INDEX

An "/" or a "t" suffix indicates that a term may be found in a figure or table on the page indi• cated.

Accentor, Hedge: see Prunella modularis A1ca torda (Razorbill), 46t, 206t Accipiter gentilis (Northern Goshawk), 43t Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), 45t A. nisus (Sparrowhawk), 7, 43t, 204t Alectoris rufa (Red-legged ), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Sedge 112t,118t Warbler), 208t Allee effect, 170, 175 A. scirpaceus (Reed Warbler), 208t American Avocet: see Recurvirostra Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper), americana 204t 213-215, 227-228 American Black Duck: see Anas rubripes Adjacent habitat, response of brood para• American Crow: see Corvus sites to, 294, 299 brachyrhynchos Aegolius funereus (Boreal ), 42t, 50, 227 American Dipper: see Cinclus mexicanus Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Black• American Golden Plover: see Pluvialis ), 16, 39, 44t, 90t, 106, 112t, dominica 113t, 114, 129t, 209t, 229, 264, American Goldfinch: see Carduelis tristis 281,283 American Kestrel: see Falco sparverius Air ions, as cue of advancing winter American Pipit: see Anthus rubescens storm, 24 American Redstart: see Setophaga Aix sponsa (Wood Duck), 45t, 122t, 234 ruticilla Alauda arvensis (Eurasian Skylark), 47t, 90t : see Spizella , 163 arborea Black-browed: see Diomedea American Wigeon: see Anas americana melanophris American Woodcock: see Scolopax minor Gray-headed: see Diomedea Anas acuta (Northern Pintail), 4lt, 51, 123t chrysostoma A. americana (American Wigeon), 4lt, Laysan: see Diomedea immutabilis 122t Royal: see Diomedea epomophora A. capensis (Cape Teal), 122t Sooty: see Phoebetria fusca A. castanea (Chestnut Teal), 123t Wandering: see Diomedea exulans A. clypeata (Northern Shoveler), 41t, Waved: see Diomedea irrorata 113t, 123t

311 312 INDEX

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) (cont.) Arrival-time advantage, different mi• A. crecca (Common Teal, Green• grants, 68 Winged Teal), 4lt, 123t modeled without dominance competi• A. discors (Blue-winged Teall, 114, 122t tion, 71-72 A. erythrorhyncha (Red-billed Duck), sex differences in, 74-75 123t Arrival-time hypothesis, 38-44 A. gibberifrons (Sunda Teal), 123t research on differential migration and, A. minutus (Black Noddy), 205t 38-44,48,51-56 A. penelope (Eurasian Wigeon), 41 t, 122t Asio otus (Long-eared Owl), 42t A. platyrhynchos (Mallard), 4lt, 108t, Auklet 113t, 122t Ancient: see Synthliboramphus A. rhynchotis (Australian Shoveler), antiquum 123t Cassin's: see Ptychoramphus aleuticus A. rubripes (American Black Duck), 49t Avocet, American: see Recurvirostra A. smithii (Cape Shoveler), 122t americana A. strepera (Common Gadwall), 122t Aythya affinis (Lesser Scaup), 49t, 113t, A. superciliosa (Pacific Black Duck), 116,123t 113(' 122t A. americana (Redhead), 123t A. undulata (Yellow-billed Duck), 122t A. australis (Hardhead), 123t Ani, Groove-billed: see Crotophaga A. col/aris (Ring-necked Duck), 42t, 123t sulcirostris A. ferina (Common Pochard), 4lt, 123t Anous stolidus (Brown Noddy). 205t A. fuligula (Tufted Duck), 45t, 123t A. tenuirostris (Lesser Noddy), 205t A. marila (Greater Scaup), 45t Anser albifrons (White-fronted Goose), A. valisineria (Canvasback), 4lt, 113t, 203t 116,123t A. caerulescens (Snow Goose), 33, 92, 96 Babbler, Arrowmarked: see Thrdoides A. canagicus (Emperor Goose), 12lt jardinerii Anseranas semipalmata (Magpie Goose), Barn-owl, Common: see Tyto alba 90t, 113t, 116, 121t Barometric pressure, as cue of advancing Anthus campestris (Tawny Pipit), 105 winter storm, 21-22 A. novaeseelandiae (New Zealand Best-of-n models, 198-199 Pipit), 133t Biziura lobata (), 12lt A. pratensis (Meadow Pipit), 90t, 105, Blackbird 106, 113t, 129t, 133t Common: see Turdus merula A. rubescens (American Pipit), 90t, Eurasian: see Turdus merula 105, 106, 129t European: see Turdus merula A. spino/etta (Water Pipit), 105, 113t, Red-winged: see Agelaius phoeniceus 129t Yellow-headed: see Xanthocephalus A. vaalensis (Buffy Pipit), 113t xanthocephalus Aphelocoma coerulescens (Scrub Jay), Blackcap: see Sylvia atricapilla 161, 207t Bobwhite, Northern: see Colinus Aptenodytes forsteri (Emperor ). virginian us 20lt Body mass, daily cycle of, 10 Apteryx australis (Brown ), 112t Body-size hypothesis, 35-36 Apus apus (Swift), 207t research on differential migration and, Aquila adalberti (Spanish Imperial Ea• 35-36,41-44,48-49,51-56 gle), 204t Bombycil/a cedrorum (Cedar Waxwing), 49t A. heliaca (Imperial Eagle). 46t Bonasa umbel/us (Ruffed ), 104t, A. nipalensis (Steppe Eagle), 46t 105, 112t, 121t, 204t Ardea herodias (Great Blue Heron), 203t Booby, Red-footed: see Sula sula INDEX 313

Brambling: see Fringi1la montifringi1la Calcarius laponicus (Lapland Longspur), Branta canadensis (Canada Goose), 113t, 17 116,121t Calcium intake, 95-98, 110-111 Breeders, cooperative, and dispersal, Calidris alba (Sanderling), 45t, 49t 221-222 C. alpina (Dunlin), 45t, 125t, 126t Breeding, age of first, 161-163 C. ferruginea (Curlew Sandpiper), 45t, Breeding females, density of hosts, 305 126t Breeding ground/site, and dispersal C. mauri (Western Sandpiper). 42t, 50, quality, 189 125t selection, 189; see also Prospecting C. melanotos (Pectoral Sandpiper), wintering close to: see Arrival-time ad- 125t, 132t vantage C. minuti1la (Least Sandpiper), 45t, Breeding home range for female cow• 125t , 304-306 C. spp., 90t Breeding opportunities, competition for, Callipepla californica (California Quail), and diffential migration, 38-39 105,121t Breeding probability/propensity, 153, 156 Calonectris diomedea (Cory's Breeding/reproduction, differential mi• Shearwater), 202t gration and, 38 Calypte anna (Anna's ), 91, Breeding-site fidelity, and dispersal, 226 124t, 132t Brood parasitism, 273, 304-306; see also Canvasback: see Aythya valisineria Edge effects Capercaillie, Western: see Tetrao hypothesis-testing and interrelations urogallus among, 288-293 Caprimulgids, 124t levelof,264,265, 268,271, 272, 275- Caprimulgus europaeus (Eurasian Night• 277,280-282,305 jar). 124t, 132t models of, 263-273, 280-282; see also Caracara, Crested: see Polyborus plancus specific models Cardinal, Northern: see Cardinalis multiple host species, 296-297 cardinalis path analysis, 300-302 Cardinalis cardinalis (), payoff (hj,q), 275, 305 281 statements and predictions, 289-292 Carduelis cannabin a (Linnet), 22, 47t testing alternative mechanisms of edge C. carduelis (European Goldfinch), 44t effects, 293-300 C. chloris (European Greenfinch), 4,7, Bucephala albeola (Bufflehead), 45t, 12,47t 203t, 214, 228 C. flammea (Common Redpoll), 22 B. clangula (Common Goldeneye), 42t, C. spinus (Eurasian Siskin), 49t, 91 203t, 214, 229 C. tristis (American Goldfinch), 2-7, B. islandica (Barrow's Goldeneye), 11,13,15,17,25,43t 203t, 214 Carpodacus coccothraustes (Hawfinch). Bullfinch: see Pyrrhula pyrrhula 47t Bunting C. mexicanus (House Finch), 3, 4, 8, 11, Indigo: see Passerina cyanea 44t, 48,50, 51,56, 236 Snow: see Plectrophenax nivalis C. purpureus (Purple Finch), 49t Yellow: see Emberiza citrin ella C. rubici1la (Great Rosefinch), 47t , Great: see Otis tarda Carrying capacity, and differential migra• Buteo buteo (Common Buzzard), 46t tion,60,65-69 B. jamaicensis (Red-tailed Hawk), 46t Catharacta maccormicki (McCormick B. lagopus (Rough-legged Hawk), 43t, 51 Skua),204t B. platypterus (Broad-winged Hawk), 46t C. skua (Great Skua), 45t, 204t Buzzard, Common: see Buteo buteo Catharus guttatus (Hermit Thrush), 46t 314 INDEX

Cepphus grylle (Pigeon Guillemot), 206t Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) Certhia brachydacty1a (Short-tailed Tree• (cont.) creeper), 208t C. livia (Pigeon, Rock Dove, Homing Pi• C. famiJiaris (Eurasian Tree-creeper), geon), 9, 22,23, 233 208t C. oenas (Stock Pigeon), 45t Chachalaca, Chaco: see Ortalis canicollis C. pa1umbus (Common Wood Pigeon), Chaffinch: see FringilJa coe1ebs 124t Charadrius a1exandrinus (Kentish Plo- Coot, Common: see Fulica atra ver),49t Cormorant c. hiaticu1a (Common Ringed Plover), Brandt's: see Pha1acrocorax penicillatus 126t, 132t Double-crested: see Pha1acrocorax auri-' C. vociferus (Killdeer), 126t, 132t tus Chenonetta jubata (Maned Duck), 90t, 122t Flightless: see Nannopterum harrisi Chickadee Great: see Pha1acrocorax carbo Black-capped: see Parus atricapilJus Guanay: see Pha1acrocorax Mountain: see Parus gambeli bougainvillei : see Gallus gallus Olivaceous: see Hypo1eucos olivaceous Domestic: see Gallus domesticus Red-legged: see Pha1acrocorax Greater Prairie: see 7)rmpanuchus gaimardi cupido Corvids, 90t Chlidonias niger (Black ), 132t Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow), Chough, Red-billed: see Pyrrhocorax 91, 127t pyrrhocorax C. corax (Common Raven), 90t, 127t Ciconia ciconia (White ), 203t C. corone (Carrion Crow), 46t, 96, 127t Cinc1us cinc1us (Dipper, Eurasian Dipper, C. dauricus (Daurian Jackdaw), 46t White-throated Dipper), 6, 46t, C. monedu1a (Eurasian Jackdaw), 46t, 112t 96, 106, 127t C. mexican us (American Dipper), 46t C. spp., crow, 283 Circannual rhythms, and winter acclima• Coturnicops noveboracensis (Yellow tization,12 ), 124t, 132t Circus cyaneus (Northern Harrier), 43t, 51 Coturnix japonica (Japanese Quail), 9, C. macrourus (Pallid Harrier), 46t 102-103 Cistothorus pa1ustris (Marsh Wren), 46t Cowbird C1angu1a hyemalis (Long-tailed Duck, Bay-winged: see Mo10thrus badius Oldsquaw), 124t Brown-headed: see Mo10thrus ater Clearcuts, and brood parasitism, 285 Screaming: see Mo10thrus rufoaxillaris Clouds, as cue of advancing winter storm, Cowbird density, 284, 285, 299, 304 23-24 and host density, 277-280, 297-298 Cold resistance, seasonal variation in, 2- Cowbird parasitism, 263-267 4,10 Cowbirds; see also Edge effects Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite), immigration, 277 91, 98, 102, 103, lOS, 108t, 109, nest finding, 230-231 112t, 121t use of adjacent habitat, 284-285 Colonial species, migratory, and dis- , Whooping: see americana persal,223 Crossbill, Red: see Loxia curvirostra Colonies, extant, and conservation, 165 Crotophaga su1cirostris (Groove-billed Color of grit, 101-104 Ani),206t Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon), Crow: see Corvus 92,96,124t American: see Corvus brachyrhynchos C. 1eucocepha1us (White-crowned Pi• Carrion: see Corvus corone geon), 124t, 220 Curlew, Eurasian: see Numenius arquata INDEX 315

Cyanositta cristata (Blue Jay), 91, 283 Dispersal, 215 Cygnus columbian us bewickii (Bewick's of breeding adults, 164-166 Swan),12lt Dispersal patterns C. cygnus (Whooper Swan), 116, 12lt of migratory species, 218-220 C. alar (Mute Swan), 116, 12lt of nonmigratory species, 216-218 prospecting and, 215-220 Daylength, and winter acclimatization, Diving-petrel, Common: see Pelecanoides 10,12 urinatrix Demographic parameters, 155-168, 180- Dominance competition, and diffential 181; see also specific parameters migration, 65; see also Demographic stochasticity, 167, 168 Optimality modeling of differen• Dendragapus canadensis (Spruce tial migration Grouse), 45t, 92, 106, 119t modeled without arrival-time advan• D. obscurus (Blue Grouse), 4lt, 51, tage, 70-71 112t, 119t, 120t, 204t, 229 Dominance hypothesis, and differential Dendrocygna autumnalis (Black-bellied migration, 36-38, 60-61 Whistling-duck), 113t, 12lt, 13lt research on differential migration and, Dendroica chrysoparia (Golden-cheeked 41-44,48,51-56 Warbler), 34, 47t Douglas-fir: see Pseudotsuga menziesii D. coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler), Dove 47t Mourning: see Zenaida macroura D. discolor (Prairie Warbler), 209t Rock: see Columba livia D. palmarum (Palm Warbler), 44t Dowitcher, Long-billed: see Limnodromus D. petechia (Yellow Warbler), 264, 281 scolopaceus D. tigrina (Cape May Warbler), 47t Dromaius novaehollandiae (Emu), 112t Density dependence vs. independence, Duck(s) and differential migration, 69- American Black: see Anas rubripes 71, 76-77 Black-bellied Whistling: see and implications for restora• Dendrocygna autumnalis tion,166-171 Blue-billed: see Oxyura australis positive vs. negative density depend• cavity-nesting, 228-229 ence, 169-171, 178 Freckled: see Stictonetta naevosa Depredation: see Nest predation; Preda- Long-tailed: see Clangula hyemalis tion risk Mallard: see Anas platyrhynchos Dickcissel: see Spiza americana Maned: see Chenonetta jubata Didelphis virginian a (Opossum), 287 Musk: see Biziura lobata Digestion, grit use and, 94-95, 98, 106 Pacific Black: see Anas superciliosa Diomedea chrysostoma (Gray-headed Al- Pink-eared: see Malacorhynchus batross), 20lt membranaceus D. epomophora (Royal Albatross), 20lt Red-billed: see Anas erythrorhyncha D. exulans (Wandering Albatross), 157, Ring-necked: see Aythya collaris 159, 166, 20lt Ruddy: see Oxyura jamaicensis D. immutabilis (Lays an Albatross), 163, Thfted: see Aythya fuligula 20lt, 223, 234 Wood: see Aix sponsa D. irrorata (Waved Albatross), 20lt Yellow-billed: see Anas undulata D. melanophris (Black-browed Alba• Dunlin: see Calidris alpin a tross), 20lt Dunnock: see Prunella modularis Dipper American: see CincJus mexicanus Eagle, 154 Eurasian: see CincJus cincJus Bald: see Haliaeetus leucocephala White-throated: see CincJus cincJus Imperial: see Aquila heliaca 316 INDEX

Eagle (cont.) Encounter rate, functional responses of Spanish Imperial: see Aquila adalberti brood parasites, 267-272 Steppe: see Aquila nipalensis Encounter-rate limitation, 279, 281, 295 White-tailed: see Haliaeetus albicilla Encounter-rate limitation model, 265, Ecotones, and brood parasitism, 276-277, 267-272, 280-282, 289-290, 298; 282, 284 see also Parasitism limitation, Edge, distance to, and brood parasitism, models of 282,304 Energy reserves: see Fat deposition Edge effects, and brood parasitism, 261- Environmental catastrophe and seabird 263,302-303 conservation, 167-168 defined,261,305 Environmental stochasticity, 167, 168 mechanisms, 263-264, 287-288; see Eremophila alpestris (Horned Lark), 105, also Numerical responses; 128t Pseudonumerical responses Erithacus rubecula (Eurasian Robin, Eu• alterations in vegetative structure ropean Robin), 10, 14, 43t, 106, near edges, 286-287, 295, 300 128t, 133t, 207t alternative, 293-300; see also specific Eudomicus albus (White Ibis), 133t mechanisms Eudyptes chrysolophus (Royal Penguin), avian community composition, 272- 20lt 276,294,296-297 Eurasian Nuthatch: see sma europaea functional responses of encounter Eurasian Night jar: see Caprimulgus euro• rate, 267-272 paeus functional responses of spatial activ• Eurasian Robin: see Erithacus rubecola ity patterns, 276-282 European Goldfinch: see Carduelis null models based on nest density, carduelis 264-267, 294-296 European Greenfinch: see Carduelis chloris structure-directed responses, 263, European Pied Flycatcher: see Ficedula 276, 282-284, 294, 298-299 hypoleuca use of adjacent habitat by predators Eurasian Robin: see Erithacus rubecola and cowbirds, 284-285 European Robin: see Erithacus rubecula on nest predation, 287-288 European Shag: see Phalacrocorax -laying rate, and brood parasitism, 305 aristotelis Egg-laying rate model. and brood parasit• European Starling: see Sturn us vulgaris ism, 289; see also Parasitism lim• European Storm-petrel: see Hydrobates itation, models of pelagic us Egg-limitation model. and brood parasit• Exploratory behavior, 193; see also Pros• ism, 264-267, 280, 289, 298; see pecting also Parasitism limitation, mod• Exploratory-removal migration sequence, els of 193-194 Egg limitation of parasitism, 268, 271, 280 Falco columbarius (Merlin), 46t, 58 Egg production rate (a). and brood para• F. mexicanus (Prairie Falcon), 46t, 204t sitism, 266, 268-270, 279, 298 F. naumanni (Lesser Kestrel), 46t Eider, Common: see Somateria mollis• F. peregrinus (Peregrine Falcon), 174, 204t sima F. rusticolus (Gyrfalcon), 43t, 50 Elaphe obsoleta (Black Rat Snake), 283 F. sparverius (American Kestrel), 43t, Emberiza citrin ella (Yellow Bunting, 51,58 Yellowhammer), 9, 11-13, 49t F. tinnunculus (Eurasian Kestrel), 43t Empidonax virescens (Acadian Fly• Falcon catcher), 287 Peregrine: see Falco peregrinus Emu: see Dromaius novaehollandiae Prairie: see Falco mexicanus INDEX 317

Fat deposition Functional response of brood parasites to anticipation of storms and, 18 host density, 271, 305; see also seasonal changes and, 4-8, 11-15 Numerical responses Feldspar, used as grit, 104 Ficedula albicollis (Collared Flycatcher), Gadwall, Common: see Anas strepera 207t, 222 Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe), F. hypoleuca (European Pied Fly• 125t, 132t catcher), 207t, 226 Gallinula chloropus (Common Moorhen), Finch 125t, 132t Citril: see Serinus citrin ella Gallus domesticus (Domestic Chicken), House: see Carpodacus mexicanus 108t Purple: see Carpodacus purpureus G. gallus (Chicken), 23 Zebra: see Taeniopygia guttata Game birds, seeking grit, 92 Finding rate, of host nests by brood para• Gannet: see Sula bassana sites, 304 Northern: see Morus bassanus Finding-rate limitation, 280 Genetic variability, and population mod• Finding-rate limitation model, 269-271, els, 167, 168 273, 289, 300; see also Parasitism Glass fragments, as substitute for grit, 113 limitation, models of Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray: see Polioptila caerulea Greater: see Phoenicopterus ruber Goldcrest, Common: see Regulus regulus Lesser: see Phoenicopterus minor Goldeneye Flight, 7 Barrow's: see Bucephala islandica Floaters, and dispersal, 229-230 Common: see Bucephala clangula Flycatcher Goldfinch Acadian: see Empidonax virescens American: see Carduelis tristis Collared: see Ficedula albicollis European: see Carduelis carduelis European Pied: see Ficedula hypoleu- Goose ca Canada: see Branta canadensis Food caching and recovery, 231-232 Emperor: see Anser canagicus Foraging, effect of storms on, 16 Magpie: see Anseranas semipalmata Forpus passerinus (Green-rumped Snow: see Anser caerulescens Parrotlet), 206t Spur-winged: see Plectropterus gam- Fossils, as substitute for grit, 113 ben sis Fowl: see also Leipoa ocellata; White-fronted: see Anser albifrons Malleefowl; Waterfowl Gorilla, Beringei Mountain: see Gorilla guinea: see Gutarra gorilla Fox, Red: see Vulpes vulpes Gorilla gorilla berengei (Mountain Go• Francolin, Black: see Francolinus rilla), 173 francolinus Goshawk, Northern: see Accipiter gentilis Francolin us francolin us (Black Franco• Grackle lin), 118t, 13lt Boat-tailed: see Quiscalus major Fratercula arctica (Atlantic Puffin), 163, Common: see Quiscalus quiscula 206t, 223, 234 Great-tailed: see Quiscalus mexican us Fregata minor (Frigatebird), 203t Greenfinch, European: see Carduelis Fringilla coelebs (Chaffinch), 34, 43t, 47t chloris F. montifringilla (Brambling), 6, 43t, Griffon, Eurasian: see Gyps fulvus 47t, 51, 90t, 95, 129t Grit, 117 Frugivorous birds, grit use by, 93 amount used, 105-108 Fulica atra (Common Coot), 125t, 132t availability, 108 Fulmaris glacialis (Fulmar), 46t, 20lt characteristics, 98-104, 107-110 318 INDEX

Grit retention, duration of, 108-111 Halobaena caerulea (Blue Petrel). 202t Grit substitutes, 111-116 Hardhead: see Aythya australis Grit use, 89-94, 116-117 Harrier evolutionary origin, 93 Northern: see Circus cyaneus functions Pallid: see Circus macrourus grinding food and digestion, 94-95, Hawfinch: see Carpodacus 98, 106 cotcothraustes supplementing diet, 95-98, 106 Hawk location and, 90 Broad-winged: see Buteo platypterus sex differences in, 107 Red-tailed: see Buteo jamaicensis sources of information on, 118-130 Rough-legged: see Buteo lagopus species and, 89-91 Hedge Accento:-: see Prunella modularis Grosbeak, Evening: see Hesperiphona Heron. Great Blue: see Ardea herodias vespertinus Hesperiphona vespertinus (Evening Gros- Grouse beak).44t Blue: see Dendragapus obscurus Himantopus mexicanus (Black-necked Franklin's: see Dendrogapus obscurus Stilt). 126t. 132t Ruffed: see Bonasa umbellus Hippocampus. and dispersal. 231, 232 Scoticus Red: see Lagopus lagopus Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow). Sharp-tailed: see Tympanuchus 208t.213 phasianellus H. rustica (Barn Swallow), 96, 101, Spruce: see Dendragapus canadensis 128t, 208t Grus americana (), 51 Host quality (q;l, and brood parasitism, Guillemot, Pigeon: see Cepphus grylle 306 : see Guttera Hummingbird. Anna's: see Calypte anna Gull Hydrobates pelagicus (European Storm• Audouin's: see Larus audouinii petrel), 203 t Common Black-headed: see Larus Hypoleucos olivaceus (Olivaceous cormo• ridibundus rant); 126t, 132t Galapagos Swallow-tailed: see Larus furcatus Ibis Great Black-backed: see Larus marinus White: see Eudomicus albus Herring: see Larus argentatus White-faced: see Plegadis chihi Lesser Black-backed: see Larus fuscus Ideal free distribution model. and dis• Western: see Larus occidentalis persal,196 Guttera (Guineafowll, 23 Infrasounds, as cue of advancing winter Gyps fulvus (Eurasian Griffon, Griffon storm, 22-23 Vulture), 46t, 204t. 234 Insect parts, as substitute for grit, 113, 114 Gyrfalcon: see Falco rusticolus Interseasonal survival; and differential migration, 60, 72; see also Habitat quality/suitability, and dispersal. Overwinter survival 193,199; see also Breeding ground/site, quality Jackdaw manipulating. 234-235 Daurian: see Corvus dauricus Haematopus longirostris (Pied Oyster• Eurasian: see Corvus monedula catcher). 45t. 50 Jaeger. Parasitic: see Stercorarius H. ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher). parasiticus 45t.204t Jay Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle), Blue: see Cyanositta crista to 42t Scrub: see Aphelocoma coerulescens H. leucocephala (Bald Eagle). 220 Junco, Dark-eyed: see Junco hyemalis INDEX 319

Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco). 3. 6.7. Lead poisoning. and grit. 115~116 10-16. 33. 35. 44t. 58. 59.65. 77. Lead shot. as substitute for grit. 113. 115- 209t. 222 116 f. h. caralinensis. 44t Leipoa ocellata (Malleefowll. 118t f. h. oregan us. 44t Limestone. used as grit. 103-104 Limnodramus sco10paceus (Long-billed Kestrel Dowitcher). 125t. 132t American: see Falco sparverius Linnet: see Carduelis cannabina Eurasian: see Falco tinnuncu1us Lipid deposition: see Fat deposition Lesser: see Falco naumanni Location-rate limitation. and brood para- Killdeer: see Charadrius vociferus sitism.269 Kingfisher Longspur. Lapland: see Ca1carius Belted: see Megacer1e aicyon 1aponicus Common: see A1cedo atthis Lophura 1eucome1anos (Kalij ). Kinglet 111. 118t Golden-crowned: see Regulus satrapa Loxia curvirastra (Red Crossbill). 129t Ruby-crowned: see Regulus calendula Kite. Red: see Mi1vus mi1vus Magpie: see Pica pica . Black-legged: see Rissa Black-billed: see Pica pica tridactyla Ma1acorhynchus membranaceus (Pink- Kiwi. Brown: see Apteryx australis eared Duck). 123t Mallard: see Anas p1atyrhynchos Lagopus 1agopus (Willow Ptarmigan). 9. Malleefowl: see Leipoa ocellata 39. 4lt. 101. 104t. 107. 120t Mandarte Island. and behavior of cow- L.1agopus scoticus (Red Grouse). 91. birds. 288 101. 104t. 112t. 120t Marine birds; see also L. 1eucurus (White-tailed Ptarmigan). population recovery of. 165 4lt. 100. 104t. 109. 120t Martin L. mutus (Rock Ptarmigan). 45t. 100. Purple: see Pragne subis 101. 104t. 109. 120t Sand: see Riparia riparia L. mutus hyperboreus (Svalbard Ptarmi• Mate selection. models of. as related to gan).9 dispersal. 198-199 Lapwing. Northern: see Vanellus vanellus Megacer1e a1cyon (Belted Kingfisher). 45t Lark Me1anerpes formicivorus (Acorn Wood• Black: see Me1anocorypha ye1toniensis pecker). 173. 207t Horned: see Eremophila a1pestris Me1anitta fusca (White-winged Scoter). Larus argentatus (Herring Gull). 42t. 158- 45t 160. 205t. 223 M. nigra (Black Scoter). 45t L. audouinii (Audouin's Gull). 45t Me1anocorypha yeltoniensis (Black Lark). L. furcatus (Galapagos Swallow-tailed 43t Gull).205t Me1eagris gallopavo (Wild Thrkey). 97 L. fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull). Me10spiza me10dia (Song Sparrow). 12. 46t 14. 15. 47t. 208t. 229. 268. 271. L. marinus (Great Black-backed Gull). 288 46t Memory. spatial. and dispersal. 231 L. occidentalis (Western Gull). 42t. 51. Mephitis mephitis (Striped Skunk). 287 162. 163. 179. 205t.223 Merganser. Red-breasted: see Mergus L. ridibundus (Common Black-headed serrator Gull). 205t. 210 Mergus a1bellus (Smew). 45t Latitudinal segregation. and differential M. serra tor (Red-breasted Merganser). migration. 60--67. 77 45t 320 INDEX

Merlin: see Falco columbarius Motacilla flava (Yellow Wagtail), 47t Metabolic rate, winter acclimatization M. lugens (Black-backed Wagtail). 47t temperature and, 11 Multihabitat model, and dispersal. 196, 197 Metapopulation, and dispersal, 235 Murre defined, 196 Common: see Uria aalge Metapopulation models, 164, 196 Thick-billed: see Uria 10m via for seabirds, 171-175, 177-180 Murrelet, Xantus': see Synthliboramphus Micropalamus himantopus (Stilt Sand• hypoleucus piper). 126t, 132t Migrants Nannopterum harrisi (Flightless Cormo• differential, 41-44,50,76-78 rant),164 attributes, 41-44 Navigation and orientation, and dis• species classified as "candidate," 45- persal, 232-234 47 Nectarina osea (Palestine Sunbird). 209t nondifferential, 48, 49 Nest availability (N), and brood parasit- Migration, 18, 19; see also Prospecting ism, 298, 299, 304 cost, 38,60-64, 70, 73-74 critical value of, 305 defined,192-193 defined,265,267,291,305 differential, 33-34, 50; see also level of parasitism and, 265, 267-271, Optimality modeling of differen• 278-282, 287 tial migration Nest concealment, and brood parasitism, comparative approach to, 58-59 286 defined,34 Nest density, and brood parasitism, 264- effects, 34-35 267,272, 277 hypotheses to explain, 35-44, 48, 50- functional response to, 294-296 56· Nest initiation model. and brood parasit• latitude and, 60-67, 77 ism, 289; see also Parasitism lim• literature on, 40, 48, 50-56 itation, models of new approaches to, 57-58 Nest predation, and brood parasitism, 304 sex differences and, 39, 50, 52, 58, edge effects on, 287-288 74-75,77 near edges, 263, 285 Migration distances, 39-40 Nest sites; see also Prospecting Migration factor, and dispersal. 193 characteristics, and brood parasitism, Milvus milvus (Red Kite), 46t 300; see a/so specific characteris• Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mocking• tics bird). 46t high vs. low quality, and population Mockingbird, Northern: see Mimus density, 169 polyglottos Netta erythrophtha/ma (Southern Mohoua albicilla (Whitehead), 207t Pochard),123t Molothrus, 230 Night jar, Eurasian: see Caprimu/gus M. ater (Brown-headed Cowbird), 16, europaeus 49t, 231, 262, 268, 278,283,285, Noddy 287 Black: see Anous minutus M. badius (Bay-winged Cowbird), Brown: see Anous stolidus 231 Lesser: see Anous tenuirostris M. rufoaxillaris (Screaming Cowbird), Nucifraga caryocatactes (Spotted Nut• 231 cracker),46t Moorhen, Common: see Gallinula Nucifraga columbiana (Clark's Nut• chloropus cracker), 231-232 Morus bassanus (Northern Gannet), 43t, Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew), 50 132t INDEX 321

Numerical responses, of brood parasites, Owl 263,277-280,284 Boreal: see Aegolius funereus defined,305 Great Gray: see Strix nebulosa and encounter-rate limitation model, Long-eared: see Asia otus 281 Northern Hawk: see Surnia ulula immigrative: see Pseudonumerical re• Snowy: see Nyctea scandiaca sponses Spotted: see Strix occidentalis testing alternative mechanisms of edge Oxyura australis (Blue-billed Duck), 121t effects and, 294, 296-300 O. jamaicensis (Ruddy Duck), 121t Nutcracker Oystercatcher Clark's: see Nucifraga columbiana Eurasian: see Haematopus ostralegus Spotted: see Nucifraga caryocatactes Pied: see Haematopus longirostris Nuthatch, Eurasian: see Sitta europaea Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl), 42t, Pachyptila belcheri (Slender-billed 51 Prion), 202t Nyctidromus albicollis (Pauraque), 132t P. turtur (Fairy Prion), 202t Pagodroma nivea (Snow Petrel), 202t Oceanodroma castro (Maderian Storm• Panarus biarmicus (Bearded Parrotbill), petrel), 202t 47t, 106 0. furcata (Forked-tailed Storm-petrel), Pandion haliaetus (Osprey), 49t, 204t 203t Paratympanic (Vitali) organ, and baromet• O. homochroa (Ashy Storm-petrel), ric pressure, 22 168 Parrotbill, Bearded: see Panarus O. leucorhoa (Leach's Storm-petrel), biarmicus 202t,236 Parrotlet, Green-rumped: see Forpus Oldsquaw: see Clangula hyemalis passerinus Opossum: see Didelphis virginian a Partridge Optimality modeling of differential mi- Gray: see Perdix perdix gration, 59, 73-78 Red-legged: see Alectoris rufa difficulties, 69 Parus ater (Coal Tit), 10, 128t dominance and arrival-time versions of P. atricapillus (Black-capped Chicka• model, 7()""73 dee), 3-4, 6, 11, 46t, 208t, 221, how it works, 59-70 229 purpose, 59 P. caeruleus (Blue Tit), 10, 43t, 105, 128t simulation of bimodal peaks in winter P. cinctus (Siberian Tit), 43t distribution, 74 P. gambeli (Mountain Chickadee), 47t O~iole, Eurasian Golden: see Oriolus P. major (Great Tit), 7, 10, 47t, 105, oriolus 113t, 128t, 221 Oriolus oriolus (Eurasian Golden Oriole), P. montanus (Willow Tit), 7, 10 207t P. palustris (Marsh Tit), 10, 128t, 232 Ortalis canicollis (Chaco Chachalaca), Passer domesticus (House Sparrow), 6, 118t 12,14, 17,90t96, 10()""103, Osprey: ~ee Pandion haliaetus 104t 105-107, 11()""111, 128t Ostrich: see Struthio camelus P. hispaniolensis (Spanish Sparrow), Otis tarda (Great Bustard), 45t 99, 100, 105-106, 128t Otus asia (Eastern Screech-owl), 216 P. montanus (Eurasian Tree Sparrow), Overwinter survival, 6, 7; see also Inter- 104t, 105, 129t seasonal survival; Optimality Passerculus sandwichensis (Savannah modeling of differential migra• Sparrow),49t tion; Winter P. sandwichensis princeps (Savannah vs. interseasonal survival, 72-73 Sparrow)' 44t, 55, 58 322 INDEX

Passerina cyanea (Indigo Bunting), 47t, 283 Pheasant Pauraque: see Nyctidromus albic ollis Kalij: see Lophura leucomelanos Pelagodroma macroptera (Grey-faced Pe- Ring-necked: see Phasianus colchicus trel), 236 Philomachus pugnax (Ruff), 4U, 126t P. marina (White-faced Storm-petrel), Phoebetria fusca (Sooty Albatross). 20lt 20U Phoenicopterus minor (Lesser Flamingo), Pelecanoides urinatrix (Common Diving• 127t petrel), 203t P. ruber (Greater Flamingo), 126t Penguin Phoenicurus erythrogastra (White-winged Adelie: see Pygoscelis adeliae Redstart),43t Emperor: see Aptenodytes forsteri Photoperiod, and winter acclimatization, Royal: see Eudyptes chrysolophus 8-10 Perch availability, and brood parasitism, Phrigilus patagonicus (Patagonian Sierra• 283 finch), 129t, 133t Perches, high-visibility, and brood para• Pica pica (Magpie, Black-billed Magpie), sitism, 282-283 127t, 207t Perdix perdix (Gray Partridge). 97, 104t, Picoides albolarvatus (White-headed 118t Woodpecker), 45t Pesticide granules, as substitute for grit, P. borealis (Red-cockaded Wood• 114-115 pecker), 207t, 221 Petrel Pigeon: see Columba livia Black: see Procell aria parkinsoni Band-tailed: see Columba fasciata Blue: see Halobaena caerulea Common Wood: see Columba Grey-faced: see Pelagodroma palumbus macroptera Homing: see Columba livia Juan Fernandez: see Pterodroma Stock: see Columba oenas extern a White-crowned: see Columba Snow: see Pagodroma nivea leucocephalus Phaeton lepturus (White-tailed Pintail. Northern: see Anas acuta ). 203t Pipit Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Shag, European American: see Anthus rubescens Shag). 156, 158, 162, 163, 169- Buffy: see Anthus vaalensis 170,203t Meadow: see Anthus pratensis P. atriceps (Imperial Shag), 13U New Zealand: see Anthus P. auritus (Double-crested Cormorant). novaeseelandiae 49t, 58, 126t Tawny: see Anthus campestris P. bougainvillei (Guanay Cormorant), 164 Water: see Anthus spinoletta P. carbo (Great Cormorant), 46t, 58 Piranga rubra (Summer Tanager), 47t P. gaimardi (Red-legged Cormorant), Plectrophenax nivalis (Snow Bunting), 126t, 13U 44t P. magellanicus (Rock Shag). 126t, 13U Plectropterus gambensis (Spur-winged P. penicillatus (Brandt's Cormorant), Goose), 104t, 12U 156, 158, 164, 203t Plegadis chihi (White-faced Ibis), 127t Phalarope Plover Red: see Phalaropus fulicaria American Golden: see Pluvialis dam i• Wilson's: see Steganophus tricolor nica Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope). 49t Common Ringed: see Charadrius Phasienus colchinus (Ring-necked Pheas• hiaticula ant), 90t, 91, 94. 96-98. 100, Greater Golden: see Pluvialis fulva 104t, 105-107, 108t, 111, 11U, Grey: see Pluvialis squatarola 113t, 114, 118t, 119t, 13lt Kentish: see Charadrius alexandrinus INDEX 323

Pluvialis dominica (American Golden Prospecting (cant.) Plover), 45t sexual selection and value of, 214-215 P. fulva (Greater Golden Plover), 230 species for which it has been reported, P. squatarola (Grey Plover), 42t 200-209 Pochard types, 211-212 Common: see Aythya ferina Prospecting patterns, literature on, 200, Southern: see Netta erythrophthalma 210-211 Polioptila caerulea (Blue-gray Prospectors, types of, 191 Gnatcatcher), 211 Proximate-temperature hypothesis, and Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara), 46t winter fattening, 12 Population biology, effects of prospecting Prunella modularis (Dunnock, Hedge on, 235-237 Accentor), 95, 106, 129t Population Dynamics, Fundamental Law Pseudonumerical responses, of brood par• of,152 asites, 278-280, 284,294, 296- Population growth, sensitivity to popula• 299 tion parameters, 176~177 defined,263,277,306 Population models; see also Metapopula• and encounter-rate limitation model, tion models; Seabirds, population 281 (dynamic) models Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), 102 stochastic/probability, 166-168 Ptarmigan Population viability analysis (PVA), 168, Rock: see Lagopus mutus 179 Svalbard: see Lagopus mutus Porphyria porphyria (Purple Swamphen), hyperboreus 125t, 132t White-tailed: see Lagopus leucurus Porzana carolina (Sora), 107, 125t, 132, Willow: see Lagopus lagopus 132t Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Cassin's Predation risk, and winter fattening, 7, 14 Auklet), 206t Predictor-responders, and winter fatten• Pterodroma externa (Juan Fernandez Pe• ing, 13, 14 trel), 236 Prion Puffin, Atlantic: see Fratercula arctica Fairy: see Pachyptila turtur Puffinus auricularis newelli (Newell's Slender-billed: see Pachyptila belcheri Shearwater), 163, 179 Procell aria parkinsoni (Black Petrel), 236 P. griseus (Sooty Shearwater), 163, 168, Procyon lotor (Raccoon), 283, 287 177,179,202t Progne subis (Purple Martin), 113t, 208t, P. puffinus (Manx Shearwater), 162, 229 163, 202t Prospecting, 190, 191 P. tenuirostris (Short-tailed behavior interpreted as, 200, 210 Shearwater), 161, 163, 165, 202t conservation biology and, 234-237 Pygoscelis adeliae (Adelie Penguin), 20lt conspecifics as sources of, 212-213 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Red-billed defined,190 Choughl. 106, 127t environmental information regarding, Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Bullfinch, Eurasian 211-215,230-234 Bullfinch), 12, 14, 47t timing and availability, 213-214 by experienced breeders, 226-230 Quail before first breeding, 220-226 California: see CalJipepla califarnica future research, 237-238 Japanese: see Coturnix japonica integrating and using, 230-234 Quartz, used as grit, 103-104, 109 models, 192-195, 198; see also Spatial Quelea, Red-billed: see Quelea quelea behavior, models of Quelea quelea (Red-billed Quelea), 47t, patterns of dispersal and, 215-220 96, 129t 324 INDEX

Quiscalus major (Boat-tailed Grackle). 47t Rissa tridactyla (Black-legged Kittiwake). Q. mexican us(Great-tailed Grackle). 46t, 158, 160, 165. 191, 205t, 129t 212,214,223-226 Q. quiscula (Common Grackle). 16. Robin: see Erithacus rubecula 47t Rosefinch, Great: see Carpodacus rubicilJa Raccoon: see Procyon lotor 'Ruff: gee Philomachus pugnax Rail Virginia: see RalJus limicola Sanderling: see Calidris alba Yellow: see Coturnicops Sandpiper noveboracensis Curlew: see Calidris ferruginea RalJus limicola (Virginia Rail). 107. 124t. Least: see Calidris minutilla 132t Pectoral: see Calidris melanotus Range expansion and prospecting. dis- Solitary: see Tringa solitaria persal. 236-237 Spotted: see Actitis macularia, Tringa Raven. Common: see Corvus corax macularia Razorbill: see Alca torda Stilt: see Micropalamus himantopus Recovery time. after food caching. 232 Western: see Calidris mauri Recurvirostra americana (American Avo- Sapsucker cet).45t Williamson's: see Sphyrapicus Redhead: see Aythya americana thyroideus Redpoll. Common: see Carduelis Yellow-bellied: see Sphyrapicus varius j1ammea Scaup Redstart Greater: see Aythya marila American: see Setophaga ruticilla Lesser: see Aythya affinis White-winged: see Phoenicurus Schetba rufa (Rufous Vanga), 207t erythrogastra Scolopax minor (American Woodcock), Redwing: see Turdus iliacus 49t Regulus calendula (Ruby-crowned King• S. rusticola (Eurasian Woodcock), 125t, let).47t 132t R. regulus (Common Goldcrest). 47t Scoter R. satrapa (Golden-crowned Kinglet). Black: see Melanitta nigra 6 White-winged: see Melanitta fusca Reproductive parameters. and brood par• Screech-owl. Eastern: see Dtus asia asitism. estimated from nest Seabird colonies, influences on popula• data. 291-292 tion growth of, 164-166 Reproductive success. and dispersal. 197. Seabird restoration. 151. 170-171 199.224; see also Breeding objectives, 151 of seabirds. 153-156.176 Seabird restoration programs, 151, 177- density-dependent. 170 179 Reserves. designing. for dispersal. 235 Seabirds Resource-holding potential. inequalities adult survival. 155-158. 176 in. and differential migration. 37 breeding probability among experi• Resource scarcity. and differential migra• enced breeders, 163-164 tion,37 conservation and restoration challenges Responder-predictors: see Predictor-re- facing, 149-151 sponders demographic components of popula• Restoration, 151; see also under Seabirds tion change, 152-155 Restoration programs, 175, 177-179 demographic parameters, 155-168, Riparia riparia (Bank Swallow. Sand Mar- 180-181 tin), 133t. 208t density dependence, 166-171, 178 INDEX 325

Seabirds (cont.) Shoveler immigration and emigration, 164-166 Australian: see Anas rhynchotis juvenile survival, 158-159,176 Cape: see Anas smithii metapopulation models, 171-175, 177- Northern: see Anas ciypeata 180 Sierra-finch, Patagonian: see Phrigilus population (dynamic) models patagonicus deterministic and stochastic, 166-168 Single-habitat model, and dispersal, 196- examples, 179-180 197 utility, 176-180 Sink-source paradigm, metapopulation, probability an adult breeds for first 174-175 time, 161-163 Sink-source population dynamics, impli• reproductive success per breeder, 159- cations of, 175 161 Siskin, Eurasian: see Carduelis spinus with single- vs. multiple-egg clutches, 160 Sitta europaea (Eurasian Nuthatch), 207t, subadult survival, 157-158, 176 221 Search payoff (h8/s), and brood parasit• Skipping, 163 ism, 274, 305, 306 Skua Search-time limitation model, and brood Great: see Catharacta skua parasitism, 267, 289; see also McCormick: see Catharacta Parasitism limitation, models of maccormicki Seeds, hard Skunk, Striped: see Mephitis mephitis as substitute for grit, 111, 112, 114 Skylark, Eurasian: see Alauda arvensis Segregation: see Migration, differential Smew: see Mergus albellus Sequential search/selection model, and Snake, Black Rat: see Elaphe obsoleta dispersal, 198-199 Snipe, Common: see Gallinago gallinago Serinus citrinella (Citril Finch), 129t Snowstorms: see Storms, severe winter "Set point," internal, and winter storms, 19 Social status/rank, and differential migra- Setophaga ruticilla (American Redstart), tion, 68-69; see also Dominance 47t Somateria mollissima (Common Eider), Sex differences 106, 124t, 132t in migration, 39, 50, 52, 58,74-75,77; Sora: see Porzana carolina see also Migration, differential Sounds, infrasonic: see Infrasounds Sexual selection, and dispersal, 214-215 Source populations, 174-175 Shag: see Phalacrocorax aristotelis Source-sink paradigm, and European: see Phalacrocorax aristotelis metapopulations, 174-175 Imperial: see Phalacrocorax atriceps Sparrow Rock: see Phalacrocorax magellanicus American Tree: see Spizella arborea Shearwater Chipping: see Spizella passerina Cory's: see Calonectris diomedea Eurasian Tree: see Passer montanus Manx: see Puffin us puffinus Field: see Spizella pusilla Newell's: see Puffinus auricularis House: see Passer domesticus newelli Rufous-collared: see Zonotrichia Short-tailed: see Puffinus tenuirostris capen sis Sooty: see Puffinus griseus Savannah: see Passerculus Shelduck sandwichensis Australian: see Tadorna tadornoides Song: see Melospiza melodia Common: see Tadorna tadorna Spanish: see Passer hispaniolensis Shells/fragments, as substitute for grit, White-crowned: see Zonotrichia 112-114 leucophrys Shivering, and thermogenesis, 4 White-throated: see Zonotrichia Shorebirds, and lead poisoning, 115 albicollis 326 INDEX

Sparrow density. effect on cowbird be• Storm-petrel (cont.) havior.268 Forked-tailed: see Oceanodroma Sparrowhawk: see Accipiter nisus furcata Spatial activity patterns. functional re• Leach's: see Oceanodroma leucorhoa sponses of brood parasites. 276- Maderian: see Oceanodroma castro 282 White-faced: see Pelagodroma marina Spatial behavior. models of. 192. 195- Storms. severe winter 199; see also Prospecting ability to predict. 17-18 Spatial gradients: see Edge effects behavioral adjustments to promote sur• Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Williamson's vival of, 17 Sapsucker). 45t cues for shorter term adjustments to, S. varius (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker). 15-17 45t cues provided by advancing, 18-24 Spiza americana (Dickcissel). 106. 264 severity of storm and intensity of Spizella arborea (American Tree Spar• cue, 19, 20 row). 6. 11. 12. 47t. 90t. 129t future research on cues used for surviv• S. passerina (Chipping Sparrow). 129t ing.24-25 S. pusilla (Field Sparrow). 209t. 222 mortality due to. 16-17 Starling Strix nebulosa (Great Gray Owl). 45t Common: see Sturn us vulgaris S. occidentalis (Spotted Owl), 49t, 170. European: see Sturn us vulgaris 178 Starvation in winter. risk of. 6. 7; see also Structure-directed responses, of brood Overwinter survival parasites, 263. 276. 282-284. Steganopus tricolor (Wilson's Phalarope). 294, 298-299 126t. 132t defined. 306 Stercorarius parasiticus (Parasitic Jaeger). Struthio camelus (Ostrich). 131 t 205t Sturn us vulgaris (, Euro• Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern). 205t pean Starling). 6, 10. 12. 16. 18, S. antillarum (Least Tern), 234 46t, 113t, 207t S. dougallii (Roseate Tern), 156. 158. Subordinates: see Dominance 164 Sula bassana (Gannet), 203t S. fuscata (Sooty Tern), 42t, 205t S. sula (Red-footed Booby), 46t S. hirundo (). 210 Sunbird. Palestine: see Nectarina osea S. paradisaea (Arctic Tern). 46t, 205t Surnia ulula (Northern Hawk Owl). 42t S. sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern). 46t. Swallow 205t. 210 Bank: see Riparia riparia Stictonetta naevosa (Freckled Duck). 121t Barn: see Hirundo rustica Stilt, Black-necked: see Himantopus Cliff: see Hirundo pyrrhonota mexican us Tree: see Tachycineta bicolor Stint Swamphen. Purple: see Porphyrio Little: see Tringa min uta porphyrio Temminck's: see Tringa temmincki Swan Stochastic/probability population mod• Bewick's: see Cygnus columbian us els, 166-168 bewickii Stochasticity, effects on populations of. Mute: see Cygnus olor 167-168 Whooper: see Cygnus cygnus Stork, White: see Ciconia ciconia Swift: see Apus apus Storm-petrel. see also Oceanodroma Sylvia atricapilla (Blackcap), 47t, 55 homochroa S. melanocephala (Sardinian Warbler), Ashy. 179 111. 112t. 113t. 128t European: see Hydrobates pelagicus S. undata (Dartford Warbler). 47t INDEX 327

Synthliboramphus antiquum (Ancient Transport costs, and winter fattening, 14 Auklet),206t Tree-creeper S. hypoleucus (Xantus' Murrelet), 168, Eurasian: see Certhia familiaris 179 Short-tailed: see Certhia brachydactyla Tringa fJavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs), 125t, Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow), 105, 132t 128t, 208t, 229 T. macularia (Spotted Sandpiper), Tadorna tadorna (Common Shelduck), 42t 113t, 204t, 214, 228-229 T. minuta (Little Stint), 125t, 132t T. tadornoides (Australian Shelduck), T. solitaria (Solitary Sandpiper), 211 122t T. temmincki (Temminck's Stint), 125t, Taeniopygia guttata (Zebra Finch), 133t 132t Tanager, Summer: see Piranga rubra Troglodytes aedon (House Wren), 105, Teal 128t, 199 Blue-winged: see Anas discors T. troglodytes (Wren), 10, 229 Cape: see Anas capen sis Tropicbird, White-tailed: see Phaeton Chestnut: see Anas castanea lepturus Common: see Anas crecca Turdoides jardinerii (Arrowmarked Bab• Green-winged: see Anas crecca bler),208t Sunda: see Anas gibberifrons Turdus iliacus (Redwing), 127t Teeth, as substitute for grit, 113 T. merula (Common Blackbird, Eur• Tern asian Blackbird, European Black• Arctic: see Sterna paradisaea bird), 6, 43t, 207t Black: see Chlidonias niger T. viscivorus (Mistle Thrush), 90t, Bridled: see Sterna anaethetus 127t Common: see Sterna hirundo , Wild: see Meleagris gaIJopavo Least: see Sterna antillarum Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Roseate: see Sterna dougalJii Chicken), 41t Sandwich: see Sterna sandvicensis T. phasianeIJus (Sharp-tailed Grouse), Sooty: see Sterna fuscata 112t,121t Territoriality, and level of brood parasit• Tyto alba (Common Barn-owl), 49t, 179 ism, 281 Tetrao urogaIJus (), Ultimate-temperature hypothesis, and 106, 112t, 121t winter fattening, 12 Thermogenesis, regulatory, 2-4 Uria aalge (Common Murre), 157-160, Thermogenic capacity, 3-4 162,165,166,168,170,173,175, Thermogenic endurance, 3 206t, 212, 223 Thermogenic performance in winter, 7- U. lomvia (Thick-billed Murre), 46t, 8 158, 206t Threshold models, and dispersal, 198, 199 VaneIJus vaneIJu-s (Northern Lapwing), Thrush 18 Hermit: see Catharus guttatus Vanga, Rufous: see Schetba rufa Mistle: see Turdus viscivorus Vegetative structure, alterations in, and Tit broad parasitism, 286-287, 295, Blue: see Parus caeruleus 300 Coal: see Parus ater Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned War• Great: see Parus major bler),209t Marsh: see Parus palustris Vireo Siberian: see Parus cinctus Black-capped: see Vireo atricapillus Willow: see Parus montanus White-eyed: see V. griseus 328 INDEX

Vireo atricapillus (Black-capped Vireo), 281 Winter acclimatization; see also Fat depo- V. griseus (White-eyed Vireo), 281 sition, seasonal changes and Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox), 216, 287 cues for, 8-15 Vulture, Griffon: see Gyps fulvus future research on, 24-25 role oftemperature in regulation of, Wagtail 1D-15 Black-backed: see Motacilla lugens in small birds, 2-8 Yellow: see Motacilla flava Winter distribution, bimodal peaks in, Warbler and differential migration, 74 Cape May: see Dendroica tigrina Woodcock Dartford: see Sylvia undata American: see Scolopax minor Golden-cheeked: see Dendroica Eurasian: see Scolopax rusticola chrysoparia Woodpecker Hooded: see Wilsonia citrin a Acorn: see Melanerpes formicivorus Orange-crowned: see Vermivora celata Red-cockaded: see Picoides borealis Palm: see Dendroica palmarum White-headed: see Picoides Prairie: see Dendroica discolor albolarvatus Reed: see Acrocephalus scirpaceus Wren: see Troglodytes troglodytes Sardinian: see Sylvia melanocephala House: see Troglodytes aedon Sedge: see Acrocephalus Marsh: see Cistothorus palustris schoenobaenus Yellow: see Dendroica petechia Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Yel• Yellow-rumped: see Dendroica low-headed Blackbird), 44t coronata Waterfowl, and lead poisoning, 115 Yellowhammer: see Emberiza citrin ella Waxwing, Cedar: see Bombycilla Yellowlegs, Lesser: see Tringa flavipes cedrorum Whistling-duck, Black-bellied: see Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove), 45t, Dendrocygna autumnalis 92, 102, 112t, 113t, 124t Whitehead: see Mohoua albicilla Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Wigeon Sparrow), 6, 14, 47t American: see Anas americana Z. capen sis (Rufous-collared Sparrow), Eurasian: see Anas penelope 129t, 229 Wilsonia citrin a (Hooded Warbler), 286 Z. leucophrys (White-crowned Spar• Wind speed and direction, as cue of ad• row), 6,11,13,17, 44t, 209t, 214, vancing storm, 22 222