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Implementation of Sustainable Architecture Patterns in Hot and Dry Regions of Iran by Investigating on Vernacular Sustainable Architecture Patterns

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Implementation of Sustainable Architecture Patterns in Hot and Dry Regions of Iran by Investigating on Vernacular Sustainable Architecture Patterns 1 Implementation of sustainable architecture patterns in hot and dry regions of Iran by investigating on vernacular sustainable architecture patterns Master Thesis International Master of Science in Construction and Real Estate Management Joint Study Programme of Metropolia UAS and HTW Berlin Submitted on 14.08.2018 Mohammadreza Gharahshir Registration number: 557524 First Supervisor: M.Arch. David Eric Pollock Second Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Bunte 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge and thank the following people they have supported me, not only during the course of this project, but throughout my Master’s program. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors M.Arch Eric Pollock and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Bunte for their support, guidance and insight throughout this research project. And finally, I would like to thank my wife and my family. You have all encouraged and believed in me. You have all helped me to focus on what has been a hugely rewarding and enriching process. 3 4 5 Abstract Today, sustainable development and the saving of non-renewable energies have become one of the most important and common issues internationally. Considering the significant consumption of fossil fuels in the contemporary building industry, the theme of sustainable architecture and utilizing the potential of climate to reduce energy consumption is one of the most important measures in contemporary architecture and urbanization. Iran's traditional architecture, as one of the best examples of sustainable architecture, has shown that in the old days, Iranians have used effective methods for the proper use of non-renewable energies, which differ in terms of climate and weather conditions. The past architecture of Iran represents the Iranian experience in using non-underground natural energies such as sunlight, wind, etc. Various geographic and climatic situations with the intelligence of the past are used to seamlessly combine natural energies to create a unique pattern for indigenous architecture in Iran. Nowadays, by utilizing the past experiences and reviving the patterns of native architecture that have been forgotten in the present day, not only it is possible to providing comfort living space but also considerably reduce energy consumption and still keeping alive concept of sustainable development. This research, had tried to present and analyze the sustainable architectural pattern in hot and dry region of Iran as the most prominent example of architectural adaptation to the climatic condition. Currently importance of energy reduction in Iran according to current high energy consumption of building sector in contemporary architecture is a critical issue. This research had tried to find out solutions for reducing energy Consumption in contemporary architecture by analysis of vernacular architectural concepts and samples. This study shows just by proper implementation of the climate characteristics and considering important aspects effecting energy building demand in an optimum way, providing comfort living spaces by considerable lower energy consumption in contemporary buildings is achievable in the study region. Key words: Hot and dry region of Iran, Vernacular Architecture, Contemporary Architecture, traditional architecture, Sustainability, Energy consumption 6 Table of content CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 2 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Necessity and Importance of research .................................................................................... 3 1.3. Importance of sustainability in architecture ........................................................................... 3 1.4. Research question...................................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Research Methodology .............................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND EVALUATION ................................................. 5 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Investigating different climate & regions of Iran .................................................................... 5 2.2.1. Climatic Regions of Iran......................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2. Effect of Climate on Design of Traditional Iranian Houses ................................................... 7 2.2.2.1. General Principles in Design of Traditional Buildings in Iran ......................................... 7 2.2.2.1.1. Harmony with requirements of people (Mardomvary) ............................................. 7 2.2.2.1.2. Self-Efficiency (Khod-Basandegy) ........................................................................... 8 2.2.2.1.3. Module Unit (Peymoon) ............................................................................................ 8 2.2.2.1.4. Inward-Looking (Daroon-Garaei) ............................................................................. 8 2.2.2.1.5. Avoiding Un-necessities (Parhiz as Bihoudegy) ...................................................... 8 2.2.2.1.6. Structural Rigidity (Niaresh) ..................................................................................... 8 2.3. Characteristics of traditional architecture in hot & dry climate region ............................. 10 2.3.1. The characteristics of traditional Iranian architecture ......................................................... 10 2.3.1.1. Traditional houses in the Central Plateau Region ........................................................ 12 2.3.1.1.1. The Shape of Traditional Houses........................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Traditional house's elements used in vernacular architecture in hot and dry climate ........ 15 7 2.3.2.1. Wind Catcher (Badgir) ................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2.2. Walls .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.3.2.3. Windows ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.3.2.4. Cellar-Shabestan ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2.5. Material .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2.6. Courtyard and introversion ............................................................................................ 19 2.3.2.7. Summer sitting portion .................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2.8. Winter sitting portion...................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2.9. Roof ............................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2.10. Vestibule (Hashti) ........................................................................................................ 24 2.3.2.11. Exterior and Interior spaces ........................................................................................ 24 2.3.2.12. Sunken Garden ........................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2.13. Basement (Sardab) ..................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.14. Water reservoir (Ab anbar).......................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.15. Sabat ........................................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2.16. Qanat ........................................................................................................................... 29 2.3.2.17. Yakhchal (Yakhdan) .................................................................................................... 30 2.3.2.18. Planting: ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.4. Contemporary Architecture ..................................................................................................... 31 2.4.1. Current energy consumption of building sector................................................................... 37 2.5. Sustainability............................................................................................................................. 38 2.5.1. Concepts and Aspects ......................................................................................................... 38 2.5.2. Sustainable Architectural Design in Hot Climates ............................................................... 39 2.5.2.1. Shape of building ........................................................................................................... 40 8 2.5.2.2. Shading and Landscaping............................................................................................
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