849. Sir : 1888. Mr. Henry B. Medlicott. 1850. Mr. . ]889. Prof.. 1851. The Rev. Prof. A. Sedgwick. 1890. Prof. W. C. Williamson. 1852. Dr. W. H. Fitton. ]891. Prof. John Wesley Judd. 1853. ) M. le Vicomte A. d'Archiac. 1892. Baron F. yon Richthofen. ! M. E. de Verneuil. 1893. Prof. Nevil StoryMaskelyne. 1854. Sir Richard Griflith. 1894. Prof. Karl Alfred yon Zittel. 1855. Sir . 1895. Sir Archibald Geikie. 1856. Sir William Logan. ]896. Prof. Eduard Suess. 1857. M, . 1897. Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston. tterr Hermann yon Meyer. 1898. Prof. :Ferdinand Zirkel. 1858. Prof. James Hall. 1899. Prof. CharlesLapworth. 1859. Mr. Charles Darwin. 1900. Dr. Grove Karl Gilbert. 1860. Mr. Searles V. Wood. 1901. Prof. Charles Barrois. 1861. Prof. Dr. H. G. Bronn. 1902. Dr. Friedrich Schmidt. 1862. Mr. R. A. C. Godwin-Austen. 1903. Prof. Heinrich Rosenbusch. 1863. Prof. Gustav Bischof. 1904. Prof. . 1864. Sir . 1905. Dr. J. J. Harris Teall. 1865. Dr. Thomas Da~-idson. 1906, Dr. Henry Woodward. 1866. Sir . 1907. Prof. William J. Sollas. 1867. Mr. G. Poulett Scrope. 1908. Prof. Paul yon Groth. 1868. Prof. Carl :F. Naumann. 1909. Mr. Horace B. Woodward. 1869. Dr. Henry C. Sorby. ]910. Prof. William Berryman 1870. Prof. G. P. Deshayes. Scott. 1871. Sir Andrew Ramsay. Vol. 66.] a~xtrAl~ :Rzemt'r. xxvii

&WARDS

OF THE

BALA_NCE OF TIIE PROCEEDS OF TtIE WOLLASTON DONATION FUND.'

1831. Mr. William Smith. 1871. Mr. . 1833, Mr. William Lonsdale. 1872. Dr. James Croll. 1834. M. Louis Agassiz. 1873. Prof. John Wesley Judd. 1835. l)r. Gideon A. Mantell. 1874. Dr. Itenri Nyst. ]836. Prof. G. P. Deshayes. 1875. Prof. Louis C. Miall. 1838. Sir Richard Owen. 1876. Prof. Giuseppe Seguenza. 1839. Prof. C. G. Ehrenberg. 1877. Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun. 1840. Mr. J. De Carle Sowerby. 1878. Pros William J. Sollas. 1841. Prof. :. 1879. Mr. Samuel A_llport. 1842, Prof. John Morris. 1880. Mr. Thomas Davies. 1843. Prof. John Morris. ] 881. Dr. Ramsay H. Traquair. 1844. Mr. William Lonsdale. 1882. Dr. George Jennings Hinde. 1845. Mr. Geddes Bain. 1883. Prof. John Milne. 1846. Mr. William Lonsdale. 1884. Mr. Edwin Tulley Newton. 1847. M. Alcide d'Orbigny. ] 885. Dr. Charles Callaway. Cape of Good Hope Fossils. 1886. Mr. J, Starkie Gardner. 1848. 51. Alcide d'Orbigny. 1887. Dr. Benjamin Neeve Peach. 1849. Mr. William Lonsdale. 1888. Dr. John Ilorne. 1850. Prof. John Morris. 1889. Dr. Arthur S. Woodward. 1851. M. Joachim Barrande. 1890. Mr. William A. E. Ussher. 1852. Prof, John 3[orris. 1891. Mr. . 1853. Prof. L. G. de Koninck. ]892. Mr. Orville Adelbert Derby. ]854. Dr. Samuel P. Woodward. ] 893. Mr. John George Goodchild. 1855. ) Dr. G. Sandberger. 1894. Dr. Aubrey Strahan. | Dr. F. Sandberger. ]895. Prof. William W. ~Vatts. 1856. Prof. G. P. Deshayes. ]896. Mr. Alfred IIarker. 1857. Dr. Samuel P. Woodward. ]897. Dr. Francis Arthur Bather. 1858. Prof. James Hall. 1898. Prof. Edmund J. Garwood. 1859. Mr. Charles Peach. ]899. Prof. John B, Harrison. Prof. T. Rupert Jones. 1900. Dr. George Thurland Prior. 1860. Mr. W. K. Parker. 1901. Mr. Arthur Walton Rowe. 1861. Prof. Auguste Daubrge. ] 902. Mr. Leonard James Spencer. 1862. Prof. Oswald IIeer. 1903. Mr. L. L. Belinfante. 1863. Prof. Ferdinand Senft. 1904. Miss Ethel M. R. Wood. 1864. Prof. G. P. Deshayes. 1905. Dr. II. H. Arno]d-Bemrose. 1865. Mr. J. W. Salter. ] 906. Dr. Finlay Lorimer Kitchin. 1866. Dr. tlenrv Woodward. 1907. Dr. Arthur Vaughan. 1867. Mr. W. H. Bai!y. 1908. Mr. Herbert Henry Thomas. 1868. M. J. Bosquet. ]909. Mr. ArthurJ. C. Molyneux. 1869. Dr. William Carruthe:'s. 1910. Mr. Edward Battersby 1870. M. Marie Rouault. Bailey. c2 xxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May ~9io,

AWARDS OF THE MURCHISON MEDAL

UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE

'MURCHISON GEOLOGICAL FUND,

ESTABLISHED UNDER THE WILL OF THE LATE

SIR RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON, BART., F.R.S., F.G.S.

' To be applied ill every consecutive year, in such manner as the Council of the Society may deem most useful in advancing Geological Science, whether by granting sums of money to travellers in pursuit of knowledge, to authors of memoirs, or to persons actually employed in any enquiries bearing upon the science of Geology, or in rewal

1873. Mr. William Davies. 1893. The Rev. Osmond Fisher. 1874. Dr..L J. Bigsby. 1894. Mr. William T. Aveline. 1875. Mr.W.J. Henwood. 1895. Prof. Gustaf LindstrSnl. 1876. Mr. Alfred R. C. Selwvn. 1896. Mr. T. Mellard Reade. 1877. The Rev. W. B. Clarke. 1897. Mr. Itorace B. Woodward. 1878. Prof. Harms Bruno Geinitz. 1898. Mr. Thomas F. Jamieson. 1879. Sir Frederick M'Cov. Dr. Benjamin Neeve Peach. 1899. 1880. ]~Ir. Robert Etheridge. Dr. . 1881. Sir Archibald G eikie. 1900. Baron A. E. NordenskiSld. 1882. Prof. Jules Gosselet. 1901. Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne. 1883. Prof. H. R. Gceppert. 1902. Mr. Frederic W. Harmer. 1884. Dr. ltenry Woodward. 1903. Dr. Charles Callaway. 1885. Dr. Ferdinand yon Rcemer. 1904. Prof. Geol~'e A. Lebour. 1886. Mr. William Whitaker. 1905. Mr. Edward John Duan. 1887. The Rev. Peter B. Brodie. 1906. Mr. Charles T. Clough. 1888. Prof. J. S. Newberry. 1907. Mr. Alfred tlarker. 1889. Prof. James Geikie. 1908. Prof. Albert C. Seward. 1890. Prof. Edward Hull. 1909. Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole. 1891. Prof. Waldemar C. BrSgger. 1910. Prof. Arthur Philemon 1892. Prof. A. II. Green. Coleman. Vol. 66.J A~NNUAL llEPOR'r. XXiX

AWARDS

OF TIlE

BALANCE OF TIIE PROCEEDS OF THE 'MURCIIISON GEOLOGICAL FUND.'

1873. l)r.f. Oswald Ileer. 1892. Mr. Beebv Thompson. 1893. Mr. Griitlth John Williams. 1874. t Mr. Alfi'ed Bell. ) Prof. Ralph Tate. 189~1. Mr. George Barrow. 1875. Prof. II. Govier Seeley. 1895. Prof. Albert C. Seward. 1876. Dr. James Croll. 1896. Mr. Philip Lake. 1877. The Ilev. John ]7. Blake. 1897. Mr. Sydney S. Buckman. 1878. Prof. . ] 89S. Miss Jane Donald. 1879. Mr. James Walker Kirkby. 1899. Mr. James Bennie. 1880. Mr. Robert Etheridge. 1900. Mr. A. Vaug'han Jmmings. 1881. Mr. Frank Rutley. 1901. Mr. Thomas S. Ilall. 1882. Prof. Thomas Rupert Jones. 1902. Sir Tllomas H. Ilolland. 1883. Dr. John Young. 1903. Mrs. Elizabeth Gray. 1884. Mr. Martin Simpson. 1904. Dr. Arthm" IIutehinson. 1885. Mr. IIorace B. Woodward. 1905. Mr. Herbert Lister Bowman. 1886. Mr. Clement Reid. 1906. Dr. Herbert Lapworth, 1887. Dr. Robert Kidston. 1907. Dr. Felix Oswald. 1888. Mr. Edward Wilson. i 1908. Miss Ethel Gertrude Skeat. 1889. Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole. 1909. Mr. James Vincent Elsden. 1890. Mr. Edward B. Wethered. 1910. Mr, John Walker Stather. 1891. The Rev. llichard Baron. XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [MayIgIo ,

AWARDS OF THE LYELL MEDAL

UNDER Tile CONI)ITIO~S OF TIlE

'LYELL GEOLOGICAL FUND,'

ESTABLISHED UNDER THE WILL AND CODICIL OF TIlE LATE

SIR CHARLES LYELL, BAaT., F.R.S., F.G.S.

The Medal ' to be cast in bronze and to be given annually' (or from time to time) 'as a mark of honorary distinction and as an expression on the part of the governing body of the Society that the Medallist (who may be of any country or either sex) has deserved well of the Science,'~' not less than one third of the ammal interest [-of the fund] to accompany the Medal, the remaining interest to be given in one or more portions, at the discretion of the Council, tbr the encouragement of Geology or of any of the allied sciences by which they shall consider Geology to have been most materially advanced, either ibr travelling expenses or for a memoir or published, or in progress, and without reference to the sex or nationality of the author, or the language in which any such memoir or paper may be written.' There is a further provision for suspending the award for one 3'ear, and iu such case for the awarding of a Medal to ' each of two persons who have been jointly engaged in the same exploration in the same country, or perhaps on allied subjects in different countries, the proportion of interest always not being less to each Medal than one third of the annual interest.'

1876. Prof. John Morris. 1894. Prof. John Milne. 1877. Sir James IIector. 1895. The Rev. John F. Blake. 1878. Mr. George Busk. 1896. Dr. Arthur S. Woodward. 1879. Pros Edmond II~bert. ]897. Dr. George Jennings ttinde. 1880. Sir John Evans. 1898. Prof. Wilhelm ~Vaagen. 1881. Sir J. William Dawson. 1899. Lt.-Gen. C. A. MeMahon. 1882. Dr. J. Lycett. 1900. Dr. . 1883. Dr. W. B. Cal'penter. 1901. Dr. Ramsay ! 1. Traquair. 1884. Dr. Joseph Leidy. Prof. Anton Fritsch. 1902. 1885. Prof. II. Gorier Seeley. Mr. Richard Lydekker. 1886. Mr. William Pengelly. 1903. Mr. Frederick ~V. Rudler. 1887. Mr. Samuel Allport. 1904. Prof. Alfred G. Nathorst. 1888. Prof. Henry A. Nicholson. 1905. Dr. Hans Reusch. 1889. Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins. 1906. Prof. . 1890. Prof. Thomas Rupert Jones. 1907. Dr. Joseph F. Whiteaves. 1891. Prof. T. McKenny Hughes. 1908. Mr. Richard Dixon Oldham. 189,'2. Mr. George H. Morton. 1909. Prof. Percy Fry Kendall 1893. Mr. Edwin Tulley Newton. 1910. Dr. Arthur Vaughan. Vol. 66.] ANNUAL REPORT, xxxi

AWARDS

OF THE

BALANCE OF THE PROCEEDS OF THE c LYELL GEOLOGICAL FUND.' 1876. Prof. John Morris. 1896. Dr. William F. tIume. 1877. Mr. William Pengelly. 1896. Dr. Charles ~V. Andrews, 1878. Prof. Wilhehn Waagen. 1897. Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott. 1879. Prof. Hem'y A. Nicholsou. 1897. Mr. Joseph Lomas. 1879. Dr. Henry Woodward. 1898. Mr. William H. Shrubsole. 1880. Prof'. F. A. yon Quenstedt. 1898. Mr. Itenry Woods. 1881. Prof. Anton Fritsch. 1899. Mr. Frederick Chapman. 1881. Mr. G. R. Vine. 1899. Mr. John Ward. 1882. The Rev. Norman Glass. 1900. Miss Gertrude L. Elles. 1882. Prof. Charles Lapworth. 1901. Dr. John William Evans. 1883. Mr. P. tI. Carpenter. 1901. Mr. Alexander McHenry. 1883. M.Ed. Rigaux. 1902. Dr. Wheelton Hind. 1884. Prof. Charles Lapworth. 1903. Mr. Sydney S. Buckman. 1885. Mr. A lfred J. Jukes-Browne. 1903. Mr. George Edward Dibley. 1886. Mr. David Macldntosh. ] 904. Dr. Charles Alfred M xtley. 1887. The Rev. Osmond Fisher. 1904. Prof. Sidney Hugh Reynolds. 1888. Dr. Arthur tI. Foord. 1905. Mr. E. A. Neweli Arber. 1888. Mr. Thomas Roberts. 1905. Mr. ~,Valcot Gibson. 1889. Dr. Louis Dollo. 1906. Mr. William G. Fearnsides. 1890. Mr. Charles D. Sherborn. 1906. Mr. Richard tI. Solly. 1891. Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major. ]907. Mr. T. Crosbee Cantrill. 1891. Mr. George W. Lamplugh. 1907. Mr. Thomas Sheppard. 1892. Prof. . 1908. Dr. Thomas Franklin Sibly. 1892. Mr. Edwin A. Walford. 1908. Mr. H. J. Osborne White. 1893. Miss Catherine A. Raisin. 1909. Mr. II. Brantwood Maufe. 1893. Mr. Alfred N. Leeds. 1909. Mr. Rober~ G. Carruthers. 1894. Mr. William Hill. 1910. Mr. F. R. Cowper lleed. 1895. Prof. Percy Fry Kendall. 1910. Dr. Robert Broom. 1895. Mr. Benjamin Harrison. xxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May I9Io,

AWARDS OF THE ,

:FOUNDED BY THE LATE

DR. J. J. BIGSBY, F.R.S., F.G.S.

To be awarded biennially ' as an acknowledgment of eminent services in any depart- merit of Geology, il-tespective of the receiver's country; but he must not be older than 45 years at his last birthday, thus probably not too old for fnrther work, and not too young to have done much.'

1877. Prof. Othniel Charles Marsh. ]895. Dr. Charles D. Walcott. 1879. Prof. Edward Drinker Cope. 1897. Mr. Clement Reid. 1881. Profi Charles Barrois. ]899. Prof. T. W. Edgeworth 1883. Dr. . ])avid. 1885. Prof. Alphonse Renard. 1901. Mr. George W. Lamplug'h. 1887. Prof. Charles Lapworth. ]903. Dr. Henry 5[. Ami. 1889. Dr. J. J. IIarris Teall. ]905. Profi John Walter Gregory. 1891. Dr. . ] 907. Dr. Arthur ~V. Rogers. 1893. Prof. William J. Sollas. 1909. Dr. John Smith Flett.

AWARDS OF THE PRESTWICIt MEDAL,

ESTABLISHED UNDER THE WILL OF THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PRESTVv~]:CH, F.R.S., F.G.S. ' To apply the accumulated ammal proceeds.., at the end of every three years, in providing a Gold Medal of the value of Twenty Pounds, which, with the remainder of the proceeds, is to be awarded.., to the person or persons, either male or female, and either resident in England or abroad, who shall have done well for the advancement of the science of Geology ; or, from time to time to accumulate the annual proceeds for a period not exceeding six years, and apply the said accumulated annual proceeds to some object of special research bearing on Stratigraphical or Physical Geology, to be carried out by one single individual cr by a Committee; or, failing these objects, to accumulate the annual proceeds for either three or six years, and devote such proceeds to such special purposes as may be decided.' 1903. John Lubbock, Baron Avebury. 1906. Mr. William Whitaker. 1909. Lady Evans. Vol. 66. 3 A~,nL-AI, l~Erol~a', xxxiii

AWARDS OF THE PROCEEDS OF THE BARLOW- JAMESON FUND,

ESTABLISHED UNDER THE WILL OF THE LATE

Dm H. C. BARLOW, I;.G.S.

' The perpetual interest to be applied every two or three years, as may be approved by the Council, to or for the advancement of Geological Science.'

1879. J?archase of Microscope. 1896. Mr. Joseph Wright. 1881. Purchase of Microscope- 1896. Mr. John Storrie. Lamps. 1898. Mr. Edward Greenly. 1882. Baron C. yon Ettingshausen. ]900. Mr. George C. Crick. 1884. Dr. James Croll. 1900. ])r. Theodore T. Groom. 1884. Prof. Leo Lesquereux. ]902. Mr. William M. Jlutchings. 1886. Dr. tI. J. Johnston-Lavis. 1904. Mr. IIugh 5. L1. Beadnell. 1888. )fuseum. ]906. Mr. tIenry C. Bcas]ey. 1890. Mr. W. Jerome tlarrison. ]908. Contribution to the Fund 1892,. Prof. Charles Mayer-Eymar. for securing the Preser- ]893. Purchase of Scientific In- ~'ation of the Sarsen- struments for Capt. F. E. Stones on Marlborough Younghusband. i)owns, known as 'The 1894. Dr. Charles Davison. Grey Wethers.'

AWARDS OF THE PROCEEDS

OF TII]~ 'DANIEL PIDGEON FUND,'

FOUNDED BY MRS. PIDGEON~ IN ACCORDANCE WITH TIlE WILL OF TtIE LATE

DANIEL PIDGEON, F.G.S.

'All ammal grmlt derivable from the interest on the Fund, to be used at the discretion of the Council, in whatever way may in their opinion best promote Geological Original Research, their Grantees being in all cases l~ot more than twenty.eight years of age.'

1903. Prof. Ernest ~,Villington ]907. Miss Id~ L. Slater. Skeats. ]908. Mr. James A. Douglas. 1904. Mr. Linsdall Richardson. ]909. Mr. Alexander Moncrieff 1905. Mr. Thomas Vipond Barker. Finlayson. 1906. Miss IIelen Drew. 1910. Mr. :Robert Boyle. xxxiv PROCEEDIRGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May ~9 J o,

Estimates for

INCOME EXPECTED. s s. d. s s. d. Compositions 140 0 0 Duo for Arrears of Admission-Fees ...... 151 4 0 Admission-Fees, 1910 ...... 200 12 0 351 16 0 Arrears of Annual Contributions ...... 130 0 0 Annual Contributions, 1910, from Resident and Non-ResidentFellows ...... 1860 0 0 Annual Contributions in advance ...... 65 0 0 2055 0 0 Sale of the Quarterly Journal, including Long- roans' Account ...... 1~ 0 0 Sale of the 'History of the Geological Society,' Centenary Record, General Index to the Quarterly Journal, Museum Catalogue, Hutton's 'Theory of the Earth' vol. iii, Hochstetter's 'New Zealand,' and List of Fellows ...... 10 0 0 Miscellaneous Receipts ...... 10 0 0 Interest on Deposit-Account ...... 10 0 0 Dividends on s India 3 per cent. Stock .. 75 0 0 Dividends on s London, Brighton, & South Coast Railway 5 per cent. Consolidated Pre- ferenceStock ...... 15 0 0 Dividends on s London & North-Western Railway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... 90 0 0 Dividends on s London & South-Western Railway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... ll2 0 0 Dividends on s Midland Railway 2~ per cent. Perpetual Preference Stock ...... 51 16 0 Dividends on s 6s. 7d. Natal 3 per cent. Stock. 8 0 0 Dividends on s Canada 3 per cent. Stock. 70 0 0 421 16 0

s 12 0 Vol. 66.] FINANCIAL REPORT. XXXV the Year 1910.

EXPENDITURE EST1/MATEI). s s.d. s s. d. Itouse-Expenditure : Taxes ...... 15 0 Fire-Insurance and olher lnsnrance ...... I g 0 0 Electric Lightfng and Maintenance ...... 50 0 0 Gas ...... 25 0 0 Fuel ...... 40 0 0 Furniture and Repairs ...... 50 0 0 ~ouse-Repairs and Maintenance ...... 40 0 0 Annual Cleaning ...... 20 0 0 Tea at Meetings ...... 16 0 0 Washing and Sundry Expenses ...... 35 0 0 292 15 0 Salaries and Wages, etc. : Assistant-Secretary ...... 375 0 0 half Premium Life-Insurance... 10 15 0 Assistant-Librariau ...... 150 0 0 Assistant-Clerk ...... 150 0 0 Junior Assistant ...... 39 0 0 ttouse-Porter and Upper Housemaid ...... 95 0 0 Under Housemaid ...... 48 18 0 Charwoman and Occasional Assistance ...... 10 0 0 Accountants' Fee ...... 10 10 0 ~89 3 0 Ottiee-Expenditure : Stationery ...... 35 0 0 Miscellaneous Printing, etc ...... 60 0 0 Postages and Sundry Expenses ...... 80 0 0 175 0 0 Libra~ (Books aud Binding) ...... 250 0 0

Library Catalogue : Cards ...... 20 0 0 Compilation ...... 50 0 0 700 0 Publications : Quarterly Journal, including Commission on Sale ...... 1000 0 0 Postage on Journal, Addressing, ere ...... 100 0 0 Record of Geological Literature ...... 150 0 0 List of l?ellows ...... 40 0 0 Abstracts, including Postage ...... 120 0 0 1410 0 0

3086 18 0

Estimated excess of Income over Expenditure .. 71 14 0

s 12 0

AUBREY STRAttAN, Trea.~urer. Januar~f 31st, 1910. Xxxvi :PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EMily 191o , Income and Expendilure during the

RECEIPTS. .g s. d. .g s. d. To Balance in the hands of the Bankers at January 1st, 1909 ...... 180 S 0 ,, Balance in the hands of the Clerk at January ]st, 1909 ...... 17 12 2 198 0 2 ,, Compositions ...... ]75 0 0 ,, Admission-Fees : Arrears ...... 94 l0 0 Current ...... 252 0 0 346 10 0 ,, Arrears of Annual Contributions .... 124 2 0 ,, Annual Contributions for 1909 :- :Resident Fellows ...... 1841 12 0 :Non-Resident Fellows ...... 4 14 6 ,, Annual Contributions in advance .... 67 4 0 -- 2037 12 ,, Publications : Sale of Quarterly Journal ~ : ,, Vols. i to lxiv (less C,)mmis~ion s 19s. 8d.) ...... 99 9 ll ,, Vol. lxv (less Commission s 18~. 9d.) 42 ] 5 9 142 5 8 ., ' History of the Geological Society'...... 7 0 8 ,, Abstracts ...... 6 ,, Record of Geological Literature ... 3 12 0 ,, List of Fellows ...... ]5 3 ,, ttutton's'Theoryof theEarth,'vol.iii 2 0 ,, IIoehstetter's 'New Zealand' ...... 6 4 ,, Museum Catalogue ...... 2 li ,, Cer, tenary Record ...... I ~i "2 6 4 9 ,, Miscellaneous lieceipts ...... 10 16 6 ,, l(cpayment of Income-Tax (1)'ear) ...... 17 11 11 ,, Interest on Deposit-Account ...... 13 0 0 ,, Bequests Sorby ...... ]00f) ~) 0 Hudleston ...... 10(10 0 0 200O 0 0 ,, I)ividends (less Income-Tax) :--- s India 3 per cent.. Stock ...... 70 18 S s London, :Brighton, & South Coast Rail- way 5 per cent. Consolidated Prefer- ence Stock ...... 14 4 5 s London & :North-Western Railway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... 85 t~ 3 s London & ~outh-Western Railway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... 106 3 4 s :Midland Railway '2~ per cent. :Per- petual Preference Stock ...... 49 2 0 s 6s. 7d. :Natal 3 per cent. Stock ...... 7 11 8 333 6 4

* A further sum is due fi'om Messrs. Longmans s 8 6 & Co. for Journal-Sales ...... s 5 7 Vol. 66.7 F1~rA~-erxr, ttEPORT. xxxvii

Year ended December 31st, 1909. PAYMENTS. By House-Expe,lditure: s s. d. ,.~ $. d. Taxes ...... 15 0 Fire-Insurance and other Insurance ...... 16 "l 5 Electric Lighting mad Maintenance ...... 52 15 1 Gas ...... 26 8 9 :Fuel ...... 42 6 3 Furniture and Repairs ...... 79 12 2 House-Repairs and Maintenance ...... 147 11 (; Annual Cleaning ...... 26 11 (; Tea at Meetings ...... 17 1(I 4 Washing and Sundry Expenses ...... 34 5 0 443 19 ,, Salaries and Wages : Assistant-Secretary ...... 362 10 0 half Premium Life-Insurance... 10 15 0 Assistant-Librarian ...... 150 0 0 Assistant-Clerk ...... 150 0 0 Junior Assistant ...... 29 11 0 House-Porter and Upper llousemaid ...... 94 ::; 5 Under Housemaid ...... 48 l0 8 Charwoman and Oeeasi(mal Assistance ...... 15 7 1 Accountants' Fee ...... 10 10 0 871 7 2 ,, 0ffice-Exl,enditure : St~tionery ...... % 12 11 Miscellaneous Printing ...... 57 19 il Postages and Sundry Expenses ...... 73 13 II 1(;5 (; ,, Library (Books and Binding) ...... 172 8 ,, Library-Catalogue : Cards ...... 13 1 0 Compilation ...... 5(I 0 0 Cases ...... 90 0 0 Other Charges ...... 13 15 '2 166 16 ,, Publieatious : Quarterly ffournal,Vol, lxv, Paper, Printing, and Illustrations ...... 875 8 9 Postage oil Journal, Addressing, ete ...... 117 16 9 Record of Geological Literature ...... 151 12 3 AbstraCts, including Postage ...... 107 15 8 Centenary Record ...... 53 8 6 1306 1 11 ,, Purchase of s Canada 3~ per cent. Stock ...... 1982 11 0 ,, Balance in the hands of the Bankers at December 31st, 1909 ...... 167 16 2 ,, Balance in the hands of the Clerk at December 31st, 1909 ...... 11 2 0 178 18 2

We have compared this Statement with the Books and Accounts presented to us, and find them to agree.

JOHN IIOPKINSON, ! Auditors. 8 6 GEORGE ~r. YOUNG, i s AUBREY STRAtIAN, Treasurer. --fl

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o xl PROCEEDII~GS OF THE 6EOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [May 191o ,

Statement relating to lhe Society's Property : December 31st, 1909.

s S. d. s s. d. Balance in the Bankers' hands, I)ecember 31st, 1909 : On Current Account ...... 167 16 2 Balance in the Clerk's hands, December 31st, 1909 11 2 0 178 18 2 Due from Messrs. Longmans & Co., on account of Quarterly Journal, Vol. LXV, etc ...... 63 5 7 Arrears of Admission-Fees ...... 151 4 0 Arrears of Annual Contributions ...... 254 4 0 405 8 0

s 11 9 Funded Property, at cost price :--

s India 3 per cent. Stock ...... 2623 19 0 s London, Brighton, & South Coast Rail- way 5 per cent. Consolidated Preference Stock ...... 502 15 3 s London & North-Western l~ailway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... 2898 10 6 s London & South-Western Railway 4 per cent. Preference Stock ...... 3607 7 6 s Midland Railway 2 per cent. Per- petual Preference Stock ...... 1850 19 6 s 6s. 7d. Natal 3 per cent. Stock ...... 250 0 0 s Canada 3{ per cent. Stock ...... 1982 11 0 13,716 2 9

[N.B.--The above amount does not inchtde the value of the Collections, Lib~.ary, Furniture, and Stock of unsold Publications. The value of the Funded Property of the Societ.q at the prices ruling at lhe close of business on December 31st, 1909, amounted to s 16s. 9d.]

AUBREY STRAHA~N, Treasurer. Janual T 31st, 1910. Vol. 66.] ANNIVrRSAR~mEr'n.'~G--WOI~L.~STOS MWDAr, xli

The Reports having been received, the PRrSIDE~T requested the permission of the Fellows to send a telegram of congratulation to Emeritus Professor E. ScEss, F.M.G.S. ; and, this permission having been granted with acclamation, the following telegram was immediately despatched r Vienna:

' Professor E. SUESS, Afrikanergasse, 9 Wien, II. ' The Geological Society, assembled r~t its Annual Meeting, sends greeting, and offers its congratulations to the veteran author of " Das Autlitz der Erde" on the completion of his great work. SOLLAS,Presidcnt.'

2~WARD OF THE WOLLASTO~ MEDAL. The PRESIDENT then handed the Wollaston Medal, awarded to Prof. WrLLIA)f ]~ERRYM),~"SCOTT, F.G.S., to the A~ERICA:~AMBASSADOR for transmission to the recipient, addressing the Ambassador as follows :--

Mr. WILITBLAW ~EID,-- The Council of tile Geolo~eal Society has awarded the Wollastoa Medal, the highest honour which it can confer, to Prof. William B. Scott, in recognition of his distinguished services to Geology, especially by his brilliant researches into the Mammalia of the Tertiary Era. It is now many years since Prof. Scott learnt from our famous masters, Huxley and Gegenbaur, all that the old world had to teach touching the comparative anatomy of the Vertebrata. Since then, by his admirable researches on the extinct mammals of both INort h and South America, he has helped to bring the New World into equal authority with the Old. More than a quarter of a century ago he undertook, in company with his friend Prof. Osborn, those exploratory expeditions into the West of the United States which succeeded in exhuming from the Tertiary rocks the dgbris of successive mammalian faunas, and returned to the museums of the East laden with the spoils of the past. Illumined by his genius, this material has gradually taken form, and now reveals to all admiring world the ancesiral history of diverse existing mammals, such as the Camel, the Rhinoceros, and the Dog. 5Iore recently he organized an expedition into Patagonia, which, during three )'ears of activity, proved equally fertile in results. VOL. LXVI. (~ xlii r~ocEEvi~os OF THE GEOLOGICALSOCIETY. ['~]'ay 19 I o,

These are now being set forth in a series of exhaustive monographs, to which Prof. Scott has .already contributed a masterly account of the genealogy of the Rodents and the Edentata. In his comprehensive grasp of the manifold relations which unite the great complex of the animal world, and by his philosophic con- ception of the course of organic evolution, Prof. Scott ranks among the select few whom the future will number among the grea~ pakeontologists of the illustrious past. In asking you to receive this :Medal for him, I beg you to assure him of the deep interest with which the Society follows his investi- gations, and to express the hope that he may live long to enrich our Science with discoveries no less important than those which we now celebrate.

The Hon. WalTSLXW REID replied in the following words :- Mr. PRESIDENT3---- I have much pleasure in appearing before this learned body, on behalf of my distinguished countryman, Prof. Scott, to receive this Medal for him and in his name. I may venture also to assure you of his warm thanks, and of the high appreciation with which the great honour that you have thus conferred--the greatest within your gift--will be regarded by Prof. Scott himself, and by the noted and very important institution with which he is connected--Princeton University, or' Old Nassau,' as its alumni love to call it. You have enhanced this honour by the cordial and gracious language in which you have been pleased to extend it. It is enhanced also by what I may perhaps call its family origin. We all know too well how family disputes are apt to be the worst and ~ometimes the most dangerous. Just so, no recognition of success is so sweet as that from the circle of kindred. A generous tribute like this, from the authoritative body of geologists in one branch of the great English-speaking family, for good work done by a leader in that important science in another branch of the same family, is peculiarly grateful to the recipient himself, snd grateful also, as well as helpful and inspiring, to his University, to his friends, and in general to hib countrymen. Yol. 66.] ANNIVERSARY)iEETING--:~IUIiCHISON 2tIEDAL. xliii

AWARD OF THE ~tIURCItlS0:N ~EDAL, The I)RrSlDE~ then handed the ]~iurchison )[edal, awarded to Prof. Alr PHILE)fON COLEMAN, to the Right Hen. LORD S'rRAT~CO~A and Mou~T ROXAL, G.C.M.G., High Commissioner for the Dominion of Canada, for transmission to the recipient, addressing him as follows :--

LORD STRATHCO~A,-- The Murehison Medal is awarded to Prof. Coleman in recognition of his important contributions to geological science. During his long and distinguished occupation of the chair of Geology in the University of Toronto, he has added largely to our knowledge of the history and formation both of the stratified systems and of the igneous rocks of Canada; nor has he restricted his attention to these, but has thrown much light on the origin of some of its most interesting scenery. He has travelled far and wide, and, bringing to bear the vast stores of information gathered in his journeys through North America, Europe, and Africa, he has increased the value of his researches by making use of the comparative method. The deposits of nickel-ore at Sudbury have )'ielded to his investi- gations conclusions of fundamental importance, which have been recognized and enforced by the veteran author of' Das Antlitz der Erde.' No less important are the results of his researches on the Pleistocene Series in the vicinity of Toronto. His latest achieve- ment--the discovery of glacial deposits in the Lower/-Iuronian rocks of Canada--extends the evidence of uniformity into the remote past of the Protmon. I had many opportunities of admiring the enthusiasm and energy of Prof. Coleman, when we were fellow-hammerers on the Dwyka Conglomerate, and it is wit, h peculiar pleasure that I hand you this medal, which I beg you to be good enough to transmit to him.

Lord SIRATHCO~A said that he was greatly hououred and pleased to be the medium of transmitting the medal to Prof. Coleman, on whose behalf he ventured to express his warmest thanks. :He added that this was not the first occasion on which he had acted as interpreter to the Canadian branch of the great English-speaking family, of the high esteem in which the old mother-land held tile brilliant work accomplished by Canadian geologists.

d2 xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOL06ICAL SOCIETY. [May 701o,

AWARD OF THE LYELL ]~EDAL. The PJaXSIDENT then presented the Lyell Medal to Dr. ARTHUR VAua~Ax, B.&., addressing him in the following" words :--

Dr, VAU,~HAl%-- The Lyell ~[edal is awarded to you in recoguition of your distin- guished services to Geology, especially in establishing the order of the Faunal Succession in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Britain. In your earlier studies of the Jurassic zones with their teeming fossils, you acquired a mastery over the investigation of the known which enabled you to venture with confidence into unexplored regions. Thanks to your researches, the Avon Gorge, once famous for its beauty, has now become no less famous as a scale of geological time. From all sides---Wales, Ireland, France, Belgium, Germany, and remote parts of Britain--geologists, attracted by this long-desire4 means of correlation, have hastened on pilgrimage to Clifton, where, under your illuminating teaching, they have been made familiar in all its details with the new standard of reference. How fortunate have been the results the pagesof our Journal bear witness; our kuowledge of the stratified crust has been enriched by a whole chapter, and the method of William Smith has once more achieved a triumph. Of your power to instruct I speak with experience, for I was your pupil when last I visited the Avon section ; this recollection adds to the pleasure with which, in the name of the Council, I hand you this award.

Dr. VAVG~rXNreplied as follows :- Mr. I:~RESIDENT,- Nothing could have given me greater delight, or have come at a more opportune moment, than the news of the award to me of the Lyell Medal. With the zest for fresh labours partly dulled by a long illness, this eagerly desired prize came as a welcome spur, restoring self- confidence by assuring me of the sympathy of brother geologista. As yet, Sir, I can only hope that, some day, I may have done more to deserve this great honour and the kind words with which you have so generously accompanied its bestowal. My thanks are rendered heartily and, in very truth, humbly to Vol. 66.] AINNIVERSARYX~ETIX'O--~V~C~ISON FL'X'D. xlv the Council of the Geological Society and to the many Fellows who have so kindly approved of their selection. I cannot allow this unique opportunity to slip of acknowledging how much my work owes to the inspiring advocacy of two staunch and long-time friends, Prof. S. H. Reynolds and Mr. E. E. L. Dixon.

A'WARD OF THE WOLLASTON DONATION FILED. In presenting the :Balance of the Proceeds of the ~Vollaston Donation Fund to Mr. EDWARD BAT~E~SB~ ]3XlL~Y, B.A., the PR~Sn)E~'~ addressed him in the following words :~

Mr. ]3XlLEY,-- The :Balance of the Proceeds of the Wollaston Donation Fund has been awarded to you by the Council in recognition of the value of your investigations into the volcanic rocks of the Carboniferous System of Scotland and the structure of the Glen Coe area. After carrying out successful investigations on the geology of East Lothian, especially in relation to the Glacial phenomena, the volcanic rocks, and the Cecil Measures of that district, you, in your paper written conjointly wit.h ]~:[r. C. T. Clough and Mr. H. ]3. Maufe on the Caldron Subsidence of Glen Coe, analysed with great skill a structure of remarkable complexity, and succeeded in tracing the successive stages of its formation, thus obtaining results which have an important bearing on some of the obscurer problems of volcanic and tectonic phenomena. The Society hopes that your powers of exact observation and imaginative insight may be exercised with equal success upon the new and difficult problems which again confront you in the West of Scotland.

AWARD OF THE ~k[URCHISON GEOLOGICAL FUND. The PPv.SlDE~'T then handed to ]k[r. JOHN WALKER S~ATZ~R, F.G.S., the :Balance of the Proceeds of the Murchison Geological Fund, addressing him as follows :-

Mr. STATIIER,-- The ]3alance of the Proceeds of the )lurchison Geological Fund has been awarded to you by the Council in recognition of the services xlvi ~ROCEEDI~QSOF TH~ G~OT.OQ:CASS0ClETr. [May 19 Io, that you have rendered to Geology, as well by fostering a love of research among your fellow-citizens in Hull as by your own investigations among the~ Glacial deposits of East Yorkshire. For almost a quarter of a century you have furnished inspiration to an active band of fellow-workers, who have worthily maintained the traditions of East Yorkshire as a centre of geological study. To your own investigations we owe a deeper insight into the intricacies of the latest Glacial deposi~,s ; we have learnt to discern in them successive horizons, each distinguished by characteristic boulders derived from different remote localities; we are able to trace their extension, beyond the limits once assigned to them, even on to the high Chalk Wolds; and we have gained an acquaintance in detail with the drifts of Kirmington and Beilsbeck, which possess so great an interest on accoun[ of their included fossils. May you long continue to exercise that wisely directed energy which has enabled you, ill the scanty leisure of a busy life, to achieve so much for our science.

AWARDS FRO1( THE ]'~YELL GEOLOaICAL FUND. In presenting one moiety of the Balance of the Proceeds of the LyelI Geological Fund to Mr. FREDERICK RICHARD COWPER REND, M.A., the PRESID~ST addressed him in the following words :--

Mr, I~EED~-- A moiety of the Balance of the Proceeds of the Lyell Geological Fund has been awarded to you by the Council, in acknowledgement of the services that you have rendered to Geology and Pal~eontology, especially by your researches among the Invertebrate Fossils of Great Britain and Ireland, Africa, and India. Since the publication of your first paper in 1892, memoirs and monographs have proceeded from your pen in an unremitting stream. Amidst work so various and voluminous, it is difficult, where all is good, to know what to select for special praise ; but all will acknowledge, as enduring monuments of painstaking industry and exact research, your monographs on the Trilobites of Girvan, the Fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds, the Fossils of the Northern Shun States, and the Cambrian Fossils of Spiti. Vol. 66.] ANXlVraSXR:~~rEa:LnG--LYELL ~'~ND. xlvii

To numerous colleagues in the field you have brought the indispensable aid of Pala~ontology. They will join in welcoming this award, and in expressing with me our best wishes for your continued success in the work of investigation.

The PRESlD~N~ then handed the other moiety of the Balance of the Proceeds of the Lyell Geological Fund, awarded to Prof. RoBER'r BRoo~t, M.D., to Dr. A. SMITrr WooDw~m), Sec.G.S., for transmission to the recipient, addressing him as follows :--

Dr. SMITrr WooDwxl~o,~ The Council of the Geological Society have awarded a moiety of the Balance of the Lyell Geological Fund to Prof. Robert Broom, in recognition of his work on the Fossil Reptiles of the Karoo. While practising in :New South Wales, Prof. Broom found time to make researches into the anatomy of the ~onotremes and )[arsupials; these led him to reflexions on the origin of the :~[ammalia, and, in the hope of obtaining a solution of this question, he left Australia for Cape Colony, settling in a district where, while still engaged in the practice of his profession, he could collect and study the reptilian remains of the Karoo. :Fiehas since been able to devote himself almost entirely to this pursuit, and has published a long series of memoirs which add largely to our knowledge of the Fossil Reptilia. We trust that the Karoo has still many discoveries ia store for him, and that he may be destined to throw still further light on the predecessors of the 5[ammalia. xlviii P~OC~EDI~eSOF THe. ~EOT-OOICA~s0crsIY. [May i9Io,

THE ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. PROF. WI•LXAM JOHNSON SOLr.AS, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.

During the past year we have had to mourn the loss of many distinguished Fellows of the Society: brief obituary notices of some of them follow.

THOmAs M~LLXR1) READE (1832--1909).--Mr. Reade was born on May 27th, 1832. He was the youngest son of William James Reade, the master of a small private school in Liverpool, and descended from a family of yeomen, some of whom-- Sir Thomas Reade and the Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade, F.R.S., for instance--rose to distinction. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary MeIlard, was a sister of Mrs. Craik, the author of' John Halifax, Gentleman.' At the age of 12, Reade left school, and entered the office of :Messrs. Eyes and Son, a well-known firm of architects and surveyors; in 1853 ha obtained an appointment in the engineer's office of the London and North-Western Railway at Warrington, and remained there until 1860, when he began practice in Liverpool on his own account as an architect and civil engineer, and ultimately met with very considerable success. ~Ir. Reade did not take any serious interest in geology till he had almost reached middle age; his first contribution, a letter to ' Nature' on E~zoon canadense, was made in 1870, but from that time scarcely a year elapsed without one or more papers from his pen. His earlier work relates chiefly to Glacial and post-Glacial deposits, and the question of geological time; he was the first to arnv~ at an estimate of the rate at which rivers are conveying calcium carbonate to the ocean, and to calculate from the mass of limestone contained in the sedimentary series the age of the stratified crust; this he thought must amount to 600 millions of years. Later on, he devoted much attention to the origin of mountain-ranges, and arrived at the original and valuable con- ception of ' the level of no strain.' During the last ten years of his life he was engaged, in association with Mr. Philip Holland, in researches upon the lithology of the Ludlow and Old Red Sand- stone rocks. He was the author of ' Chemical Denudation in relation to Geological Time' (1879), 'The Origin of ~ountain Ranges, considered experimentally, structurally, dynamically, and Vol. 66.] ANNIVERS.~ICY ADDRESS OF TITE PRESIDE57T. xlix in relation to Geological History' (1886), and 'The Evolution of Earth Structure, with a Theory of Geomorphie Changes' (] 903). Mr. Reade was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1872, and ill 1896 he received the Murchison Medal in recognition of his work on the Origin of Mountain Ranges. He was several times President of the Liverpool Geological Society, namely, from 1875 to 1877, from ]884 to 1886, and from 1895 to 1897. In one of his earliest papers communicated to that Society he predicted that the tunnel then being constructed under the Mersey would encounter the Boulder Clay which filled the ancient river-channel, a prediction which was fulfilled, to the great inconvenience of the engineers. Air. Reade owed little to the gifts of fortune, beyond a powerful intellect and indomitable energy; these he strenuously excercised, to the great benefi~ of his fellow-townsmen and with no small advantage to our science. He enjoyed good health up to a few years before his deatb, which occurred on May 26th, ]909.

JoB~ JOSEL'H FREDE~r W~ITEXVES, LL.D. (McGill)i F.R.S. Canada (1835-1909).--Dr. Whiteaves was born at Oxford on December 26th, 1835; and resided in his native city until 1861. At the age of 21 he commenced his career as a systematic zoologist by making a collection of the land and freshwater shells of the surrounding district; from these he passed to the Jurassic fossils, of which he acquired a large collection, containing many new species. At about this time (]858 to 1860) fossil-collecting was more zealously pursued at Oxford that it has been since, and included among its votaries the present Master of Pembroke (:Bishop Mitchinsou), the Rev. H. H. Wood, and Mr. James Parker. In 1863 Dr. Whiteaves was appointed Curator of the ~useum and Recording Secretary of the Natural Itistory Society of ; he held this post until 1876, when he succeeded E. Billings as 1)almontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada; later on he was made one oi~ the Assistan~ Directors. In the New World he found a wide scope for his activity; he described the land and freshwater shells of the Province of , the Lower fossils of the Island of Montreal and its vicinity, and the marine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada; he added greatly to our know- ledge of the paheontology of the whole of Canada, al~d conducted dredging expeditions ia the GuIf of the St.. Lawrence which revealed the existence in a still living state of the Leda-clay fauna, previously supposed to be extinct. Dr. Whiteaves was one of the original Fellows of the Royal 1 I'ROCEEIHI~IG$ OF ~HE 6~OLOOIC~T. SOCIetY. [May 191 o,

Society of Canada. McGill University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. :He was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1859, and the Lyell Medal was awarded to him in 1907, in recognition of" ' his prolonged and valuable contri- butions to the Geology and Pal~eontology of Canada.' An account of his life is given in the Geological Magazine for 1906.

~:[IL.~Ru BAVEI~tA~, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. (1834-1909) .--Mr. Bauer- man was born in 1834, and at the age of 18 entered the newly established Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts, which was subsequently transformed into the . The Government School was fortunate in possessing an exceptionally brilliant staff, which included teachers so diverse as Ramsay and Forbes on the one hand, whose wide knowledge of fact was devoted to the advancement of theory, and Warington Smyth and Percy on the other, whose equally wide knowledge of theory was made subservient to practical ends. It was with the latter that Bauerman was most closely allied by the natural dis- position of his mind, and it was as a practical man applying Science to the Arts of Mining and Metallurgy that he spent the greater part of an unusually busy and useful life. In 1853 he proceeded to the Freiberg Mining Academy, and on leaving it in 1855 he was appointed an Assistant Geologist on the Geological Survey of Great Britain. In 1858 he was selected to act as Geologist to the North America Boundary Commission, and was engaged on the work of this Commission until 1863. From 1864 to 1888 he was constantly occupied in surveying and exploring mineral properties in various parts of the world, including the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Egypt, Arabia, India, Asia Minor, Norway, Sweden, and many other parts of Europe. His knowledge of European towns, both large and small, was remarkable, and frequently excited the astonishment of his friends; he seemed at home in most of them, and his memory was stored with details of their history. In 1883 he was appointed Lecturer on '.Metallurgy in Firth College, Sheffield ; and in 1886 he succeeded Percy as Professor of Metallurgy in the Ordnance College, Woolwich, a post which he held until 1906, when he retired from the public service. Bauerman was the author of a text-book on Descriptive and Systematic Mineralogy, and of the article on the Metallurgy of Iron in :Phillips & Bauertnan's 'Metallurgy'; he also contributed many valuable articles to the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1863, and served on the Vol. 66.] ANNIVERSARt" ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

Council from 1874 to 1898; be was a Vice-President in 1886 and 1887. He contributed ~everal papers to our Journal, treating of the geology of remote countries, such as Vancouver Island, Michigan, and Arabia Petr~ea ; but he was best known to many Fellows of the Society as the Treasurer of the Geological Club, a post which he held for an unbroken period of many years. He died of heart disease on December 5th, 1909.

FREDERICK GEORGE HILTON PRICE, F.S.A. (1842-1909).-- )Ir. Hilton Price was born on August 20th, 1842. His father was Mr. F. W. Price, a partner in the bank of )Iessrs. Child & Co. lie was educated at Crawford College, Maidenhead, and at the age of ] 8 entered the bank of Messrs. Child & Co., of which he after- wards became the head acting partner. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1S72, and served on the Council in :1878 and 1879. He was a member of the Geologists' Association, and held the office of Treasurer from 1875 to 1881. He was also Director of the Society of Antiquaries, President of the Egypt Exploration Fund, a Vice-President of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and a Fellow of the Zoological and Numismatic Societies. He published several valuable works; among the best known are 'A Handbook of London Bankers,' 'Marygold,' 'The Signs of Lombard Street,' and ' Old Base Metal Spoons.' Mr. Price's name will always be associated with the Gault; for eleven years he devoted most of his leisure to its investigation, working partly alone and partly in association with Mr. Starkie Gardner. He was greatly assisted by Grifilths, the fossil collector of Folkestone, whose services were kept in constant requisition. A compendious account of the final results of this investigation was given in a lecture delivered at Cambridge, and afterwards published as a pamphlet. He married, in 1867, Christina, daughter of the late Mr. William Bailey, of Oakem (Staffordshire), by whom he had one son and one daughter. He died on March 14th, 1909, at Cannes, after an operation.

JAMES EBENEZER SAUNDERS, J.P., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.--Mr. Saunders, at one time Alderman for the Ward of Coleman Street, Member of the Metropolitan Board of Works and of the London School Board, was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1855. He was one of the original members of the Geologists' Association. lit raOC~',~rDIHGSOF THE GEOLOGICALSOCIETY. [May 19J o,

RO]~ER~ ~IA~CL-s Gv.~, )[.A., )[.B., F.R.C.S. (1851-1909).-- Sir. Gunn was an eminent oculist who, while busily engaged in his profession, found time for much original investigation ; he published many scientific papers on tile comparative anatomy of the eye and on the physiology of vision, he also pointed out the importance of visible changes in the blood-vessels of the retina as indicating alterations of even graver significance in the general system. In his holidays he devoted himself enthusiastically to natural history and geology ; he made a large collection of fossils from the Jurassic rocks of Sutherland--his native county--and from the of Caithness. He was the discoverer of the famous Palceosjpondylus gunnel. Up to the time of his death he was collaborating with Prof. Seward in a memoir on the Jurassic Flora of ]~rora, based mainly on his own collection, which has now been placed in the British )[useum (Natural History). He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1908. lie died at Hindhead on December 2nd, 1909.

H~O~.RICVS MARTI~'CS KT,AASSE~ (1828-1910).--Mr. Klaassen was born at Kritzum (Hanover) in 1828. In 1874, on retiring from business in London, he entered University College, London, as a student of Natural Science, paying particular attention to Geology. He became a member of the Geologists' Association in 1875, and in 1883 communicated a paper to it 'On a Section of the Lower London Tertiarics at Park-hill, Croydon' (Proe. Geol. Assoc. vol. viii, pp. 226-248). This is a valuable record of observations made during the excavation of a railway-cutting through the hill. This cutting also yielded to Mr. Klaassen the remains of some new species of fossils, the most interesting of which are Coryphodon croydo~ensis and Gastrorais s both described by :Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S. Mr. Klaassen was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1877. He died on January 22nd, 1910.

WILLIA)I FoRD S rA~LEY, J.P. (1828-1909).--Mr. Stanley was born at Buntingford (Hertfordshire) in 1828. At an early age he was apprenticed to his father, a well-known mechanical engineer, and in 1854 he began business on his own account. As an inventor, designer, and manufacturer of scientific instruments he met with remarkable success. He was the author of several books, some speculative, such as ' The l~Tebular Theory in relation to Stellar, Solar, Planetary, Cometary, & Geological Phenomena,' and one-- Vol. 65.] A.N.NIWl~SA~YADn~ESS OF ~H~: rRESIDEN'r, liii

'The Properties & Motion of Fluids '--recording the results of much original observation and reserach. He was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1884. 5Ir. Stanley was a man of great generosity and public spirit; he presented to South ~'orwood a public hall and art gallery, and founded and endowed the Stanley Technical Trade Schools, in which a promising attempt is made to combine a general education with technical training. He died on August 14th, 1909.

JA.VES Pxnsoxs, B.Sc. (1876-19()8).--James Parsons, the son of James St. John Gage Parsons, F.ILC.S., was born at Bristol on June 24th, 1876. He was taught science first at University College, Bristol, and afterwards at University College, London, where he acquired a knowledge of geology from Prof. Bonney. In 1903 he was appointed Assistant Director of the Mineralogical Survey of Ceylon, and ia 1908 he succeeded the Director, Dr. A. K. Coomaraswamy, but with the title of Principal 2~fining Surveyor. lie was electeda Fellow of this Society in 1900; in the same year he contributed to the Geological Magazine a paper on 'The Development of Brown )Iica from Augite'; a second paper on ' Quartz in Ceylon' was published in ' Spolia Zeylanica' in 1908. At Christmas time in 1908 he left Colombo to spend his holidays at :Nuwara Eliya, and on December 29th started out for a walk, leaving word that he should return for lunch; nothing more was heard of him, until, after 92 days' search, his remains were found by a native tracker in the surrounding jungle, only a mile from the house.

GEOR~E FREDERICK SAMUEL ]-~0B[NSO--N~, first Xf,~I~QUIS of R1ro~T, second E~r,L of l~iPoN, K.G., D.C.L. 0xon, F.R.S. (1827-1909).-- The Marquis of Ripen, though better known as a statesman than as a geologist, was an earnest student of science and took a keen interest in geology. He was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1867. He was also a member of the Yorkshire Geological Society and for many years its President.

EDMOND KELLY, B.A. Cambridge, Chevalier de ]a L6gion d'Honneur (1851-1909).--Edmond Kelly, a citizen of the United States of America, was born in 1851. After graduating in Columbia College, New York, he came to England and entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he studied natural science, and especially geology, under the tutorship of Prof. Bonney. After obtaining his liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May I9~o ,

Bachelor's degree in 1874, he went to Paris and studied in the ]~cole de Droit as a preparation for the law, which he had by this time decided to adopt as his profession. He practised in New York and subsequently in Paris, where for a time he held the office of Counsellor to the American Embassy. He was elected a l%llow of our Society in 1875. Kelly was a man of brilliant gifts, overflowing with original ideas, entertaining in conversation, an acute observer of men and manners, and possessed of a personal charm which endeared him to all his acquaintances. At Cambridge he was admired and loved by a large circle of fellow-students, among whom may be mentioned Teal], Strahan, Jukes-Browne, and Sollas. Although he did not contribute any original work to our science, he was keenly interested in it. At a very early stage of his career the doctrine of Evolution exercised its fascination over him, and he devoted much time and thought to investigating its application to human affairs; his con- clusions were published in two notable works, ' Evolution & Effort' and ' Government or :Human Evolution.'

W-~N Darwin wrote the ' Origin of Species' he proposed to omit all reference to Man, because, as he said, the question was so beset with prejudice. But no great interval was allowed to elapse before ttux]ey, who was not afraid of prejudice, boldly attacked the pro- blem, and endeavoured to show from anatomical evidence that Man's place in nature is with the anthropoid apes, and that he is more closely allied to these animals than they are to the monkeys next below them in the organic scale. At that time the resuscitated hypothesis of evolution was a discredited heresy contending for recognition ; it has now become an orthodox dogma, respectable beyond reproach. Our cousinship with the apes, more or less remote, is acknowledged without shame on our part, and let us hope without reason for shame on theirs. Darwin's great work was published half a century ago, and at about the same time Prestwich and Evans returned from their visit to the scene of Boucher de 1)erthes's discoveries, and proclaimed their belief in the ' Antiquity of Man.' The question of the anti- quity of our race, though involved in the doctrine of descent, was open to separate consideration, and was investigated not only by Vol. 66.~ AN.~IVm~SA~XD~I~ESS 0~' IE~ ~RESIDE~V. lV the biologists but by students of our own science. It offered an independent challenge to existing beliefs. The new views enjoyed a triumph in this case also, and we are now ready to accept with indifference whatever geological epoch may be assigned to the birth of our species, our sole concern being with tho adequacy of the evidence. :Palaeolithic man was the subject chosen by Sir John Evans for his Anniversary Address to our Society in 1875, and the next year saw the publication of Prof. Boyd Dawkins's ' Cave Hunting.' At thi~ time research on prehistoric man in these islands reached its high-water mark, and the extraordinary advance which has attended subsequent investigation we owe to the industr 3, and sagacity of our friends on the Continent, especially in France. To those who have lived through the great intellectual revolution of the nineteenth century, nothing is more surprising, next to the complete ascendancy of the evolutional doctrine in every de- partment of thought, than the change of scene which has followed on the change in the point of view. Our time has been spent in climbing the mountain-barrier, and our eyes are so accustomed to the bare rocks, peaks, and precipices that it is almost with surprise that we now find ourselves looking over a broad expanse of varied landscape, smiling and mysterious, where numerous bands of ardent explorers are already busy entering into possession. The precise nature of our newly discovered kinship, its degree of affinity, the successive steps in our pedigree, the changes of the environment, the final stages in the development of our species, the origin of existing races, and the ultimate mechanism by which the trans- formation of the species has been effected, these as well as a crowd of others are the questions which now press upon us for solution. The amount of laborious industry which has been devoted to their investigation is colossal and indeed appalling, the more especially as what has already been accomplished bears but a small proportion to that which remains to be done. The progress of discovery, instead of diminishing, increases the magnitude of our task. Thus, in the endeavour to reconstruct the genealogical tree of the Primates, recourse must be had in the first place to comparative anatomy, and especially to the results obtained by dissection, in any case a slow and laborious process, but now especially tedious--for, since we have become aware of the wide range of individual variation, it no longer suffices to dissect a single example of a species; in order to obtain an adequate knowledge of its structure a great number of examples are required, so that the frequency with which inconstant lvi ~'ROCSED~NOSOF ~HS (;~OLOOZCAT.SOCZE~r. [May ~ 9 ~o, characters are present may be ascertained and expressed as far as possible by numerical values. It is not only Comparative Anatomy which has thus enlarged the field of its labours, every branch of science finds itself compelled to undertake new enquiries and to extend its investigations into finer and finer details. The memoirs to which these researches give rise are poured out in a continual stream ; they are so numerous, so lengthy, so scat- tered through numberle~'~s Transactions, Proceedings, Journals, and other forms of publication, that it becomes increasingly dif~cul* to contend with the literature alone, and Science seems in danger of being overwhelmed beneath the weight of her own acquisitions. h*or does there appear to be any prospect of alleviation by some process of natural selection. Our difficulties are not lessened by the fact that so much of this increasing literature is expressed in a variety of tongues, whi(;h include Russian and Hungarian, but not Greek nor Latin. Considering the number of languages which a scientific investigator must be able to read, with at least a certain amount of facility, it would be greatly to his advantage if some of them were more seriously taught at school ; the dead languages are comparatively useless to him, and might be reserved for those who are likely to need them. As regards the literature of Rome and Greece, I must confess to have found greater delight in its master- pieces when presented in a scholarly translation than when spelling them out by my own unaided effort, s. To me it seems nothing less than a scandal that so large a proportion of our youth are compelled to waste their best years at school over tasks of very doubbful utility, for which the majority have neither taste nor aptitude. it is possible that we may soon find ourselves obliged to ]earn some Oriental languages : the Japanese have already entered with ardour into scientific research; they are beginning to share our anthropological studies, and the interest which we have shown in the anatomical peculiarities of their race they are returning by an investigation of ours. Comparatively redently a paper appeared by :B. Adache & K. Fujisawa describing the occurrence of Mongoloid spots on a white baby of German parentage, t thus lending colour to Huxley's hypothesis of the origin of the Melanochroi by the crossing of the Xanthochroi with a dark race.

1 'Mongolen-Kinderflecken bei Europ~ern' Zeitschr. t'. Morphologio & Anthropologic, vol. iv (190:2) 17. 463. Vol. 65.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. lvii

Palmolithie Man.--When Sir John Evans delivered his address on this subject he recognized only two stages in the palseo- lithic series, represented by cave man and river-drift man; as a result of investigations in France, we are now able to distinguish six, the Chellean, Acheulean, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, and Magdaleuian, some of these being capable of further division into two or more substages. They are enumerated above in the order of their age, the Chellean being the oldest. All observers are agreed that the Chellean corresponds with aa interglacial episode, the fauna associated with it, particularly LYephas a~tictuus and Rhinoceros mer~:ii, pointing to a warm climate; but opinions differ as to which interglacial episode this may be : Prof. Boule pronounces for the last, Prof. Penck for the last but one. In our own country Acheulean implements are certainly younger than the Chalky Boulder Clay: the investi- gations made at Hoxne by Mr. Clement Reid, on behalf of a Committee appointed by the British Association, leave no room for doubt on this point ; but it is not so certain that the Chalky Boulder Clay represents the last of the glacial episodes in our islands. In a paper read before this Society in 1904, ~r. Mont- gomery Bell ~ called attention to contorted gravels which occur at Wolvercote, a little north of Oxford, and 40 feet above the present level of the Thames, which runs close by. They are clearly exposed in a brick-pit, where they are seen to overlie the Oxford Clay in parb, and in part some lacustrine beds of Pleistocene age (figs. 1 & 2). The gravels are folded into both of the underlying

Fig. 1.--Diagrammatic section showing gravel (G) of the 40-foot terrace folded into the u~zcler~ying Oxford Clay (Ox. Cr..) and l:ecustrine beds (L.) at -Wolvercote bric]c-pit, Oxford.

deposits; and at one spot both the Oxford Clay and the gravel are violently overthrust on to the lacustrine beds. Some very powerful superficial agent has evidently been at work, and we are led to suspect the action of land-ice. The gravel has yielded a scratched quartzite-pebble and a large subangular block of

' Implementiferous Sections at Wolvescote (Oxfordshire)' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lx (1904) p. 120. VOL. LXVI. 6 lviii PROCEEDINGSOF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [l~ay 19 I o,

covered with characteristic glacial stri~e. I had the pleasure of showing this block to Sir John Evans, who at once recognized it as a glacial boulder.

Fig. 2.--Gravel (g) 3~bldedinto lacustrine beds, consisting of thinly bedded clay (c) and sandy clay (sc) overlying sand and gravel (sg), Wolvercote, Oxford.

o. I ~::%::~...~:...:...I~ 8 f~.

[The folds in the drawing are more formal and better defined than they are in fact.J

Similar gravels, contorted and containing striated boulders, occur at Coombe, about 7 miles north-north-east of Oxford (137 feet above the Evenlode), and at Picket l:[eath's Farm on Cumnor Hill (356 feet above the Thames), where the gravel assumes the character of a true boulder-clay, and affords abundant glaciated boulders of igneous rocks which must have been transported from some remote locality not yet identified. Vol. 66._7 AN.~'IVXtlSXl~rA,DI~ESS Or Ta~ rl~ESIDEx~r, lix

At one time, I was disposed ~o regard these gravels as fluvio-glacial, and to refer them to three different glacial episodes corresponding to the three several river-terraces with which they are associated; it now seems possible that they may be all of the same age, bus the question can only be decided by further investigation. It is of subsidiary importance, the main point in connexion with our present enquiry being the supposed glacial origin of' the Wolvercote deposits, for underlying these M:r. Bell has discovered a very fine series of beautifully worked flint-implements, which cannot be later, nor very much earlier, than •Iousterian in age. Some peat associated with the lacustrine beds has afforded plant- remains which point ca the whole to a temperate climate. Combining the information obtained by Mr. Clement Reid with that obtained by Mr. Bell and myself, we arrive at the following sllccessiou :~ Contorted gravel ...... Glacial episode IV. Wolvercote bouchers ...... Temperate climate, h Cold climate ? Acheulean of IIoxne Temperateelimate.~Genial episode III. ~e[.Ma-~ta~a beds of I=Ioxne. Cold climate. L Alder-beds of I~oxne ...... Temperate climate.) Chalky Boulder Clay ...... Glacial episode III.

The supposed existence of a fourth glacial episode in these islands is of considerable interest, especially as it is likely to give rise to controversy ; but it is of very trivial importance, compared with the certainly ascertained fact that the Acheuleau~ stage is ~ounger than the Chalky Boulder Clay and thus younger than the severest of the glacial episodes recognized in this country and in France. Thus this stage belongs to the later days of the great Ice- Age, and by far the greater part of the Pleistocene epoch is pre- Acheulean. This is a fact which must be constantly borne in mind when discussing the evolutional history of Man.

Skeletal remains of Palmolithie :M:an.--~[uman remains have long been known from the Magda]enian stage. They afford ,evidence of the contemporary existence of two very differeht races: one represented by the old man of Cr6 Magnon, on which much

]YL A. Rutot (Bull. See. Belge G6ol. vol. xxiv, 1910, p. 89) lays groat stress on the distinction between his Acheulean I and Acheulean II, and regards the former as older than the Chalky Boulder (3lay. A critical .ex~unination of the palmolitbie implements of the Thames valley, in the light of recent discoveries abroad, is greatly needed. e2 lX PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [~[ay I9Io , additional light has been thrown by the skeletons found in the caves of ~[entone, and so admirably described by ~. Verneau; the other by a single skeleton found under a rock-shelter in Chaneelade, not far north of P~rigueux. The latter, as clearly shown by Dr. L. Testut, ~belonged to an adult man about 5 feet in height, wh~ was beyond doubt an Eskimo. The Cr6 Magnon race, apparently extinct, were a tall people, 6 feet to 6 feet 3 inches in height ; they combined a long skull with a short face,: and made a closer approach to the Mongolian type than to the Eskimo, in which both face an& skull are long. The capacity of the Chancelade skull is 1700 cubic centimetres~ and thus surpasses the average cranial capacity of the exist~ing Eskimo (1546 e.c.), which is itself unusually high. It woul& appear, therefore, either that the Chancelade skull is not an average example of its kind, or that the Magdalenian Eskimo possessed higher cranial capacity than their existing descendants. Indi- viduals with a capacity approaching the average are in every rae~ by far the most numerous, and thus, judging fi'om the doetrin~ ~f probabilities alone, the chances are in favour of the latter alternative. The cranial capacity of the Cr6 Magnon race was also very great ; it ranged from 1590 to 1715 cubic centimetres. Thus, both the races which occupied the soil of Europe during Magdalenian times would appear to have been endowed with larger brains than the average of any existing civilized nation.

In the Solutrian age, to which we now pass, two races als~ coexisted. This at least is the conclusion to which Pierre was led by a study of the famous statuettes belonging to this period. One of these races, according to l~iette, was allied to the existing Bushmen or Hottentots, and the mural paintings found in many of the caves of Southern France and l~orthern Spain certainly find their closest parallel in the similar works of art executed by the Bushmen. Confirmation of this view is afforded by two skeletons (one of a woman, the other of a no~ fully adult man) found in the Grottos des Enfants, Mentone ; they have been described by Verneau, wh(~ refers them to a 'negroid' race. The cranial capacity of the boy or young man is 1540 c.c., very much above the average of existing Bushmen (1330 c.c.) or indeed of any existing negro race.

' :Rechcrches Anthropologiques sur le Squelette Quarternaire de Chanceladc~ ])ordogae ' Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Lyon, vol. viii (1889). '-' Verneau, ' Les Grottos de Grimaldi ' 1906. Vol. 66.] A~IvrRsArx ADD~rSS Or ~H~ rltrsIDr,~'~, lxi

The next older stage is the Mousterian. Apart from a lower jaw of doubtful age to be mentioned presently, it has afforded the oldest-known skeletal remains of ~,4[an. The Neanderthal calotte and other bones belong to it, the two skulls and fragmentary skeletons from Spy, the remains of about a dozen individuals from Krapina, the skull and other bones from La Chapelle-aux-Saintes, another fragmentary skeleton from the lower cave of Le ]~Ioustier, and in all probability the Gibraltar skull. The study of this rich material has afforded very consistent results, and we are now able to form a very definite picture of the bodily characteristics ot Mousterian man. He was short in stature, 5 feet, 3 inches in height, but powerfully built and with a disproportionately large head. His face was strangely unlike that of any human race with which we are familiar. A retreating forehead rises out of a broad depression bounded below by the massive frontal torus, which bulges out in a continuous projection above the eyes and nose. The nose, which is broad and large, passes into the glabellar region with a gentle flexure, instead of encountering it abruptly : recalling in this respect the apes rather than t,he Australians. The sides of the nose are not so sharply defined from the cheeks as in ourselves, but lie almost in the same plane, t,hus producing a singular snout-like projection. The orbits are large and round. [['he upper lip is long, and this, together with the 10ng nose, gives an unusual length to the whole face. The massive lower jaw is without a chin. Pro- gnathism exists to a various extent ; sometimes it is very marked, at others almost absent. A similar wide range of variation in this respect is to be observed among the native Australians. The glabella-inion line on which such a might, y superstructure of measurements has been based proves now to be of only slight morphological value; in the case of the ~N'eanderthal calotte it has led to a very erroneous estimate of the total height of the complete skull, and conseqtlently of the cranial capacity. Profi Boule finds by direct measurement of the skull from La Chapelle-aux-Saintes a capacity of 1600 c.c); and, since the Neanderthal calotte completely agrees in form and dimensiol, s with the corresponding part 'of this skull, a similar capacity is to be inferred from it. Prof. Fraipont, as Dr. Boule informs me, has long been of opinion that the capacity of the skulls from Spy approaches 1700 c.c. The Mousterian skulls are the oldest human skulls of which we have any knowledge ; but, just as in the case of the Magdalenian

C. 1~. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. cxlviii (19t)9) p. 1354. lxii PROCS~m~'~sOF THE 6EOLOGICALSOCIETY. [May I9Io, and Solutrian, they indicate that the primitive inhabitants of France were distinguished from the highest civilized races, not by a smaller, but by a larger cranial capacity; in other words, as we proceed backwards in time the human brain increases in volume. This result is the more surprising, when we consider that lhe skull which at present makes the nearest approach to the Mousterian in its morphological characters is that of the Australian aborigines with a mean capacity of only 1250 c.e. In this respect, though certainly not in others, the Australian skull would seem to be far more primitive than that of Mousterian man. It seems probable also that the ~Iousterians had reached a comparatively high stage in the evolution of religious ideas: the skeletons found at La Chapelle-aux-Saintes and Le 5~[oustier had evidently been interred in a primitive kind of tomb ; and not only had their weapons been buried along with the deceased, but in the case of La Chapelle-aux-Saintes the leg of a bison also, plainly intended to provide food for the departed spirit on its journey to the next world.

The races of Solutrian and Magdalenian times were endowed with no mean intellectual powers; the steady advance in the perfection of their weapons testifies to their inventiveness; their sculpture in bone and ivory, their line-engravings, and the muraI paintings with which they adorned the caves that sheltered them are distinguished by truth, vigour, and refinement, and suggest comparison with the art of ancient Greece. Add to this that, according to Pierre, they had bridled the horse, and in the case of the ~[agdalenians had adopted to some extent the custom of wearing clothes. We are thus far from recognizing in these primitive pal~eolithic hunters the brutal animal of dawning in- telligence which we have been taught to expect, and the origin of our race must be pushed an indefinite distance farther back. We have seen that four of the Mousterian skulls possess a capacity of 1600 c.e. or over, but the Gibraltar skull, which, though 'undated,' is also probably ]~[ousterian, falls far short of this; according to my measurements, its capacity amounts to 1260 c.c., and I do not think that it can have exceeded thisto any appreciable extent. :But a range of capacity between 1260 and 1700 c.c. falls well within the limits observed in recent races, whether primitive, Vol. 66.] A.~'NLVERSARYAODnF, SS OF ~nE PRESIDE.XT. lxiii like the Australians, or civilized, like ourselves. It is possible also that the Gibraltar skull belonged to a woman? An instructive example of the distribution of cranial capacity in a modern race is afforded by the measurements made by F. Tap- peiner" of 557 male skulls taken from a mediaeval ossuary in Tyrol. Collecting these in groups, the frequency with which different capacities occur is represented by percentages in the following table :~

Cranial capacity L~dividuals Crania! capacity I~clividuals in cubic centimelres, per ceut. iu cubic eenlimetres, per ceut. From 850 to 950 0"2 From 1450 to 1550 30"8 ,, 950 ,, 1050 0"0 ,, 1550 ,, ].650 19"5 ,, 1050 ,, 1150 0"4 ,, 1650 ,, 1750 11"2 ,, 1150 ,, 1250 20 ,, 1750 ,, 1850 3"2 ,, 1250 ,, 1350 7'5 ,, 1850 ,, 1950 0"6 ,, 1350 ,, 1450 24'1

A doubt may arise, as to whether the Moustcrian skulls are merely chance selections: they may have belonged to exceptional men, tribal chiefs perhaps, and the fact that in two instances they were found under circumstances which point to a ceremonial burial might tend to strengthen this suspicion. But, apart from the fact that exceptional men are not, as a rule, distinguished by exceptional heads, it is evident that the argument will nob apply to the three skulls discovered in the :Neanderthal and at Spy, for these were not found in a tomb. The result of the numerous investigations carried out during the last quarter of a century is to show that no discoverable relation exists between the magnitude of the brain--or even its gross anatomy--and intellectual power. At first sight, the fact that the more advanced races of the present day are distinguished by a large average brain might seem to furnish evidence to the contrary; it must not, however, be overlooked that the largest existing average brain is to be met with, not among civilized races, but among the Eskimo. The following list, which might be easily increased, is of greab interest in this connexion :--

W. J. 8ollas, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. set. B, vol. exevii (1907) p. 322. 2 Zeitsehr. f. Ethnol. vol. xxxi (1899). lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May19 x o, Cranial Weightof Authority. ca~vacity, braiu. Bismarck ...... 1965 c.c. 1867 gins. Waldeyer. :Kant...... 1715 ...... Kupfer & l~agen. Bobbe (a robber and murderer) ...... 1510 R. Wagner. MoM (a distinguished botanist) ...... 1431 ...... A. Froriep. Do ...... 1500 ...... Busehan-Stettin. Gauss ...... 1492 Rudmeyer. Skobelew (General) ...... 1451 Sernoff. Mommsen ...... 1429 Hausemann. ' Liebig ...... 1353 Menzel ...... 1298 Hausemann. Bunsen ...... 1295 Do. Leibniz ...... 1422 1257 His. Gambetta ...... 1247 Dural. Do ...... 1160 Paul Bert.

It thus appears that there is no apparent reason why a great man should not possess a large brain (Bismarck) ; on the other hand, he may attain the highest flights of genius with a comparatively small one (Leibniz). The dissection of the brains of criminals and of distinguished men fails to reveal any characteristic difference between them. Since the motor-centre for speech is situated in Broca's area, we might have expected to find some connexion between great linguistic powers and the size or complication of the lower frontal lobe, but even this is not the case. Dr. L. Stieda 1 gives an interesting account of Dr. Georg Sauerwein, who was master of forty or fifty languages ; after his death, at the age of 74, on December 16th, 1904, his brain was dissected by Stieda, but it revealed nothing which could be correlated with his exceptional gift. The magnitude and visible complexity of the brain are possibly two of the factors which contribute towards the manifestation of intellect; but they cannot be the only ones : there must be others of equal or even greater importance, such as the ultimate structure of the grey matter, and the degree of perfection in the adjustment of parts. It is possible that the character of the circulation and the nature of the blood-supply may not be without influence, so that the intellect may actually be an affair not only of the head but the heart. There may be yet other factors of a more recondite character. 1 'Das Gehirn eines Sprachkundigen' Zeitschr. f. Morph. & Anthrop. vol. xi (19o8) p. 8i. Vol. 66.] A,XN~VEaSAarADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. lxv

]-Iowever this may be, the important fact remains that the ~[ousterian men, so far as we have any knowledge of them, seem to have been endowed with a larger brain than is common among existing races, whether savage or civilized. On the other hand, they were obviously more brutal than existing men in all the other ascertainable characters by which they differ from them ; the great frontal terns, and the occipital terns as well, the retreating forehead, and the massive chinless lower jaw are some of the more striking of the numerous simian characters which they display. Thus, as we proceed backwards in time 5Iau departs farther from the ape in the size of his brain, but approaches nearer to the ape in the characters of his bodily framework. This must be regarded as a highly significant fact.

The Mousterian skeletons are not perhaps quite the earliest remains of Pal~eo]ithie Man; indeed the lower jaw discovered last year at Mauer, not far from Heidelberg, is unquestionably older. It has been well described by Dr. O. Schcctensack. ~ The dentition is thoroughly human. The incisurs and canines have been worn down to a uniform level, so that the dentine is exposed within a ring of enamel. The premolars and molars, which rise to nearly the same level as the front teeth, display scarcely any signs of wear. In the apes the third molar is cut before the per- manent canine, or at latest simultaneously with it: hence, as Dr. F. Siffc ~ points out, if the jaw had belonged to an ape the third molar sheuld have been as much worn as the canine; the fact that it is not furnishes, therefore, additional evidence of the human character of the dentition. The canine, so far as call be judged from its worn condition, does not appear to have projected to an appreciable extent beyond the general level. Far more simian characters are to be observed in the dentition of existing wild races than in that of this Heidelberg jaw. If the characters of the dentition are purely human, the same cannot be said of the jaw itself, which offers a startling contrast. Dr. Schcetensack scarcely exaggerates when he remarks that, if the jaw had been found without the teeth it might have been assigned, by some anatomists at least, to an ape. Its massive body and

l ' Der Unterkiefer des He,no heidelbergeusis aus den Sanden yon :~fauer bei ]Ieidelberg' Leipzig, 1908. :Pp. iv & 67 ; 13 plates. '~ :Bull. See. Authrop. 1909, p. 89. lxvi :PROCEEDI~GSOF TH~ G~0LO6IC~r. S0CmX*-. [~ay I9Io,

broad ascending branches at once distinguish it, even to the un- instructed eye, from that of existing men ; but it is at the anterior extremity that its simian characters are most pronounced. The chin is entirely absent, and the profile is a simple, retreating, gentle curve, similar to that presented by the lower jaw of a chimpanzee or gorilla. In the illustration (fig. 3) the profiles of this region as it

Fig. 3.--Projections of $he Mauer jaw (thick continuous llne), the jaw of an Australian aborigine (thin continuous line), and the jaw of a chim_panzee (broken line), sul)e~29osed on the alveolar line. ( • ,~.)

,~* ~ ~.~ ,.-.,..% ? "~ / ,, e I N

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occurs in the Australian, the chimpanzee, and the Heidelberg jaw are superposed on a common base, provided by the alveolar plane, and it will be seen on inspection that the Heidelberg profile stands almost midway between the other two. The inner or posterior face of the anterior extremity is no less simian than the outer; the surface of the alveolar region slopes downwards more gently than in existing races, but more steeply than in the chimpanzee; the supramarginal sinus is more sharply expressed than in existing races, and forcibly recal]s the corresponding region in the chimpanzee (fig.. 4, p. lxvii). Just below it is the region where, in modern Man, we should expect to find the genio-glossal Vol. 66.j A~NIVEaSAI~rADDRESS O:F THE PRESIDE-N'T. lxvii spines, but of these, as in the higher apes, there is no trace. It has been rashly inferred in other cases that the absence of these spines is connected with an imperfectly developed power of speech. How liti;le foundation there is for this is shown by the

:Fig. 4.--Sagittal section through the syml)hyses of the lower jaw of :liable,. (thick line), an Australian aborigine (thin line), and ~ Chim2~a~zee (broken line). Natura~ size.

J

tact that they are not infrequently absent from the jaw of th~ Bushmen, a people no whir less talkative than the rest of man- kind, and capable of conversing in :English or other languages widely different iYom their own. The Heidelberg jaw, in some respects peculiar (fig. 5, p. lxviii), in others simian, bears, as we have seen, a human dentition ; this, like the fact that the :M:ousterian skull, though distinguished by many simian characters yet lodged a large human brain, is well worth bearing in mind. No implements have been discovered in the bed of sand from which the Heidelberg jaw was obtained, but it has furnished an interesting fauna; one of the species (Elephas antiquus) suggests the Chelleau horizon, another (Rhinoceros etruscus) has been found elsewhere in the Upper Pliocene. Below the Pleistocene human remains are unknown. :Fragments of flint with chipped edges, supposed by some to be human artefacts, are not uncommon, and are found as far back as the Oligocene. If a tool-making animal were already in existence at this early date, our attempts to frame a consistent hypothesis of the course [ lxviii ]

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~ Vol. 66.] A~NIWRSA~r1DDltESS OF THE PllESIDENT. lxix of human evolution would be greatly simplified, but for the existence of such a being far more cogent evidence is required than any which has so far been forthcoming.

In eadeavouring to trace out the ancestry of Man, we must next proceed to the other members of the :Primates, among which l'itheca~tlero2)us is by far the most human. Unfortunately, our knowledge of this creature rests on very fragmentary material, and is lamentably incomplete. We possess a cranial calotte, three teeth, and a femur ; but that is all. The calotte is far from perfect, it has lost a great part of the glabellar region, and presents no trace of sutures. It is scaphocephalic, probably in consequence of premature synostosis, and is so far abnormal. Signs of a pathological condition are also presented by the femur, which has suffered from exostosis. In the absence of sutures, and the consequent impossibility of: determining the position of the bregma and lambda, it is dangerous, to attempt any exact comparison of the characters presented by the cranial calotte: the elaborate measurements that have been. based on the conjectural position of the bregma, and on the inion, which cannot be regarded as a trustworthy point of reference, are. useless and misleading. Yet, despite its defects, the calotte has furnished a surprisingly large amount of valuable information. Dr. Dubois has obtained a cast of the interior which" throws much light on the configuration of the brain ; this presents simian as welt as human characters, so far as can be judged from the description, which is not accompanied by figures. The probable capacity of the original cranium has been estimated at 855 cubic centimetres; so many uncertainties, however, enter into the calculation that these figures cannot be regarded with much confidence. The actual capacity may have been slightly greater, but it is not likely to have been less. If future discoveries should show that the estimated capacity is approximately correct and not far removed from the average for the species, then it would represent a true annectant stage betweell the cranial capacity of Man and that of the apes. This.will be seen from the accompanying diagram (fig. 6, p. ]xx). The first curve to the right represents the distribution of cranial~capacity in a European race (Tyrolese men), the next in Australian:aborigines (men), the third in Australian aborigines (women), the fourth is a purely hypothetical curve for PithecanthroTus ~ the fifth also hypo- thetical for the gorilla. The numbers representing the maximum, txx :PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [~[ay I9 I O,

mean, and minimum capacity of the gorilla are based on measure- ments of thirteen adult male skulls. 1 The femur, though it presents some characters which are also meb with in the gibbon, is on the whole more human than simian, and belonged to an animal which walked erect.

Fig. 6.--Curves of cranial caTacity.

i i , e,,,,-il~lld I l: i i iil i]

'i I \;z,: [!li]l i I i! ..i ) r:,j.~oz~,.;o ! i :/i i i t r ~ /!~- I| i i ~i !x,4, ! i 400 800 1200 1600 1900

The age of. Pithecanthropus cannot be regarded as precisely determined; Dr. Dubois regards it as Pliocene, but the weight of opinion inclines to the Pleistocene.: The Kendeng :Beds in which i~ was found are folded along with the underlying Tertiary, and are ~hus older than the existing river-terraces, which yet contain Elephas and Hippopotamus. J. :Elbert, 3 the latest writer on the question, proposes the following classification of the Kendeng Beds :- Upper Kendeng Beds (Nos. 1- 4) = Upper Pleistocene. Middle Kendeng Beds (Nos. 5-10) ---- Middle Pleistocene. Lower Kendeng Beds (Nos. 15-21) = Lower Pleistocene. Transition (Nos. 22-23) lJpper Pliocene.

1 The mean may be too low. Keith obtained 530 cubic centimetres as the ,mean of nine skulls. 2 W. Volz, '])as geologisehe Alter der Pithecanthropus-Schichten bei Trinil, Ost-Java' Neues Jahrb. Festband (1907) p. 256; W. Branca, ' Vorl:,~ufiger Bericht, &c.' S.,B. d.k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenseh. :Berlin, 1908, 1o. 261. ' Dubois' Atterbestimmung der Kendengschichten, ein Wort der Entgegn- Centralblatt fiir Min. Geol. & Pal. 1909, ~No. 17, p. 513. u 66.] A~'~XVWRSAaYADDltESS OI~"THE PRESIDE~N'T. lxxi

Pithecanthropz~s was found fil Beds 22-23, or on the supposed limit between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene.

From Pithecanthrol~us we pass next to the anthropoid apes which make their first appearance, simultaneously with the lower Catarrhine apes, in the Middle Miocene of Europe. 1 The Platyrrhine monkeys are represented by fossil forms in the Santa Cruz forma- tion of South America, which Prof. W. ]3. Scott assigns to the Miocene. These monkeys are not known, fossil or living, outside of the South American continent. The lowest suborder of the Primates, the Lemuroidea, are first met with in the Eocene of :North America and :Europe ; in North America their remains are comparatively abundant, iJ1 France only two genera are known which arc supposed to belong to this group. Thus the stratigraphical succession in I-Io]arctica is first Lemuroids, next Catarrhine apes including the Anthropoids, and finally Man.

So far we have been dealing with fossils, but we may now turn to the evidence afforded by recent investigations in com- parative anatomy. We will consider first the brain, that organ of organs which before all else distinguishes the body of Man from the lower animals. The taxonomic importance of the brain has received general recognition from all those most competent to judge; Elliot Smith speaks o[' it as an organ of immense classificatory value, summing up, as it were, the whole animal, and displaying a marked tendency to the conservation of funda- mental characters. It has been made the subject of the devoted labours of a crowd of brilliant anatomists, whose names I fear to mention, lest I should not complete the list; I will only refer, therefore, to my old friend Cunningham, whose recent death we so deeply deplore. The brain of the gorilla has been very closely investigated by Prof. L. ]3elk, ~ who concludes that although it recalls by many peculiarities the lower Primates, yet it already possesses in a more or less highly developed state all the principal furrows of the human brain, which it approaches in this respect more closely than any of the other Anthropoids. As regards the frontal region, in As these pages are passing through the press, the discovery is announced .of several genera of apes in the Oligocene of the Fay~nn : one is said to be a diminutive _Pli~q~ilt~ecus. ]~fax Schlosser, ' Zool. Anzeiger' March 1st, 1910, 2- 500. " 'Beitr~ige zur Affenanntomie, III. Das Gehirn veto Gorilla' Zeitschr. f. .Morph. & Anthrop. vol. xii (1909) pp. 141-242, in particular pp. 238 & 242. lxxii PrOCESD~S OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May 19IO, particular, he remarks that if a composite picture were obtained by superposing outline drawings of its topography taken from a number of examples, then this would show sharper furrows than in the chimpanzee and make a very close approach to the arrangement existing in :Man. The brain of the chimpanzee presents the next closest alliance with that of ~[an, and that of the orang follows at no great interval. A gap then intervenes separating off the gibbon, which, as regards the anatomy of its brain, is more closely con- nected with the lower Catarrhine monkeys than with the man-like apes. in thus speaking of the brain reference is intended to the cere- brum only ; Prof. Bolk has also made a comparative study of the cerebellum as it occurs in the Primates, and finds evidence of an in- creasing resemblance to Man as its structure is traced upwards from the lower apes. ~ The cerebellum of the lemurs is said to present characters which distinguish it from the fundamental type of the Primates, and these are said to have been inherited from a pre- lemuroid ancestor. The general plan of the Primate cerebellum is first met with in the Arctopithecini (marmosets) ; from this we pass to the Platyrrhine and Catarrhine monkeys, which closely resemble each other in the characters of the cerebellum ; from the Cerco- pithecid~e there is a transition to the gibbon, and from the gibbon to Man. The cerebellum of the chimpanzee makes a nearer approach to that of Man, and still nearer comes the cerebellum of the orang. :No mention is made of the gorilla, which does not seem to have been investigated. The relations of the brain of the lemurs to that of the other Primates has been made the subject of an exhaustive study by Elliot Smith." These animals are now extremely specialized, and are more especially distinguished from the apes by the large size of their olfactory organs. In connexion with this specialization some of their cerebral characters, such as those that indicate a markcd divergence from the Primate stem, for instance, may have arisen as comparatively late acquisitions. :Elliot Smith remarks that the brain of the lemurs can only be explained by supposing that it had first made a fair advance along the main stream of the Primates, and then suffered a retrogressive development. It is interesting to note that the fronto-orbital and paracalcarine sulci, which occur both in the lemurs and in some of the larger 1 'Das Cerebellum der S~iugetiere' 1906. -" 'On the Morphology of the Brain in the Mammals' Trans. Linn. Soc. 1902, p. 312. "Vol. 66.] AN~IVrRSARYADDRESS OF ~HE rnr.SlDEN~, lxxiii

Cercopithecini, are absent in the New World apes. In o~her respects, ,however, the st,ructure of the brain indicates a close connexion between the Cebidoe and the lemurs. The general result of a comparative study of t,he brain of t,he ~'rimates is to confirm the usually accepted view which recognizes the existence of a serial relationship bet,ween the ancestral lemurs, ~the lower Catarrhine monkeys, the man-like apes, and, finally, Man himselL

We may now pass from this most important of organs to characters of apparently the most trivial significance, and possibly for that very reason of all the greater value for taxonomic purposes. These are the patterns formed by the ridges which cover the palmar surface of the hand and the sole of the foot. Attention was long ago directed to them by Purkinje, and they have been made familiar J?ig. 7.--Left hand of a baboon (Cynoce- to English readers by phalus babouin) after-Hepb~trn, Sci. Sir Francis Galton's 2"ra~s. ]toy. Dublin Soc. vol. v (1905) book on finger-prints. ,21. ~'lix. In the details of their form they are so special to the individual as to serve for his identifica- tion, yet the)' present, signs of a common plan which can be traced as far back as t,he root of the :Primates and even beyond it. Thus, stamped- upon the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot, we all carry ' the mark of the beast.' A remarkable memoir on these markings, which we owe to the skill of Miss Whipple, has bceu followed by another from the pen of Dr. O. Schlagenhaufen, ~ who makes especial x , Das Hautleistensystem der Primatenplanta, unter Mitberiieksichtigung der Palma' Morph. Jahrb. vo], xxxiv (1905)pp. 1-125. This paper is accompanied tby a full bibliography. VOL. LXYI. f lxxiv ~ROC~t~s OF TIIE OEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [~&y 1910,

use of them as a means of comparison between man and the other Primates. Certain features in the patterns are shown to be distinctive of all the Catarrhine monkeys, including the Man-like apes and Man himself. The closest resemblance is found to exist in the case of the Orang, chimpanzee~ gorilla (fig. 8, p. lxxv), anet ~Ian (fig. 9). The great toe of Man presents a marked difference of pattern, which is explained as a recently acquired adaptation to the erec~ position. The degrees of resemblance between the patterns presented by the different members of the Primates have afforded material for the const~tction of the following genealogical tree :~

An elaborate study of the femoral arteries and their branches in the lower Catarrhine apes, lately undergaken by Dr. H. Bliintschli,~ has revealed many point~ of resemblance between these apes and Man as regards the distribution of these vessels. ~emnopithecus, in particular, presents many human characteristics, even in cases where the Cercopithecini are divergent. This genus, indeed, makes a remarkable approach to Man in several other respects : the discoidal placenta, for instance, is not infrequently single, the interorbital

1 , Die Arter~ fe~wralis & ihre ~[ste bei den niederen Oatarrhinen Affen Morph. Jahrb. vol. xxxvi (1907) pp. 276-461. u 66.] A~NlVSRSAXY.,,nl)RESS o~" xas Pl~ESlDV.l~r. lxxv septum is broad, cheek-pouches are absent; and ischial tuberosities only slightly developed, An examination of the fundus of the mammalian eye, by means of the ophthalmoscope, reveals a close general resemblance between all the members of the Primates, except the lemurs. Apart from these, the Primates, including the Plat3~rhine apes, all possess a macula lutes. This character is probably connected with another equally distincbive, the power to converge the ~sual axes, which is also restricted to these apes. In the lemurs the macula lutes is

:Fig. 8.--Sole of the foot of :Fig. 9.--?ole of the foot of a W'est Gorilla gorilla, Forbes, African: negro, showing primitive ( x -}), after O. Schlagen- characters in the middle and haufen, ' Das Haut- proximal regions (• {), after O. leistensystem der Pri- Sehlagenhaufen. matenpZanta.'

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cm. absent, as in the rest of the Mammalia. The lemurs are further distinguished from the other Primates by the oval form of the pupil.1 With these scanty citations from the results of recent work our reference to comparative "anatomy may conclude ~ the numerous recent researches into embrYology which confirm in a most striking manner the conclusions of anatomy must be passed over in silence; but I cannot refrain from alluding to the unexpected evidence G. L. Johnson, 'Contributions to the Comparative:Anatomy of the Mam- malian Eye, chieflybased on an Ophthalmoscopic Examination' Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. set. B, vol. cxciv (1901) pp. 1-82, pls. f2 1XXVi .PROCEEDINGSO~" ~K~. GEOT.OGICALSOCIETY. ~May 19 I O,

pointing tO a very Close connexion between ~[an and the anthropoid apes, which has been afforded during the last decade by a novel method of investigation. The germ of this method is to be found in, those famous discoveries by Behring, to which we owe the serum treatment for, diphtheria. It was these that led Uhlenhuth to undertake the experiments on blood-relationship to which I will now refer. In his first experiments he made use of ordinary white of egg; a solution of this was injected into a living rabbit, and after some days the rabbit was bled. The serum of the blood so obtained was then found to give a precipitate when mixed with the white of a hen's egg, but not with that of a duck's egg or, indeed, any other kind of egg. ~ In his next experiments Uhlenhuth substituted the blood of a hen for the white of its egg. The serum of the rabbit's blood was then found to give a precipitate with hen's blood, but with no other kind of blood. The blood of other animals was similarly injected, and found to produce a serum which gave similar results. Further experiments showed that the ~st was not perfectly diagnostic, since the blood of animals closely related to the one whose blood had been injected also gave a precipitate with the resulting serum, though not in so large an amount. Thus the injection of horse's blood produces a serum which gives a weak precipitate with ass's blood, sheep's blood with goat's blood, and .so on. 2 Thus the method provides not only a means of identifying ~, particular kind of blood, but of estimating the degree of relationshil) between the blood of different kinds of animals. It was applied by Uhlenhuth to the Primates. Human blood was injected into a rabbit, and a serum obtained which gave a precipitate not only with human blood, but with that of the man-like apes; on the other hand, it gave no precipitate with the blood of the lower apes. The investigation was then greatly extended by Mr. G. H. ~uttall, who made a vast number of comparative ~experiments, and introduced more exact quantitative methods. :~ As one result, it was shown

Uhlenhutb, De(~tsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1900, No. 6; an exceilent summary is given in the same author's ' Ein neuer biologischer Beweis L d. Blutverwandschaft zwischen Menschen- & Affenge~hlecht.' Corresp. BI. Deutsch. GeseUsch. A~nthrop. Mfinchen, vol. xxxv (1904) p. 114. 2 Injections of the juice of flesh had precisely similar effects upon the blood ~)f the rabbit, the serum giving a precipitate with the juice of the same kind of flesh as that which had been employed for the injections ; in this way a means was discovered for detecting horseflesh in sausages. ' Blood Immunity and Bload Relationship, &c.' Cambridge, 1904, pp. 444. Vol. 66..] AI~I~IVV,aSARY ADDRESS OF TIlE PRESIDEIgT. Ixxvii that Man is very closely related by blood to the anthropoid apes, less closely to the Ceroopithecidae, and only remotely to the apes of the New World. With the lemurs his blood shows no more affinity than with the rest of the Mammalia. The relationship may be ex- pressed by figures, according to the amount of precipitate obtained in experimenting with the various animals in question; it is given as a percentage in the following table :-- Mall ...... 100 Orang ...... 80 t~q~weephalus mormon ...... 50 ~rcol~ithecus l>etmo'is?a ...... 50 Ateles vellerosus ...... 25 Lemur ...... 0 Thus, by a number of independent lines of enquiry, all converging" towards the same result, we are led to conclude that Man finds his nearest congeners in the higher apes, especially the gorilla and chimpanzee. Next to these follow with increasing remoteness the gibbon, Semno2)itheeus , the other lower Catarrhine apes, and the extinct lemurs. The question then naturally arises whether this series may not represent more or less approximately the successive stages in his ancestral descent. A number of famous anatomists have thought that i~ does, and such a conclusion might almost seem obvious. The obvious, however, is always open to suspicion, and E. D. Cope, ~ as early as 1893, suggested another line of descent, from which the Catarrhini were excluded, the Anthropomorpha (among which Cope included Man) being directly derived from the ancient primitive Lemuroids. The origin of Man in particular was sought, not among the existing man-like apes, but in some member of that group now extinct. In this, of course, there was nothing new, for no one, s~ far as I am aware, has ever regarded any living species of ape as the immediate ancestor of Man. Indeed many anatomists, Huxley in particular, have repeatedly insisted on the singular manner in which human characters are distributed among the existing* Anthropoids, some making a nearer approach to Man in one direction, some in another; a fact which seems to suggest community of origin. But the other proposal to derive the Anthropomorpha direct from ancestral lemurs was unquestionably new, indeed revolutionary, and the chief claim it has to our serious consideration lies in the remark- able sagacity which underlies so many of the other bold speculations

1 , The Genealogy of Man American ~-aturalist, vol. xxvii (1893) pp. 316--35. lxxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICALSOCIETY. [May 191 o, advanced by Cope. Yet the arguments on which: it is based are of file slenderest character: so far as I Can make out, they are two in number : first, that the Anthropomorpha are distinguished by the absence of anapophyses to the Vertebrae, although these processes are well developed in monkeys ; but, as Cope mentions in the same breath, they are also well developed in lemurs, and thus, apart from the fact that they occasionally make their appearance as vestigial traces among the Anthropomorpha, this argument loses all its force. The second argument is to the effect that large-brained Lemu- roids existed in North America during the Lower Eocene period and that they were provided with an Anthropomorph dentition, the Ansptomorphidm being especially cited in this connexion. But the same statement is true of the Cereopithecid~e, which possess an equally Anthropomorph dentition, and thus this argument affords as little reason as the first for excluding the Catarrhini from the ;ancestral series. Max Schlosser/one of our first authorities on the pal~eontology of the Primates, has adopted to some extent C~pe's position. His latest classification of this order is as follows :--

PRI~IATES.

I. Suborder Mesodonta (Cope): Primitivei, c, and m. i ~-2, e 1, pm 4, m 3

Section 1. Pseudolemuroidini (Schlosser): pm 4"4 Family 1. Hypsodontidm : i 3,3 claws. 2. Notharctid~e: i 2

3. Adapid~ : i?~.

Section 2. Pal•opithecini : pm reduced in number. Family 1. Anaptomorphi&e : i ~-:1" 2. Tarsiid~e: i 2 1" section 3, Mixodectini: i originally normal, 3, sometimes specialized I and i"1 Family 1. 01dobatid~e : i ~,3 i enlarged. 2. Microsyopid~ : i -~, i enlarged.

1 , Beitrag zur Osteologie & Systematische Stellung der Gattung Nccrolem~r sowie zur Stammgeschichte der Primaten iiberhaupt' Neues Jahrb. Festband 1907) pp. 197-226. ~rol. 66.] ANNIVERSARYADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, lxxix II. Suborder Lemuroidea : i and c specialized, m primitive. :Family 1. Lemuridm : i 2-0y, cO~, e resembles i, m primitive. 2. ~Nyetieebid,e : i ~, c o, c incisor-like, m primitive. 3. Chiromyidm : i ~,1 c o3' m quadritubercular. 4. Archmolemuridm : 1 2~, e ~;1 m quadritubercular (approach Anthropoidea).

III. Suborder Anthropoidea : i~2 normal, c and m specialized. Family 1. Aretopithecid,~ : pm ~m ~. 2. Cebidm : pm ~, m ~. 3. Cercopitheeidm: pm~, m with opposed tubercles. 4. Simiidm: pm ~, m with alternating tubercles, hallux opposable. 5. Hominid~e : pm ~, m with alternating tubercles, hal lux not opposable.

Schlosser would exclude the Cercopithecidm from the direct succession, on the ground that in Man and the man-like apes the tubercles of the upper molars bite between those of thelower molars, while ill the Cercopithecidm they meet in opposition. AS Schwalbe points out, a slight difference in the relative length of the lower jaw would suffice to abolish this distinction. Sehlosser also lays great weight on the resemblance of the ancient Lemurs of :~[adagascar to the Anthropoids, but Elliot Smith, ~ who has paid special attentionto this question, asserts in the most definite manner that he can discover noaffinity between the apes and these fossils, and he places Neso2ithecus , ~~legalada2~is, and possibly Ohlromys within the fringe of the Indrisina~. He remarks that ' These lemuroids are the most diversely modified meiubers of the most highly specialized family of tim Prosimiad~e... they are the furthest l~emoved from ... the veJ:v early and remote ancestor from which both lemurs and apes could have sprung.' :M. Alsberg and 1I. Klaatsch" find in theprimitive character of

1 , On the Relationship between Lemurs & Apes' l~ature, May 2, 1907, p. 7. ]Yl. Alsberg, 'Die Abstammung des Menschen & die Bedingungen seiner :Entwiekelung' 1902 (I have not been able to consult this work) ; H. ](laatsch, ' Entstehung & Entwiekehmg des Menschengeschlechtes ' Weltall & Menscheit, vol. ii, 1902. lxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [~[a~: I9IOb the human hand an argument in favour of.a remote origin. :But there is no necessity to go back to the Prosimiad~e for an, explanation of this. The general plan upon which the humarL hand is constructed is the same as that of the apes, and the details are so similar that Huxley used to cite the resemblance between the hand 0f :Man and the man'like apes--a resemblance which~ is remarkably increased when the anomalous variations in the- musculature are taken into account--as one of the clearest signs of close taxonomic affinity. The differences which distinguish the human hand, however primitive in appearance, are necessary adap- tations connected with its perfection as a universal instrument. There seems to be an increasing tendency on the part of many- modern biologists to seek for the origin of any particular species, not in the vicinity of its closest existing relatives, but in some remote extinct ancestor; and as a consequence we may watch in process of growth a tree of life which for the greater part is a pure- product of the imagination. After admitting that Man may be traced to a primitive ancestor. which is common to him and to all the man-like apes, we are next asked to believe that this ancestor was derived from another still more primitive, which was common to it and to the lower apes. Nor does the process stop there--a long procession of such ancestors,. each embodying some human characteristic, stands behind. Thus. Dr. W. Wiedersheim l in his latest work remarks : ' The scientific results of the last few years have revealed the surprising fact that in tracing out this path (of human development) we must not confine our- selves to the line of the Primates. On the contrary, many definite characters. of a very primitive nature clearly indicate that the human genealogy, that is. the genealogy of the Primates in general, dates from a stupendously remote. period, in fact that its roots must lie much deeper than is generally supposed (in the case of many mammals lower in the scale than Man). Although so. far we have failed to discover conclusive evidence of the existence of pre: Pleistocene man, yet Tertiary man is a necessary postulate. Indeed, I am. firmly convinced that, not only in the Tertiary, but in much earlier geolo- gical periods, possibly even in the Palaeozoic Era, lower forms were in existence which had already taken the path of development peculiar to the- Primates.'

Thus, as a mere article of faith, the ancestral series of the Primates is carried through the lower mammals into the Reptilian phylum ;: nor does there appear to be any reason why we should stop at this. point; the same logical process consistently carried out will lead.

1 , Der Bau des Menschen' T~ibingen, 1908, p. 275. Vol. 66.1] A~NlW,RSARV A1)9I~r.SS OF ~rr~. P~SStDg~. lxxxi;

US in the end to an ancestral Protist, and thus speculative biology provides us with a new form of the doctrine of predestination. The crowd of primitive ancestors which are beginning to inhabit the world of thought are mere logical abstractions, which may never have enjoyed any real existence in the flesh. Unfortunately, they involve another series of equally abstract existences, known as parallel lines of descent ; if these lines in any way resemble those- which rest on dearer evidence, they must have been provided with secondary branches, and thus whole phyla are created, which have this peculiarity, that they must have flourished in the past without leaving any trace of their existence in the stratified rocks. 1)rimitive ancestors no doubt we must have : they are extremely useful hypotheses serving to fill the gaps, unfortunately too wide and numerous, which interrupt the continuity of our knowledge. :But their invention ought not to be a facile task--it should be the concluding effort of a complete review of all the facts; then only can these hypothetical forms have any claim Oll our consideration and respect. It seems possible that some of the more improbable hypotheses with respect to the descent of Man may have arisen from an imper- fect appreciation of the phenomena of regression. These are acquiring increased importance with our increasing knowledge of extinct forms, and, owing to their abundance in the fossil state, of the marine invertebrates in particular; among these no group affords more valuable instruction than the Ammonites. As they ascend in time they give rise to species which, in some cases, not only return to the general form and special features of ornamenta- tion that characterize their simpler extinct ancestors, but they even reassume the minute peculiarities of an earlier form of suture-line. In several well-ascertained cases the regression is not merely stopping short at an early stage of the ontogenetie development; this proceeds till it reaches a climax, and then continues in a back- ward direction. For those who regard development as a phe- nomenon of memory, it is as though the organism, after repeating its lesson in the usual way, had then proceeded to say it backwards. Thus au organism or an organ may not only return to a more primitive morphological state, but it may do so by retracing its steps along the very same path as that by which it had previously made its advance. In this way we may arrive at a simpler expla- nation of the primitive characters of the human hand or the humarr teeth thau by an immediate recourse to a rem0te lemurine ancestor. :Even if wc were not pro]'ided with a knowledge of the laws of Lxxxii ~ROCEEV]~SOF THZ e~.OLOQ~CALSOCXETY. EMay I9~o, regresw the vast body of weighty evidence which indicates very close relations between Man and the gorilla or chimpanzee should alone suggest the wisdom of caution before drawing far-reaching con- clusions from the presence of a few imperfectly discussed primitive characters. So far as the evidence extends, there seems to be absolutely no reason for the invention of an independent phylum connecting the ancestor of Man with the extinct primitive lemurs or Prosimiad~e, nor does it seem to me necessary to place the point of departure of the generic Homo much below that of the existing higher apes, or indeed of the gorilla and chimpanzee ; it is, indeed, not unlikely that the origin of the gibbon lies below that of Man, and the gibbon is more readily linked on to the lower Catarrhine monkeys than to the Prosimiad~.

We now approach the most speculative and difficult part of all the enquiries which relate to the origin of Man--that is, the history of the process by which he has acquired his especially distinctive characters. This question is hardly ripe for discusion, yet it has been much discussed. The character which before all distinguishes Man from the ape is manifestly his intellect, or its instrument the brain ; next to this is the faculty of speech, then the powers of the hand, and the habitually erect attitude ; last of all come the dentition and the com- paratively hairless skin. I may perhaps be permitted to state, merely as a confession of faith, my belief that the really fundamental change, underlying all the rest, was the increasing growth of the intellectual powers, and this I regard as an ultimate fact as diftlcult of explanation as any other ultimate fact, such as the origin of variations or even of life itself. But, having made this admission, I shall not introduce it into any of the following speculations, which will be more in accordance with the prevailing philosophy of the day. The first change which started the ape on the path towards Man was probably the assumption of the erect attitude. The existing man-like apes seem to be almost on the verge of this 1 ; that they do not quite attain it may be connected with the fact that their home is in the midst of the forest, where the advantages of an It is interesting to note that the gorilla stands up when fighting. 'He stands up on his hind legs .... advances with clumsy gait in this position and attacks his enemy .... he parries the blows directed against him with the skill of a practised fighter ; .... grasps his opponent by the arm and crunches it, or ~lse throws [him] down and rends him with his terrible canine teeth.' Quoted from Koppenfels by R. Hartmann, ' Anthropoid Apes' London, 1882, p. 234. u 66,] ANNrVERSARY ADDRESS OF TIlE PRESIDENT. lxxxiii arboreal life are all in favour of a climbing habit, for which conse- quently their limbs have become better adapted than for walking. It would be very strange, however, if some ancestral members of this intelligent group had not endeavoured to escape the pressure of the environment by invading the plains or open country. Such a Change of habitat would almost inevitably necessitate either the assumption of an erect attitude or a return to a more perfectly quadrupedal state. In the Case of the baboons~ who have exchanged the shelter of the woods for rocky fastnesses, the latter alternative has been accepted. That it was otherwise in the Case of Man must be Owing to some special reason, most likely because he had already begun to make important use of his hands. The erect attitude emancipated the hands from the service of locomotion, and thus afforded them full opportunity for the exercise of higher func- tions. It was not, in all probability, that the erect attitude was first acquired as a necessary preliminary, but that an increasing appreciation of thepowers of the hand led to a more frequent adoptiou of that attitude, and thus the transformation of both organs probably proceeded pari 2assn. The accomplishment of these transformations must have been accompanied by correlative changes in the structure of the brain ; the motor-centres for the hand in particular would be called upon to respond to the various and coordinated movements which this organ .now learnt to perform. It would seem probable that ancestral Man at a very early stage of his development was a social animal ; the gibbons are semi-social, congregating towards evelfing upon the open ground in small troops ; the gorilla, though less social, leads a family life and behaves like a gallant gentleman in protecting his harem and offspring ; he is said to stand with his back against the tree in which they lodge, keeping guard the whole night through; and among the lower apes the baboons are famous for their rudely organized societies with patriarchal leaders and appointed sentinels. Thesocial instinct has, no doubt, played an immense part in human evolution; but that we must not overestimate it is sug- ~gested by comparison of the social dog with the individualistic eat, ,or the baboons with the less social apes. No yawning chasm separates the intellectual powers of these opposed examples. Its importance in the case of Man seems to lie in the fact that it .provided favourable conditions for the evolution of speech. How this was acquired will probably always remain a matter of pure :speculation ; prophetic symptoms may be recognized here and there lxxxiv raoc~,svrsss OF TrtE SS0LOOICALsocIr~r. []Kay ~9Io, among the lower animals, but nothing more definite--of true speech~ even in its rudiments, there is no sign. We cannot venture to assert anything as to the rate of its evolution ; i~ is usually assumed to have been laboriously slow, yet the inspiration of a happy thought sometimes leads to unexpectedly rapid developments. But, whether fast or slow, we may feel sure that the evolution of this faculty was accompanied by a corresponding evolution of the structure of the brain. The motor-centres which govern the muscu- lature of the vocal organs were immediately concerned; but still more important in its effects was the opportunity afforded for the exchange of ideas, as well as for their registration, accumulation; and co:ordination. Under this stimulus, if any, the brain migl,t escape from the limitation which restricts its size in the apes and acquire that more ample volume which the increasing operations of the mind entailed. In connexion with all speculations concerning the origin of Man there exists a preliminary difficulty which deserves our serious consideration. Whatever views we may hold as to the trne sequence of events there can be no doubt that the process of human evolution extended over a considerable interval of time, and during this period ancestral Man was exposed to aU the dangers which accompany phylogenetie infancy. By what means, then, was his existence secured? A man without weapons plunged into the midst of the savage wild is of all animals the most helpless. The man-like apes, although they have already exchanged claws for very human-looking nails, still retain formidable canine teeth; in the gibbon these are provided with a posterior edge of razor-like keenness, and in the gorilla they are veritable tusks. Man alone among the Anthropoids is destitute of natural weapons. Some distinguished writers, Scho0tensack ~ and Klaatsch, for instance, suggest that during his transformation ancestral Man found an asylum in Australia; and there secure, as in an earlier imagined paradise, from large and fierce carnivora, he acquired a walking foot by climbing trees with the aid of a rope, and learnt to speak by listening to the songs of singing birds2 O. Sehcoten.,~ek, ' Die Bedeutung Australiens fiir die Heranbildung des Mensehen aus einer niederen Form' Zeitsehr. f. Ethn. vol. xxxiii (1901) pp. 127-54. 2 H. Klaatseb, 'Entstehung & Entwiekelung des bfensehengesehleehtes' Weltall & Menschheit, voh ii (1902) pp. 204: & 206: 'Die Belausehung der Stimme der VSgel .... mag auf die FSrderung der Sprachfertigkeit und damk au{' die Hebung der geistigen F~ihigkeiten yon Bedeutung gewesen sein.' u 66.] A~C~IVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. IXXXV

While nothing is known, nothing is impossible, but it seems on the whole more likely that human evolution was accomplished under the pressure of severe competition. If we abandon the view ~hat Man commenced his existence as a puny creature retaining the primitive characters of the lemurs, and ascribe his origin to a point on the ancestral tree not far below that from which the chimpanzee and gorilla branched off, we may then attribute to him at the beginning a strong bodily frame and a dentition well fitted for the purposes of offence and defence. The orang, as Selenka informs us, is more than a match for the dangerous carnivora with which he has to contend, and the gorilla is the monarch of the woods. Given a strong ape-like animal with social instincts wresting his sustenance from the wild beasts of the plains, and the evolutional path to Man lies open. The erect attitude, the dexterous hand, and the enhanced intelligence are not inconsistent with the possession of brute force and brutal characters ; but, once acquired, they render possible another acquisition and this of tremendous import. A pointed stick and the notion of using it to thrust, and we have the primitive spear. Once armed with this the necessity for natural weapons vanishes. The massive jaws and fighting teeth can now be dispensed with, and may safely undergo a regressive development with adaptation to purely alimentary functions. The same fate attends the mighty brow- ridges, for it is extremely unlikely that these are intended, as Darwin supposed, to protect the eyes: Keith has pointed ou~ that the tem- poral ridges in the male gorilla meet to form the sagittal crest at ,the time when the canines are cut, and thus stand in connexion with the powerful musculature of the jaw; the frontal ridge follows as a mechanical device to strengthen the skull transversely, thus enabling it to resist the stresses set up by the action of the anuseles. Thus, as Man ceases to be dependent on natural weapons and learns to subject the outside forces of the universe to his will, the marks of the brute gradually disappear, the ape fades away, and Man is increasingly revealed. Such scanty information as we possess relating to the bodily structure of primitive :Man is in complete harmony with this sug- gestion. As already pointed out, the dentition of the Heidelberg j aw~the oldes~ known~is completely human, while the jaw itself is semi-simian. Thus, even at this comparatively late stage, the brutal characters inberitcd from the ape, though waning, have not wholly disappeared. That this interpretation is correct, and that the case is not one of adaptation to the circumstances of the time, is lxxxvi PROCSSDX~OSOF THV. OEOLOOICALSOCI~Y. [May ~91 O, suggcsted by the fact that manywild races of the present, day, living under much the same conditions and provided withmuch the same appliances as the early Pal~eolithic men of Europe, are furnished with jaws which are as completely human as their deutition. That the characters of the human jaw are a comparatively recent acquisi- tion is suggested by their notorious variability; Portal 1 remarked, as early as 1803, ' I1 n'y a point d'os dans lequel on trouve de plus grandes diffdrences que dans eeiui de la machoire infd,rieure,'iand with this citation u heads his paper on the Sehipka jaw. Ascending iu the scale of time we next encounter the remains of Neandertal man, representing the only race so far known to have inhabited Europe during Mousterian days. While essentially human it still presents numerous reminiscences of a simian ancestry. On the one hand, we have a brain of unusual magnitude, a human dentition, a human hand, and a human foot ; on the other, a jaw not yet provided with a chin, great frontal ridges, and an elevated inion pointing to a brutal development of the muscles at the back of the neck. Even:at the present day the useless frontal torus still survives, though in a more or less modified form; sporadic instances now and again among the civilized peoples of Europe, and it is a constant characteristic of the male Australian aborigine. In the search for simian vestiges aborigines furnish indeed a most fertile field--even the teeth ' throw back' occasionally to an earlier stage, and projecting canines may sometimes be met with which recall the days when these were Man's fighting weapons. In the example shown in fig. 10 (p. lxxxvii) the left canine projects 4 or 5 millimetres above the apex of the adjacent premolar and, though the incisors are missing, yet, judging from signs of wear, it must have proiected a corresponding amouut beyond these also. How little we really know concerning the true course of human evolution is impressed upon us by the paucity of the evidence which we are able to adduce directly bearing on such speculations as we have considered, iNature no doubt is a strict adherent to logic, but she betrays a singular want of method in recording the steps of her argument. Our chief .hope of additional knowledge rests on the chance of some fortunate discovery. The evolution of the elephant was involved in obscurity up to a few years ago, yet the its ancestral remains were lying exposed to view in the sands of the A. Portal, 'Cours d'Anatomie m~dicale' Paris, vol. i (1803) p. 190; R. Virchow, ' Die Kiefer aUS der Schipka-IIShle, &c.' Zeitsohr. f. Ethn. voh xiv (1882) p. 277. Vol. 65.] A~.~VF.RSA~YADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT~ lxxxvii

Fayf~m awaiting the advent of Dr: Andrews, and the os~eology of the l~eandertal race wasknown only in piecemeal until Prof. Boule described the skeleton of La Chapelle aux Saintes from a district s~

Fig. lO.mLower jaw of an .Australian man, to show the projecting cani~e (c). (x .~.)o

well worked over as the South of France. ~fany parts of the world, in Africa, Asia, and A~tralia, still await investigation, and at any moment the pick and. shovel of advancing industry may unearth some link in the chain of evidence precious tha~ all the gold of the Rand.

It may be remarked, in conclusion, that, so far as the extends, ~an seems to have attained at ~ comparatively early stags the full powers of his intellect; his subsequent advance has been due less to its continued development than to its constant exercise, and especially to the perfection of speech, its great instrument. )[any greab thinkers have expressed themselves with just emphasis on this point, and a happy alIusion to it is made by Huxley, who remarks that of all animals Man ' alone possesses the marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational speech, whereby, in the secular period of his existence, he has slowly accumulated and organized the experience which is almost wholly lost with the cessation of life in other animals ; so that now he stands raised upon it as on a mountain-top, far above the level of his humble fellows, and transfigured from his grosset nature by reflecting here and there a ray from the infinite source of truth.' The whole history of Man, so far as it is known to us, has been one long continuous advance, marked stage after stage by momen- tous discoveries; already on his first emergence from obscurity in ]Xxxviii PROCEEDINGSOF THE 6EOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EMay I910.

~ousterian times we find him in possession of the art of kindling fire; he knew how to fashion weapons and to wield them, and he had arrived at the belief that life is not ended with the grave. Through the succeeding stages of the Pal~eolithic Epoch we witness a rapid improvement of implements and weapons, as well as the invention of new ones, and, most remarkable of all, the birth of art and its early efflorescence. The close of the Pal~eolithic Epoch is marked by a considerable gap in our knowledge ; but, as we enter the next succeeding or Neolithic Epoch, we discover evidence of another great forward step : the wild roaming life of the hunter has been exchanged for a pastoral existence ill settled eommunit4es, Man has learnt to domesticate the animals of the chase and in so doing he has become domesticated himself. No great interval separates the Neolithic Epoch from the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, which are distinguished by an extraordinary advance in every direction, in art, science, and religion, and especially by the successful analysis of the spoken word into its elementary sounds and the application of this great achievement to the art of writing. Hence, at this stage, we approach the realm of history. Thus we may conclude that, ever since its first appearance, the human race has given birth to great discoverers and great dis- coveries; even the Pal~eolithic Epoch may have nurtured its Watt, its Newton, or its Raphael. But it has remained for our own age to undertake consciously the systematic search for truth, and almost daily we are rewarded by an increasing insight into the nature of the outer world and a corresponding mastery over it. This advance seems destined to continue, but it will probably be accompanied by unexpected developments; religion and philosophy have not spoken their last word, and the mysteries of the inner .world disturb the age with premonitions of a new birth...... ' Prognostics told Man's near approach : so in man's self arise August anticipations, symbols, types Of a dim splendour ever on before In that eternal circle life pursues.' Vol. 66.7 rRocrrnI~s or THr S~OSO~ICXL SOCIF~Tr. lxxxix

February 23rd, 1910.

Prof. W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., M.Se., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Leonard Miles Parsons, Hawkswell House, Keynsham, near bristol, was elected a Fellow of the Society. The List of Donations to the :Library was read. The following communication was read :-- ' Metamorphism around the Ross of Mull Granite.' 1 By Thomas O wen bosworth, B.A., b,Sc., F.G,S.

The following specimens and maps were exhibited :-- Rock-specimens, microscope-sections, and lantern-slides, exhibited by T. O. Bosworth, B.A., b.Sc., F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Geological Survey of England & Wales : 1-inch Map, new series, Sheet 142, Melton Mowbray ; and Sheet 347, bodmin, 1909 (colour- printed), presented by the Director of H.M. Geological Survey.

March 9th, 1910. Prof. W. W WATTS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., Presiden[, in the Chair. The List of Donations to the Library was read. The PR~n)~T announced that the Council had awarded the Proceeds of the Daniel Pidgeon Fund for 1910 to Mr. RoB~.RT Bo~Lg, b.Sc., who proposes to make a series of researches on the Carboniferous Building-Stones of Scotland.

The following communication was read :-- ' The Carboniferous Succession in Gower (Glamorganshire).' By Ernest Edward Leslie Dixon, B.Sc., :F.G.S., and Dr. Arthur Vaughan, B.A., F.G.S. The following specimens were exhibited :- Rock-specimens, microscope-sections, and lantern-slides, exhibited by E. E. L. Dixon, b.Sc., F.G.S., in illustration of his and Dr. • Vaughan's paper. Specimens of riebeckite-granite from Northern Nigeria, exhibited by-Dr. 5. D. Falconer, F.G.S.

i Communicatedby permission of the Director Of H.M. GeologicaI Survey. VOL, LXVI. g xc PI~0CEEDI/~6B OF "I'HE 6EOLOOICAL SOCIETY. EXug..IgIO J

March 23rd, 1910.

Prof. W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

George Wood Cook, B.Sc., Principal of the Normal Practising School, Normal School Lodge, Bloemfontein (0. R. C.); Arthur Hubert Cox, M.Se., Ph.D., Assistant-Lecturer and Demonstrator in Geology, in King's College, London, W.C. ; David Davies, Ty Talwyn, Clydach Vale, Rhondda (South Wales); Frank Fowler, Commissioner of Lands & Mines, Georgetown (British Guiana); Harry Hannay, i0 Temple Fortune House, ttendon, N.W. ; and George Bertram de Betham Kershaw, Engineer to the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, Ingleside, West Wickham (Kent), were elected Fellows of the Society.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

':['he t~EsI1)F,~ referred in sympathetic terms to the recent decease, at the age of 98, of Prebendary WILLIAM H~.NnY EO~-aTON, who had been a Fellow of the Society since 1832.

The following communication was read :-- ' On Paheoxyris and other Allied Fossils from the Derbyshire and :~ottinghamshire Coalfield.' By Lewis Moysey, B.A., M.B., B.C., F.G.S.

Specimens of Palveoxyr,is, Vetacapsula, and Fayolia, as also lantern-slides, were exhibited by Dr. L. Moysey, B.A., F.G.8., in illustration of his paper.

April 13th, 1910.

Prof. W. W. WArm, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Herbert Basedow, M.D., Ph.D., M.A., B.Sc., Kent Town, Adelaide (South Australia); Robert George Carruthers, Geological Survey of Scotland, 33 George Square, Edinburgh ; William Garrard Snowdon Gard, LL.B., 9 Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead, N.W. ; Edward William Tunbridge, B.Sc., Rocklands, Woodbourne Road, Edgbaston, Bir- mingham; John Wells, Maison Coronel, Shareh Sheikh abu Sibaa, Cairo; and Arthur H. Williams, 385 Hollowa~" Road, N., were elected ]?ollows of the Society. Vol. 66.~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOG]CAL SOCIETY. xci

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' The Volcano of Matavanu ia Savaii.' By Tempest Anderson. M.D., D.Sc., F.G.S. 2. '~otes on the Geology of the District around Llansawel (Carmarthenshire).' By Miss Helen Drew, M.A., and Miss Ida L. Slater, B.A. (Communicated by Dr. 3. E. ~[arr, F.R.S., F.G.S.) The following specimens, lantern-slides, etc., were exhibited :-- Lantern-slides exhibited by Tempest, Anderson, M.D., D.Sc., F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Specimens of rocks and fossils from the Llansawel District (Car- marthenshire), exhibited in illustration of the paper by Miss HeleJi Drew, M.A., and Miss Ida L. Slater, B.A. Specimen with serial sections of Caninia cylindrica from Linney Down (South Pembrokeshire), exhibited by permission of the Director of H.M. Geological Survey; and photographs of serial sections from polished surfaces (a process involving the minimum of loss in cutting), taken by a new method by J. W. Tutcher, of Bristol, and exhibited by Dr. A. Vaughan, B.A., F.G.S. G~ological Map of Victoria; and Mineral Map of Victoria, showing the principal localities, both on the scale of 16 miles to the inch, 1909. Compiled and presented by E. J. ])unn, F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Victorian(Australia).

April 27th, 1910. Prof. W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The List of Donations to the Library was read. The following communications were read :-- 1. ' On the Evolution of Zaphreutis dela,toaei in Lower Carboni- ferous Times.' By Robert George Carruthers, F.G.S. 2.' The Carboniferous Limestone South of the Craven Fault (Grassington-Hellifieid District).' By Albert Wilmore, B.Sc., F.G.S.

The following specimens, etc., were exhibited :- Specimens, microscope-sections, and lantern-slides of corals, exhibited by R. G.. Carruthers, F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. Fossils, microscope-sections, and lantern-slides, exhibited by A. Wilmore, B.Sc:, F.G.S., in illustration of his paper. xeii PROCEEDINGS OF TH~ GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Aug. t9IO,

Geologische Spezialkarte der (Esterreichisch-Ungarischen Mon- I archie, 7,~-E-.~--S.W. Gruppe: Sheets 78, 116, & 118; and N.W. Gruppe: Sheets 51 & 85, 1908-1910; presented by the Director of the K.-K. Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna.

May 25th, 1910. Prof. W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. F. Frank Ogilvie, C.B., Secretary to the Board of Education, 15 Evelyn Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. ; Raymond Edward Priestley, care of Prof. T. W. E. David, The University, Sydney (New South Wales) ; John Stansfield, B.A., Lecturer in Geology in McGill University, Montreal (Canada); Leonard Francis Wallis, B.Sc., 25 Derby Avenue, North Finchley, N. ; and Arthur E. V. Zealley, Assoc.Roy.Coll.Sci., Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo (Southern Rhodesia), were elected Fellows of the Society.

The Names of certain Fellows of the Society were read out for the first time, in conformity with the Bye-Laws, Section VI.,/ Art. 5, in consequence of the Non-Payment of the Arrears of their Contributions.

The List of Donations to the Library was read,

The AVDRESS which it was proposed to submit to His Majesty the King, on behalf of the President, Council, and Fellows, was read as follows, and the terms thereof were approved :--

' To the KING'S MOST EXCELLENT M.kJESTY. ' MAY IT PLEASZ YOUR ~AJESTY, 'We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the President, Council, and Fellows of the Geological Society of London, humbly beg leave to offer to Your Majesty ourdeepest and most heartfelt sympathy in the great and sudden sorrow which has fallen upon You, and most respectfully to express the grief that we, in common with all Your Majesty's subjects, feel at the great loss which has aflticted the Nation and the Empire in the tragic death of our late beloved and revered Sovereign King EDWARDVII, Jn the full vigour of his services for the welfare of humanity and the peace of the world. ' In the depth of our sorrow we find comfort in the assurance that the sceptrc of our wise King passes into the hands of one who will keep ever before him the high destiny of the Nation, and we venture humbly to offer our fervent congratulations to Your Majesty on Your accession to the throne, which, under the sway of Your ancestors, has become the greatest in the world. ' We trust that the knowledge of tile mineral structure of the earth, for a century the special care of this Society, may continue to grow and flourish under the rule of Your Majesty as it has done under that of Your illustrious predecessors. ' That Your Majesty's reign ma~. be a long one and that it may overpass in ustre even those of the great Kings and Queens that have preceded You, s the earnest prayer of Your devoted subjects.' Vol. 66.1 P~OCE~DI~OSOF THE O~OLO~JCALsocr~,r~, xciii

The PRESID~ then read the draft of a circular letter regarding the enhanced price of the Geological Survey Maps, which was to be sent to all institutions in the that are likely to be interested in the matter, bespeaking their support for a respect, ful representation to the Lords of H.M. Treasury. A draft of the terms in which this representation was to be made was also read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' Dedolomitization in the Marble of Port Shepstone (Natal).' By F. H. Hatch, Ph.D., M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., and R. H. Rastall, M.A., F.G.S. 2. ' Recumbent Folds in the Highla~ld Schists." By Edward Battersby Bailey, B.A., F.G.S.

The following specimens, lantern-slides, and maps were ex- hibited :- Rock-specimens, microscope-sections, and lantern-slides, exhi- bited by Dr. F. H. Hatch, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., and 1~. H. Rastall, M.s F.G.S., in illustration of their paper. Geological Survey of England & Wales :--l-inch Map, new series, Sheet 33--Stockton (drift), colour-printed, 1910; Sheet 229--Carmarthen (solid & drift), colour-printed, 1910; and Geo- logical Index-Map (1 inch = 4 miles) Sheets 9 & 10, 11, 15, 17 & 18 (solid), colour-printed, 1910, presented by the Director of H.M. Geological Survey.

June 15th, 1910.

Prof. W. W. WATTS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Names of certain Fellows of the Society were read out for the second time, in conformity with the Bye-Laws, Section VI., Art. 5, in consequence of the Nou-Payment of the Arrears of their Contributions.

The List of Donations to the Library was read.

The following communications were read :-- 1. ' The Natural Classification of Igneous Rocks.' By Dr. Whir- man Cross, F.G.S.

1 Communicated by permission of the Director of H.~. Geological Survey. xciv PROCEEDINGSOF THE GEOLO~tCAL SOCIETY. [Aug. t 9 ~O.

2. ' The Denudation of the Western End of the Weald.' By Henry Bury, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

3. ' An Earthquake Model.' By John William Evans, D.Sc., LL.B., F.G.S.

The PRESIDENT read the following communication received from Mr. S. S. BUOK~AN, F.G.S. : 'May 29th, 1910. ' In my paper on " Certain Jurassic Species of Ammonites" (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lxvi, 1910, p. 90) I proposed for a new genus the name B~trtonia (p. 97). With that kind helpfulness which is so distinctive of American scien- tific workers, Dr. W. H. Dull writes to say that this name is already in use-- by Bonaparte for a bird and by Bouvignat for a naiad. I therefore desire to substitute the name Bredyia for Burtonia in my paper: Bredyia is from the River Bredy (pronounced Breedy, Briddy) which flows through Burton Bradstock, and it.~ name presumably furnishes the syllable Brad. I wish to record my thanks to Dr. Dull for his kindness. ' The opportunity may be taken to rectify a misprint : in p. 68, line 7 from the top, for "striking' read "sticking."'

An earthquake model was exhibited by Dr. J. W. Evans, LL.B., F.G.S., and Mr. F. J. Bakewell, in illustration of Dr. Evangs paper.

The following maps were exhibited :- Thirty-four sheets of the 6-inch Geological Survey Map of Scotland (solid and drift,), presented by the Director of H.M. Geological Survey. Sheet 5, Zeerust, and Sheet 6, Mafeking, on the scale of 2 ! miles to the inch, of the Geological Survey Map of the Transvaal, pre- sented by the Director of that Survey.