sign in sign up
<<
Home , Anilios, Aphelocephala, Australasian grebe, Australian crake, Australian masked owl, Azure kingfisher

1 Validation methods for trophic niche models 2 3 To assign links between nodes (), we used trophic niche-space models (e.g., [1]). 4 Each of these models has two quantile regressions that define the prey-size range a 5 predator of a given size is predicted to consume. Species whose body mass is within the 6 range of a predator’s prey size, as identified by the trophic niche-space model, are predicted 7 to be prey, while those outside the range are predicted not to be eaten. 8 9 The broad of a predator helps to predict interactions [2]. To optimize 10 our trophic niche-space model, we therefore tested whether including taxonomic class of 11 predators improved the fit of quantile regressions. Using trophic (to identify which species 12 were predators), body mass, and taxonomic data, we fitted and compared five quantile

13 regression models (including a null model) to the GloBI data. In each model, we log10- 14 transformed the dependent variable prey body mass, and included for the independent

15 variables different combinations of log10-transformed predator body mass, predator class,

16 and the interaction between these variables (Supplementary Table S4). We log10- 17 transformed both predator and prey body mass to linearize the relationship between these 18 variables. We fit the five quantile regressions to the upper and lower 5% of prey body mass, 19 and compared model fits using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The predator body 20 mass*predator class model fit the 95th quantile data best, whereas the predator body mass 21 + predator class model fit the 5th quantile data marginally better than the aforementioned 22 interaction model (Supplementary Figure S2, Supplementary Table S4). 23 24 Next, we compared the performance of two trophic niche-space models using empirical 25 data and the true skill statistic (i.e., model validation). The true skill statistic assesses how 26 well a model predicts present and absent links [1,3]: ("# − %&) 27 (" + &)(% + #) 28 where a = number of predicted links observed, b = number of predicted links not observed, 29 c = number of links observed but not predicted, and d = number of links predicted to be 30 absent and not observed. 31 32 The two trophic niche models we compared were: (1) the simple body-size model originally 33 developed by Gravel et al. [1], and (2) our new model based on the quantile regressions 34 with the lowest BIC (i.e., predator body mass*predator class for the upper limit and 35 predator body mass + predator class for the lower limit). We applied these trophic niche 36 models to two empirical datasets for validation. In the first validation, we split the GloBI 37 interaction data into training and validation datasets; we randomly assigned 75% of the 38 interactions in the GloBI interaction dataset to the training dataset, and 25% to the 39 validation dataset. Because GloBI only includes observed predator-prey interactions, we 40 needed to generate ‘observed absent’ links to calculate the true skill statistic. We generated 41 these absent links by randomly selecting pairs of species in the validation data that were not 42 observed in trophic interactions with each other, making the same number of these absent 43 links as there were observed links (1:1 ratio). We randomly generated 100 training and 44 validation datasets in this way, and recorded the performance (true skill statistics) of the 45 two trophic niche models on these sets. 46 47 The second dataset we used to validate our trophic niche models was a real-world food web 48 from the Serengeti (de Visser et al., 2011, S. de Visser, unpublished data). This is probably 49 the most highly resolved, diverse terrestrial food web that has been documented 50 and published; it describes one of the most intact ecosystems today, and one that includes 51 much of its Late (i.e., it is more analogous to Late Pleistocene 52 assemblages in in this regard). While it is the most detailed diverse terrestrial 53 vertebrate food web in existence, it consists of functional/trophic species groups rather 54 than individual species. We ran the validation analyses on the Serengeti food web in the 55 same way as described for the GloBI training/validation datasets, only in this case we: (1) 56 used the full GloBI dataset as the training data (i.e., to define the trophic-niche-space 57 models), (2) assumed all unobserved links between pairs of species were absent links, (3) 58 ran the analysis only once on the full Serengeti dataset, and (4) prohibited impossible links 59 based on each species’ diet — we only treated species as predators if they preyed on 60 ; we did not allow impossible links from vertebrates to strictly herbivorous or 61 insectivorous species (e.g., water buffalo are strictly herbivorous, and so we did not assign 62 vertebrate prey to this species). 63 64 In both the GloBI and Serengeti validations, the new model performed better than the 65 simple body-size model (i.e., true skill statistics for the new model and the simple model 66 were 0.38 vs 0.37, and 0.60 vs 0.58 for the GloBI and Serengeti data, respectively). Thus, we 67 adopted the new model that incorporates body size and predator class to infer trophic links. 68 Both trophic niche models are good at identifying potential links, but they almost always 69 overestimate the number of functional links. This is because predators are unlikely to 70 consume all prey within their size range — some species are not palatable, are dangerous, 71 too rare, difficult to capture, use different microhabitats, or have other ecological 72 characteristics that make them unsuitable for regular consumption [e.g., 5]. To build a 73 network with a more realistic structure, this overestimation needs to be considered. We 74 used the Serengeti validation food web to estimate how much our trophic niche model 75 overpredicted links so we could correct for overprediction when building trophic networks. 76 First, we tested whether there was a relationship between the number of prey predicted 77 and the proportion of predicted links that were actually observed by fitting a least-squares

78 regression to these variables; we found no association (t25 = -1.119, p = 0.27; Akaike 79 information criterion weights: 0.42 and 0.58 for the slope and intercept-only models, 80 respectively, giving an evidence ratio = 0.42/0.58 = 0.72). We then fit a kernel density to the 81 overestimation data to guide the removal of a proportion of each predator’s trophic links 82 when building networks from species lists (described in Methods). The number of observed 83 links divided by the number of predicted links per predatory species had a mean of 0.22 84 (range: 0.02 to 0.62). 85 86 References 87 1. Gravel D, Poisot T, Albouy C, Velez L, Mouillot D. 2013 Inferring food web structure from 88 predator-prey body size relationships. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 1083–1090. 89 (doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12103)

90 2. Eklof A, Helmus MR, Moore M, Allesina S. 2012 Relevance of evolutionary history for food 91 web structure. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 1588–1596. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2149)

92 3. Allouche O, Tsoar A, Kadmon R. 2006 Assessing the accuracy of species distribution 93 models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS): Assessing the accuracy of 94 distribution models. J. Appl. Ecol. 43, 1223–1232. (doi:10.1111/j.1365- 95 2664.2006.01214.x) 96 4. de Visser SN, Freymann BP, Olff H. 2011 The Serengeti food web: empirical quantification 97 and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact: Topological changes 98 under human impact. J. Anim. Ecol. 80, 484–494. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01787.x)

99 5. Marples NM, Speed MP, Thomas RJ. 2018 An individual-based profitability spectrum for 100 understanding interactions between predators and their prey. Biological Journal of the 101 Linnean Society 125, 1–13. (doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly088)

102 Supplementary Figure Captions

Figure S1. Flowchart displaying the steps we used to build ecological network models of Late Pleistocene Naracoorte, and how we assessed node vulnerability to bottom-up cascades and relative position in the network.

Figure S2. Predator/prey body-size relationships. Title indicates predator class. The red lines on the scatter plots show upper and lower quantile regressions.

Figure S3. Contributions of network metrics to PC1 in the principal component analysis.

Figure S4. Contributions of network metrics to PC2 in the principal component analysis.

Figure S5. Naracoorte temperature and precipitation anomalies (relative to 1000 ago) over the last 120,000 years. We hindcasted these climate variables for the Naracoorte region using a transient LOVECLIM Earth-system model1,2. The dotted vertical lines indicate the estimated date of megafauna in this region (~ 44,000 years ago). Temperature reached a minimum immediately before the megafauna extinct (left panel), whereas the amount and rate of change in precipitation were not extreme at this time compared to earlier or later (right panel).

1Goosse, H. et al. Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2. Geosci. Model Dev. 3, 603–633 (2010).

2Saltré, F. et al. Climate-human interaction associated with southeast extinction patterns. Nat. Commun. 10, 5311 (2019).

Figure S6. Network metrics from the 1000 ecological network models of Late Pleistocene Naracoorte.

Figure S7. Body mass versus number of links (node degree) for vertebrates from the ecological network models of Late Pleistocene Naracoorte. Plot points show mean number of links (in and out), while error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.

Dated records Contemporary species Fossil records from the records Late Pleistocene vertebrate Naracoorte region with high- Non-marine species from species list for Naracoorte quality rated dates (FosSahul the Naracoorte coastal 2.0). plains (ALA).

Species trait data Late Pleistocene Naracoorte Broad diet category, body vertebrate species list with trait size, and taxonomic class data Trophic niche space model (various databases). (TNSM) contemporary predator/prey List of inferred potential interaction data (GloBI) used predator/prey links to identify upper and lower prey size given a predator’s size and taxonomic class. Adjust number of predator/prey links Overestimation kernel List of inferred predator/prey links density estimate with a proportion of each Apply TNSM to known predator’s prey links removed Serengeti network – how based on the Serengeti much did the TNSM overestimation kernel density overestimate number of estimate (prey closer to the centre predator/prey links? of predator’s prey size range more likely to be kept).

Estimate number of plant, Add links to and from , and aquatic and aquatic Diet breadth of , nodes , and from plants invertivores, and aquatic Using the number of species Number of non-vertebrate nodes feeders in the vertebrate species list estimated from relative diversity, Fit kernel density estimates and the relative diversity of number of links from each to diet breadth data (from each group of organism in vertebrate to these nodes set by published records) for each Australia, estimate number sampling diet breadth kernel trophic group. of nodes in these groups in density estimates for that trophic Naracoorte group.

Adjust for omnivory Randomly remove links to vertebrates that feed on multiple trophic groups (proportion removed depends on how many groups the node feeds from).

Calculate coextinction Extract node-centred vulnerability network metrics Using an algorithm similar to Used for PCA and to PageRank, calculate each node’s calculate number of vulnerability based on the product predators and food of the vulnerabilities of the nodes resources for each species. it depends on.

Compare trophic groups Compare extinct and extant Compare extinct and extant Coextinction vulnerability of trophic predators Coextinction species groups and their representation vulnerability of extinct Network position, in degree among extinct versus extant species versus extant predators and out degree aves

● 8 ●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 6 ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● 6 ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● 4 ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●● 2 ●● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● log10 prey mass (g) log10 prey ●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ●● ●● ● mass (g) log10 prey ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1 2 3 4 5 log10 predator mass (g) log10 predator mass (g)

amphibia and reptilia best model

● 8 ● ● ●

5 and ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● mammals 6

4 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● 2 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● log10 prey mass (g) log10 prey ●● mass (g) log10 prey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 log10 predator mass (g) log10 predator mass (g) Contribution of variables to Dim−1

30

20 Contributions (%) Contributions

10

0

degree in degree out pageRank closeness out eccentricity out Contribution of variables to Dim−2

60

40 Contributions (%) Contributions

20

0

degree in pageRank degree out closeness out eccentricity out

1.5

) 0 -1 1 -1 0.5 -2 0 -3 -0.5 -4 -1 -5 -1.5 -6

-2 -7

mean annual temperature (°C) -2.5 -8 mean annual precipitation (cm / yr -3 -9 120 100 80 60 -40 -20 0 120 100 80 60 -40 -20 0 time (ka)

0.30 80 60 0.20 density density 40 0.10 20 0 0.00 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 10 15 20 25

connectance diameter (directed) 0.015 0.008 0.010 density density 0.004 0.005 0.000 0.000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 degree (in and out) degree (in) all nodes non−plant nodes 0.6 0.4 density 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 degree (out) all nodes 120 100 80 60 degree (in and out) 40 20

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

mean mass (log10 transformed) Supplementary Table Captions

Table S1. Naracoorte species assemblage and trait data.

Table S2. Data and source of data on species that went extinct in the Late Pleistocene.

Table S3. GloBI data on vertebrate predator/prey interactions (first page only).

Table S4. The quantile regressions tested and their BIC values.

Table S5. Diet breadth of invertivores, predators of aquatic animals, and herbivores.

Table S6. Network metrics and foundational papers that give their definitions. SciName Class Status ComName mean.mass.kgeat.plant eat.invert eat.vert eat.FishInv Acritoscincus duperreyi Reptilia Extant Eastern three-lined 0.0029 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acrobates pygmaeus Mammalia Extant 0.012 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Amphibolurus muricatus Reptilia Extant Jacky 0.03471151 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Amphibolurus norrisi Reptilia Extant Mallee tree dragon 0.03050277 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Anilios bicolor Reptilia Extant Dark-spined Blind 0.00401829 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Anilios bituberculatus Reptilia Extant Prong-snouted Blind Snake 0.00825664 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE agilis Mammalia Extant 0.018 TRUE TRUE FALSE flavipes Mammalia Extant Yellow-footed antecchinus 0.04433 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Antechinus minimus Mammalia Extant 0.0533 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Antechinus swainsonii Mammalia Extant 0.053 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Aprasia striolata Reptilia Extant Striated Worm-lizard 0.0072313 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE superbus Reptilia Extant Lowland copperhead 0.63252 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Caligavis chrysops Aves Extant Yellow-faced 0.0162 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE concinnus Mammalia Extant Western 0.013 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Cercartetus lepidus Mammalia Extant Tasmanian pygmy possum 0.0085 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Cercartetus nanus Mammalia Extant 0.04 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Chalinolobus morio Mammalia Extant Chocolate wattled bat 0.00891 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chelodina longicollis Reptilia Extant Eastern long-necked turtle 0.602 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Reptilia Extant Marbled 0.00368 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chrysococcyx basalis Aves Extant Horsfield's bronze 0.023 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chrysococcyx lucidus Aves Extant Shining bronze cuckoo 0.0242 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chrysococcyx osculans Aves Extant Black-eared cuckoo 0.0308 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cinclosoma castanotum Aves Extant 0.07451528 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Conilurus albipes Mammalia Extant White-footed rabbit-rat 0.2 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Coturnix ypsilophora Aves Extant Brown 0.105 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE parinsignifera Amphibia Extant Eastern Sign-bearing Froglet 7.00E-04 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Crinia signifera Amphibia Extant Common eastern froglet 0.00071 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE fordi Reptilia Extant Mallee Military Dragon 0.00409 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ctenophorus pictus Reptilia Extant Painted Dragon 0.008 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE orientalis Reptilia Extant 0.00946111 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Ctenotus robustus Reptilia Extant Robust Ctenotus 0.03230893 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Ctenotus spaldingi Reptilia Extant Strait-browed Ctenotus 0.01725838 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Ctenotus taeniatus Reptilia Extant 0.00298031 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ctenotus uber Reptilia Extant Rich Ctenotus 0.01 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Dasyurus maculatus Mammalia Extant Tiger /spotted-tail quoll 2.65 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Dasyurus viverrinus Mammalia Extant 1.13 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Delma australis Reptilia Extant Marble-faced Delma 0.00423532 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Delma impar Reptilia Extant Striped legless lizard 0.007 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Delma inornata Reptilia Extant Patternless Delma 0.00746106 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE coronoides Reptilia Extant White-lipped Snake 0.03692177 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Drysdalia mastersii Reptilia Extant Masters' Snake 0.01750101 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Emydura macquarii Reptilia Extant Murray Turtle 3.2 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Mammalia Extant Eatern false pipistrelle 0.02254 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Gallirallus philippensis Aves Extant Buff-banded 0.175 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE Gavicalis virescens Aves Extant Singing honeyeater 0.0243 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE laevis Amphibia Extant Southern smooth froglet 0.00092 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Gliciphila melanops Aves Extant Tawny-crowned honeyeater 0.0185 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Hemiergis decresiensis Reptilia Extant Three-toed Earless Skink 0.00161 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Hemiergis peronii Reptilia Extant Lowlands Earless Skink 0.00375 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Himantopus himantopus Aves Extant Black-winged stilt 0.178 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Hydromys chrysogaster Mammalia Extant Rakali/water rat 0.85 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Hylacola cauta Aves Extant Shy Heathwren 0.0146875 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Hylacola pyrrhopygia Aves Extant Chestnut-rumped Heathwren0.01701111 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Isoodon obesulus Mammalia Extant Southern brown 1.25 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE leporides Mammalia Extinct Eastern-hare 3 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Lampropholis delicata Reptilia Extant Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink 0.00116 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Lampropholis guichenoti Reptilia Extant Common garden skink 0.00106 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Leipoa gallinacea Aves Extinct Giant malleefowl 5.5 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Lerista bougainvillii Reptilia Extant Bougainville's skink 0.00157 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Limnodynastes dumerilii Amphibia Extant Eastern banjo 0.04671498 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Limnodynastes peronii Amphibia Extant Striped marsh frog 0.0155 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Litoria ewingii Amphibia Extant Brown tree frog 0.00169 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Litoria peronii Amphibia Extant Peron's Tree Frog 0.00791 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Litoria raniformis Amphibia Extant Southern Bell Frog/growling grass0.0742886 frog FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE fuliginosus/giganteus/titanMammalia Extinct/ExtantGiant eastern grey 50 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Macropus greyi Mammalia Extant Toolache wallaby 10 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Mastacomys fuscus Mammalia Extant Broad-toothed mouse 0.122 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Megalibgwilia ramsayi Mammalia Extinct Giant echidna 11 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE greyii Reptilia Extant Common Dwarf Skink 0.000415 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Metasthenurus newtonae Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 55 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Miniopterus schreibersii Mammalia Extant Common bent-wing bat 0.0109 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE adelaidensis Reptilia Extant Saltbush Morethia Skink 0.0015 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Reptilia Extant South-eastern Morethia Skink 0.0015 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Reptilia Extant Shrubland Morethia Skink 0.00298031 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Mormopterus planiceps Mammalia Extant Little Mastiff-bat 0.0088 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE pictus Amphibia Extant Painted burrowing frog 0.00720169 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Neobatrachus sudellae Amphibia Extant Sudell's frog 0.00720169 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Nesoptilotis leucotis Aves Extant White-eared honeyeater 0.0216 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Notamacropus eugenii Mammalia Extant Tammar Wallaby 5.28 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Notamacropus rufogriseus Mammalia Extant Red-necked wallaby 16.8 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Notechis scutatus Reptilia Extant Tiger snake 0.8355 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Notomys mitchellii Mammalia Extant Mitchell's 0.047 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Nyctophilus geoffroyi Mammalia Extant Lesser long-eared bat 0.008 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Nyctophilus gouldi Mammalia Extant Gould's long-eared bat 0.01132 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ornithorhynchus anatinus Mammalia Extant Platypus 1.48 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Parasuta flagellum Reptilia Extant Little Whip Snake 0.0128825 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Parasuta nigriceps Reptilia Extant Mitchell's Short-tailed Snake0.02238721 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Parvipsitta porphyrocephalaAves Extant Purple-crowned lorikeet 0.0449 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Parvipsitta pusilla Aves Extant Little lorikeet 0.0395 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Perameles bougainville Mammalia Extant Western barred bandicoot 0.226 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Perameles gunnii Mammalia Extant 0.75 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE australis Mammalia Extant Yellow-bellied Glider 0.571 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petaurus breviceps Mammalia Extant Sugar glider 0.11 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE boodang Aves Extant Scarlet robin 0.0132 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Phalacrocorax melanoleucosAves Extant 0.688 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE calura Mammalia Extant Red-tailed phascogale 0.0433 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Phascogale tapoatafa Mammalia Extant Brush-tailed phascogale 0.19 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Phascolarctos cinereus Mammalia Extant 8.45 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera Aves Extant Crescent Honeyeater 0.0150113 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pogona barbata Reptilia Extant Bearded dragon 0.29 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Pogona vitticeps Reptilia Extant Central Bearded Dragon 0.35908014 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Potorous platyops Mammalia Extant Broad-faced 0.5 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Potorous tridactylus Mammalia Extant Long-nosed potoroo 1.05 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE browneorum Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 50 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Procoptodon gilli Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 54 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Procoptodon goliah Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 220 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE oscillans Mammalia Extinct Giant extinct rat kangaroo 70 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE brehus Mammalia Extinct Giant wallaby 110 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Protemnodon roechus Mammalia Extinct Giant wallaby 170 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE entrecasteauxiiReptilia Extant Tussock Cool-skink 0.004 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudemoia rawlinsoni Reptilia Extant Glossy grass skink 0.00405653 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE peregrinus Mammalia Extant Common ringtail 0.8 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE apodemoides Mammalia Extant Silky mouse 0.02 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudomys auritus Mammalia Extant Long-eared mouse 0.053 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudomys australis Mammalia Extant Plains rat 0.053 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudomys fumeus Mammalia Extant Smoky mouse 0.06875 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudomys gouldii Mammalia Extant Gould's mouse 0.05 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudomys shortridgei Mammalia Extant Heath rat 0.064 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE textilis Reptilia Extant Brown snake 0.469 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE bibronii Amphibia Extant Bibron's toadlet 0.002 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pseudophryne semimarmorataAmphibia Extant Southern Toadlet 0.00354131 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pteropus Mammalia Extant Grey-headed Flying-fox 0.702 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE fusca Aves Extant Fuscous Honeyeater 0.01624958 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ptilotula ornata Aves Extant Yellow-plumed Honeyeater 0.01719319 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ptilotula penicillata Aves Extant White-plumed honeyeater 0.0183 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pygopus lepidopodus Reptilia Extant Common Scaly-foot 0.02009815 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Rattus fuscipes Mammalia Extant Bush rat 0.133 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rattus leucopus Mammalia Extant Cape York Rat 0.201 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rattus lutreolus Mammalia Extant Swamp rat 0.125 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rattus tunneyi Mammalia Extant Pale field mouse/rat 0.124 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rhipidura albiscapa Aves Extant Grey fantail 0.0078 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Saccolaimus flaviventris Mammalia Extant Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat 0.0452 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE laniarius Mammalia Extinct Large devil 15 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Scotorepens balstoni Mammalia Extant Inland Broad-nosed Bat 0.0118 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE baileyi Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 55 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Simosthenurus maddocki Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 78 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Simosthenurus occidentalisMammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 118 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Sminthopsis crassicaudata Mammalia Extant Fat-tailed 0.016 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Sminthopsis leucopus Mammalia Extant White-footed dunnart 0.02336 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Sminthopsis macroura Mammalia Extant Stripe-faced Dunnart 0.024 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Sminthopsis murina Mammalia Extant Slender-tailed dunnart 0.017 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE andersoni Mammalia Extinct Short-faced kangaroo 72 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Tachyglossus aculeatus Mammalia Extant Short-beaked echidna 4.5 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Tadarida australis Mammalia Extant White-striped free-tailed bat 0.0364 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Threskiornis molucca Aves Extant (bin ) 1.81 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE cynocephalus Mammalia Extant 30 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE carnifex Mammalia Extinct lion 115 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Tiliqua nigrolutea Reptilia Extant Blotched blue tongue 0.48106115 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Tiliqua occipitalis Reptilia Extant Western Blue-tongue 0.58492379 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Tiliqua rugosa Reptilia Extant Boggi/shingleback/sleepy lizard 0.61695etc TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Tiliqua scincoides Reptilia Extant Common blue tongue 0.49983333 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Trichosurus vulpecula Mammalia Extant 2.32 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Tympanocryptis lineata Reptilia Extant Lined earless dragon 0.00972 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE milii Reptilia Extant Thick-tailed Gecko 0.00961 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Varanus gouldii Reptilia Extant Gould's goanna/sand goanna 0.82106 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Varanus rosenbergi Reptilia Extant Heath Monitor 1.109 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Varanus varius Reptilia Extant Lace Monitor 6.343 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Vespadelus darlingtoni Mammalia Extant Large Forest Bat 0.00606 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Vespadelus regulus Mammalia Extant Southern Forest Bat 0.00505 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Vespadelus vulturnus Mammalia Extant Little forest bat 0.00377 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Vombatus ursinus Mammalia Extant Common/coarse-haired 26 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Wallabia bicolor Mammalia Extant 14.63 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Wonambi naracoortensis Reptilia Extinct Wonambi 30 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Zygomaturus trilobus Mammalia Extinct Wombat-like 400 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Acanthagenys rufogularis Aves Extant Spiny-cheeked honeyeater 0.0447306 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE apicalis Aves Extant 0.0072 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Aves Extant Yellow-rumped thornbill 0.0091 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza iredalei Aves Extant Slender-billed Thornbill 0.0061 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza lineata Aves Extant Striated thornbill 0.0073 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza nana Aves Extant 0.0065 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza pusilla Aves Extant 0.009 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza reguloides Aves Extant Buff-rumped thornbill 0.0074 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthiza uropygialis Aves Extant Chestnut-rumped Thornbill 0.006425 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Acanthorhynchus tenuirostrisAves Extant Eastern spinebill 0.0105 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Accipiter cirrocephalus Aves Extant 0.18 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Accipiter fasciatus Aves Extant 0.371 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Accipiter novaehollandiae Aves Extant Grey goshawk 0.565 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Acrocephalus australis Aves Extant Australian reed warbler 0.0189 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Actitis hypoleucos Aves Extant Common Sandpiper 0.0417163 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Aegotheles cristatus Aves Extant Australian owlet-nightjar 0.04283333 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Amytornis striatus Aves Extant Striated 0.01855 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Anas castanea Aves Extant Chestnut Teal 0.638 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Anas gracilis Aves Extant Grey Teal 0.493 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Anas rhynchotis Aves Extant Australian Shoveler 0.646 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Anas superciliosa Aves Extant Pacific black duck 1.06 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Anhinga novaehollandiae Aves Extant Australasian Darter 1.54 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Anseranas semipalmata Aves Extant Magpie geese 2.42 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE carunculata Aves Extant 0.09090401 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Anthochaera chrysoptera Aves Extant 0.0697 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Anthochaera lunulata Aves Extant Western wattlebird 0.0619 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Anthus novaeseelandiae Aves Extant Australasian pipit 0.0257 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE leucopsis Aves Extant 0.01235 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE pacificus Aves Extant Pacific 0.0435 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Aquila audax Aves Extant Wedge-tailed eagle 3.63 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Ardea alba Aves Extant Great egret 0.93 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Ardea intermedia Aves Extant Intermediate egret 0.45 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Ardea pacifica Aves Extant White-necked heron 0.881 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Ardeotis australis Aves Extant Australian 4.89 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Arenaria interpres Aves Extant Ruddy turnstone 0.119 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Artamus cinereus Aves Extant 0.03533475 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Artamus cyanopterus Aves Extant 0.034 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Artamus leucorynchus Aves Extant White-breasted woodswallow 0.0428 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Artamus personatus Aves Extant 0.0347 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Artamus superciliosus Aves Extant White-browed woodswallow 0.0353 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Aythya australis Aves Extant Hardhead/white-eyed duck 0.87 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Barnardius zonarius Aves Extant Australian Ringneck 0.151 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Biziura lobata Aves Extant 1.67 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Botaurus poiciloptilus Aves Extant Australasian bittern 1.11 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Burhinus grallarius Aves Extant Bush stone-curlew 0.673 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cacatua galerita Aves Extant Sulphur-crested cockatoo 0.735 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Cacatua sanguinea Aves Extant Little corella 0.497 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Cacatua tenuirostris Aves Extant Long-billed corella 0.567 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE flabelliformis Aves Extant Fan-tailed cuckoo 0.0499 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cacomantis pallidus Aves Extant 0.0876 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE campestris Aves Extant 0.01447262 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Calamanthus fuliginosus Aves Extant 0.019125 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Calidris acuminata Aves Extant Sharp-tailed sandpiper 0.0671 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Calidris ferruginea Aves Extant Curlew Sandpiper 0.06229732 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Calidris melanotos Aves Extant Pectoral Sandpiper 0.07178527 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Calidris ruficollis Aves Extant Red-necked Stint 0.02849548 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Calidris subminuta Aves Extant Long-toed Stint 0.02463889 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Callocephalon fimbriatum Aves Extant Gang-gang Cockatoo 0.257 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Calyptorhynchus banksii Aves Extant Red-tailed black cockatoo 0.682 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Calyptorhynchus funereus Aves Extant Yellow-tailed black cockatoo 0.661 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cereopsis novaehollandiae Aves Extant Cape Barren goose 5.36 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Certhionyx variegatus Aves Extant 0.02638318 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE azureus Aves Extant Azure 0.03520233 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Charadrius bicinctus Aves Extant Double-banded plover 0.07083931 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Charadrius ruficapillus Aves Extant Red-capped Dotterel 0.03745105 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Charadrius veredus Aves Extant Oriental Dotterel 0.095 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chenonetta jubata Aves Extant Australian wood duck 0.808 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Cheramoeca leucosterna Aves Extant White-backed 0.01401825 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Chlidonias hybrida Aves Extant Whiskered 0.0856 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Chlidonias leucopterus Aves Extant White-winged tern 0.0649 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Chroicocephalus novaehollandiaeAves Extant Silver gull 0.287 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Cincloramphus cruralis Aves Extant Brown songlark 0.0532 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cincloramphus mathewsi Aves Extant Rufous songlark 0.0297 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Circus approximans Aves Extant Swamp harrier 0.754 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Circus assimilis Aves Extant Spotted harrier 0.568 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Cisticola exilis Aves Extant Golden-headed cisticola 0.0078 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cladorhynchus leucocephalusAves Extant Banded Stilt 0.317 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Climacteris affinis Aves Extant White-browed Treecreeper 0.020825 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Climacteris picumnus Aves Extant Brown treecreeper 0.032 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Colluricincla harmonica Aves Extant Grey 0.0675 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE novaehollandiae Aves Extant Black-faced 0.115 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Coracina papuensis Aves Extant White-bellied cuckooshrike 0.0659 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Corcorax melanorhamphos Aves Extant White-winged chough 0.361 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cormobates leucophaea Aves Extant White-throated treecreeper 0.02 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Corvus bennetti Aves Extant Little Crow 0.396 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Corvus coronoides Aves Extant Australian raven 0.593 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Corvus mellori Aves Extant Little raven 0.534 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Corvus tasmanicus Aves Extant Forest raven 0.675 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Coturnix pectoralis Aves Extant Stuble quail 0.101 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Cracticus tibicen Aves Extant 0.28 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Cracticus torquatus Aves Extant Grey butcherbird 0.09078595 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Cygnus atratus Aves Extant Black swan 5.66 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Dacelo novaeguineae Aves Extant Laughing kookaburra 0.312 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Daphoenositta chrysoptera Aves Extant Varied sittella 0.0121 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Dendrocygna eytoni Aves Extant Plumed 0.733 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Dicaeum hirundinaceum Aves Extant Mistletoabird 0.0088 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Dromaius novaehollandiae Aves Extant 35.5 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE brunneopygia Aves Extant Southern Scrub-robin 0.03347632 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Egretta garzetta Aves Extant Little egret 0.482 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Egretta novaehollandiae Aves Extant White-faced heron 0.571 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Elanus axillaris Aves Extant Black-shouldered kite 0.275 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Elanus scriptus Aves Extant Letter-winged kite 0.316 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Elseyornis melanops Aves Extant Black-fronted Dotterel 0.03250094 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Entomyzon cyanotis Aves Extant Blue-faced honeyeater 0.103 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Eolophus roseicapillus Aves Extant Galah 0.306 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE australis Aves Extant Eastern yellow robin 0.0194 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Epthianura albifrons Aves Extant White-fronted chat 0.0133 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Epthianura aurifrons Aves Extant Orange Chat 0.01051402 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Epthianura tricolor Aves Extant 0.01071167 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Erythrogonys cinctus Aves Extant Red-kneed dotterel 0.05040441 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Eurostopodus argus Aves Extant Spotted nightjar 0.093 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Falco berigora Aves Extant Brown falcon 0.574 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Falco cenchroides Aves Extant Nankeen kestrel 0.179 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Falco hypoleucos Aves Extant Grey Falcon 0.466 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Falco longipennis Aves Extant 0.244 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Falco peregrinus Aves Extant Peregrine falcon 1.09 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Falco subniger Aves Extant 0.738 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Falcunculus frontatus Aves Extant Crested shrike-tit 0.02565112 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Fulica atra Aves Extant Eurasian coot 0.651 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Gallinago hardwickii Aves Extant Latham's snipe 0.162 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Gallinula tenebrosa Aves Extant Dusky 0.432 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Gelochelidon nilotica Aves Extant Gull-billed Tern 0.2 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Geopelia cuneata Aves Extant Diamond dove 0.03210881 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Geopelia striata Aves Extant Peacful dove 0.0454 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Gerygone olivacea Aves Extant White-throated gerygone 0.0065 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Glareola maldivarum Aves Extant Oriental Pratincole 0.07531984 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Glossopsitta concinna Aves Extant Musk lorikeet 0.070775 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE cyanoleuca Aves Extant Australian magpie-lark (peewee)0.08798259 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Grantiella picta Aves Extant Painted Honeyeater 0.02066667 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE rubicunda Aves Extant 6.25 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE Haliastur sphenurus Aves Extant Whistling kite 0.769 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Hieraaetus morphnoides Aves Extant Little eagle 0.832 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Hirundapus caudacutus Aves Extant White-throated needletail 0.119 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE neoxena Aves Extant Welcome swallow 0.01455 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Hydroprogne caspia Aves Extant Caspian tern 0.752 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Ixobrychus dubius Aves Extant Black-backed bittern 0.084 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Lalage tricolor Aves Extant White-winged triller 0.0255 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Lathamus discolor Aves Extant Swift 0.06728732 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Leipoa ocellata Aves Extant Malleefowl 1.92 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Lewinia pectoralis Aves Extant Lewin's rail 0.08783333 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE cratitius Aves Extant Purple-gaped Honeyeater 0.01977226 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Lichenostomus melanops Aves Extant Yellow-tufted honeyeater 0.02682679 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Limosa lapponica Aves Extant Bar-tailed godwit 0.317 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Limosa limosa Aves Extant Black-tailed Godwit 0.263 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Lophoictinia isura Aves Extant Square-tailed Kite 0.67 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Malacorhynchus membranaceusAves Extant Pink-eared duck 0.377 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE cyaneus Aves Extant 0.0106 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Malurus lamberti Aves Extant 0.00798438 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Malurus splendens Aves Extant Splendid Fairy-wren 0.00917531 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Manorina flavigula Aves Extant Yellow-throated Miner 0.0573525 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Manorina melanocephala Aves Extant 0.0713 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Megalurus gramineus Aves Extant 0.0126 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE cucullata Aves Extant Hooded robin 0.0193 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Melithreptus brevirostris Aves Extant Brown-headed honeyeater 0.0153 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Melithreptus gularis Aves Extant Black-chinned honeyeater 0.0196 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Melithreptus lunatus Aves Extant White-naped honeyeater 0.0149 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Melopsittacus undulatus Aves Extant Budgerigar 0.0287924 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Merops ornatus Aves Extant Rainbow bee-eater 0.028 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE fascinans Aves Extant Jacky winter 0.0145 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Milvus migrans Aves Extant Black kite 0.847 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Mirafra javanica Aves Extant Horsfield's bush lark 0.0218 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE cyanoleuca Aves Extant Satin flycatcher 0.0174 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Myiagra inquieta Aves Extant Restless flycatcher 0.0169 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Myiagra rubecula Aves Extant Leaden Flycatcher 0.0135357 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Neochmia temporalis Aves Extant Red-browed 0.0095 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Neophema chrysostoma Aves Extant Blue-winged parrot 0.0468 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Neophema elegans Aves Extant Elegant Parrot 0.0471 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Ninox connivens Aves Extant Barking 0.65 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Ninox novaeseelandiae Aves Extant /Southern boobook 0.177 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Ninox strenua Aves Extant 1.35 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Northiella haematogaster Aves Extant Bluebonnet 0.08182083 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Nycticorax caledonicus Aves Extant Nankeen night heron 0.725 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Nymphicus hollandicus Aves Extant Cockatiel 0.0924278 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Ocyphaps lophotes Aves Extant Crested pigeon 0.192 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Oreoica gutturalis Aves Extant 0.06341856 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Oriolus sagittatus Aves Extant Olive-backed Oriole 0.09717222 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Oxyura australis Aves Extant Australian blue-billed duck 0.801 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE inornata Aves Extant Gilbert's whistler 0.0308 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pachycephala olivacea Aves Extant Olive Whistler 0.04100653 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pachycephala pectoralis Aves Extant Australian golden whistler 0.0385 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pachycephala rufiventris Aves Extant Rufous whistler 0.0235 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pachycephala rufogularis Aves Extant Red-lored Whistler 0.03672222 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pardalotus punctatus Aves Extant Spotted 0.0085 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pardalotus striatus Aves Extant Striated pardalote 0.011 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pedionomus torquatus Aves Extant Plains-wanderer 0.0632 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pelecanus conspicillatus Aves Extant Australian Pelican 5.4 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE Petrochelidon ariel Aves Extant Fairy martin 0.0108 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petrochelidon nigricans Aves Extant Tree martin 0.0166 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petroica goodenovii Aves Extant Red-capped robin 0.0087 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petroica phoenicea Aves Extant 0.0132 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petroica rodinogaster Aves Extant 0.00969868 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Petroica rosea Aves Extant 0.008625 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Pezoporus wallicus Aves Extant Eastern ground parrot 0.0826625 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Phalacrocorax carbo Aves Extant Black Shag 2.54 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Aves Extant Little black cormorant 0.86 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Phalacrocorax varius Aves Extant Pied Cormorant 1.74 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Phaps chalcoptera Aves Extant 0.331 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Phaps elegans Aves Extant 0.211 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Phylidonyris novaehollandiaeAves Extant New holland honeyeater 0.0209 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Platalea flavipes Aves Extant Yellow-billed Spoonbill 1.87 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Platalea regia Aves Extant Kotuku-ngutupapa 1.73 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Platycercus adscitus Aves Extant Pale-headed Rosella 0.103 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Platycercus elegans Aves Extant Crimson rosella 0.126 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Platycercus eximius Aves Extant Eastern rosella 0.104 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Plegadis falcinellus Aves Extant Glossy ibis 0.604 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Pluvialis fulva Aves Extant Pacific Golden Plover 0.138 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Podargus strigoides Aves Extant Tawny frogmouth 0.277 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE cristatus Aves Extant Great crested 1.03 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Poliocephalus poliocephalusAves Extant Hoary-headed grebe 0.241 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Polytelis anthopeplus Aves Extant Regent Parrot 0.175 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Pomatostomus superciliosusAves Extant White-browed babbler 0.0415 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Pomatostomus temporalis Aves Extant Grey-crowned babbler 0.0698 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Porphyrio porphyrio Aves Extant Western swamphen 0.793 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE fluminea Aves Extant Australian crake 0.064775 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Porzana pusilla Aves Extant Baillon's crake 0.0339 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Porzana tabuensis Aves Extant Spotless crake 0.0435 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Psephotus haematonotus Aves Extant Red-rumped parrot 0.063 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Psophodes nigrogularis Aves Extant 0.0460125 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Purnella albifrons Aves Extant White-fronted honeyeater 0.01723333 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Recurvirostra novaehollandiaeAves Extant Australian red-necked avocet 0.245 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Rhipidura leucophrys Aves Extant 0.0207 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rhipidura rufifrons Aves Extant Rufous Fantail 0.00966958 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Rostratula australis Aves Extant Australian painted snipe 0.127 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE frontalis Aves Extant White-browed scrubwren 0.0131 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Smicrornis brevirostris Aves Extant Weebill 0.005725 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE bella Aves Extant Beautiful firetail 0.0138 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Stagonopleura guttata Aves Extant 0.0178 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Stictonetta naevosa Aves Extant Freckled duck 0.912 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE Stiltia isabella Aves Extant Australian Pratincole 0.06365584 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Stipiturus malachurus Aves Extant Southern emu-wren 0.0072 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Stipiturus mallee Aves Extant Mallee Emu-wren 0.0055 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Strepera graculina Aves Extant Pied Currawong 0.308 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Strepera versicolor Aves Extant Grey currawong 0.388 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Struthidea cinerea Aves Extant Apostlebird 0.136 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Sugomel niger Aves Extant 0.00925632 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE novaehollandiaeAves Extant Australasian grebe 0.184 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Tadorna radjah Aves Extant White-headed Shelduck 0.95 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Tadorna tadornoides Aves Extant Shelduck 1.43 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Taeniopygia guttata Aves Extant Zebra Finch 0.01112875 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Thalasseus bergii Aves Extant Crested Tern 0.331 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE Threskiornis spinicollis Aves Extant Straw-necked ibis 1.35 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Todiramphus pyrrhopygius Aves Extant Red-backed Kingfisher 0.05172813 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE Todiramphus sanctus Aves Extant Sacred kingfisher 0.053 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE Tribonyx ventralis Aves Extant Black-tailed native hen 0.387 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE Trichoglossus haematodus Aves Extant Rainbow/Coconut lorikeet 0.129 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Tringa glareola Aves Extant Wood Sandpiper 0.05735 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Tringa nebularia Aves Extant Common greenshank 0.176 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Tringa stagnatilis Aves Extant Marsh sandpiper 0.0702 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Turnix pyrrhothorax Aves Extant Red-chested 0.04537601 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Turnix velox Aves Extant Little buttonquail 0.045 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE alba Aves Extant Barn owl 0.392 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Tyto novaehollandiae Aves Extant 0.604 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Vanellus miles Aves Extant Masked lapwing 0.316 FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Vanellus tricolor Aves Extant Banded Lapwing 0.186 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Zoothera lunulata Aves Extant Bassian 0.111 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Zosterops lateralis Aves Extant Silvereye 0.01169652 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE yvonneae Mammalia Extant 0.0082 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Bettongia penicillate Mammalia Extant Woylie 1.26 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Diprotodon optatum Mammalia Extinct Dipotodon 2800 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE SciName Status mean.mass.kg eat.plant eat.invert eat.vert eat.FishInv Leipoa gallinacea Extinct 5.5 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE Boles, Walter E. “Systematics of the Fossil Australian Giant Progura (Aves: Megapodiidae)” 7 (2008): 21. Van Tets, Gerard Frederick. "A revision of the fossil Megapodiidae (Aves), including a description of a new species of Progura De Vis." (1974). Renema, Willem, ed. Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands. Vol. 29. Topics In Geobiology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9. Shute, Elen, Gavin J. Prideaux, and Trevor H. Worthy. “Taxonomic Review of the Late Cenozoic Megapodes (: Megapodiidae) of Australia.” Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170233. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170233.

Megalibgwilia ramsayi Extinct 11 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE Ashwell, Ken W.S., Craig D. Hardman, and Anne M. Musser. “Brain and Behaviour of Living and Extinct Echidnas.” Zoology 117, no. 5 (October 2014): 349–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2014.05.002. Johnson, Chris. Australia’s : A 50,000- History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Metasthenurus newtonae Extinct 55 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Palorchestes azael Extinct 500 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Procoptodon browneorum Extinct 50 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Procoptodon gilli Extinct 54 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Procoptodon goliah Extinct 220 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Helgen, Kristofer M., Rod T. Wells, Benjamin P. Kear, Wayne R. Gerdtz, and Timothy F. Flannery. “Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Sizes of Giant Extinct .” Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 4 (2006): 293. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO Janis, Christine M., Karalyn Buttrill, and Borja Figueirido. “Locomotion in Extinct Giant Kangaroos: Were Sthenurines Hop-Less Monsters?” Edited by Brian Lee Beatty. PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2014): e109888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109

Propleopus oscillans Extinct 70 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE Wroe, Stephen, Christine Argot, and Christopher Dickman. “On the Rarity of Big Fierce and Primacy of Isolation and Area: Tracking Large Mammalian Diversity on Two Isolated Continents.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Serie Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Ride, William David Lindsay, et al. "Towards a biology of Propleopus oscillans (Marsupialia: Propleopinae, )." PROCEEDINGS-LINNEAN SOCIETY OF . Vol. 117. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1997. Johnson, Chris N. "The rise and fall of large marsupial carnivores." A. Glen, D., and Dickman, eds. Carnivores of Australia, past, present and future. CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia (2014): 13-26.

Protemnodon brehus Extinct 110 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Protemnodon roechus Extinct 170 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Sarcophilus laniarius Extinct 17.8 (Wroe has it at 23.6FALSE kg while RoreFALSE and others say harrisiiTRUE is 16% smallerFALSE than laniarius, which would make laniarius about 12 kg (given mean mass of harrisii in Elton traits database of 10 kg); take the average = 17.8 kg) Wroe, S. “A Review of Terrestrial Mammalian and Reptilian Carnivore Ecology in Australian Fossil Faunas, and Factors Influencing Their Diversity: The Myth of Reptilian Domination and Its Broader Ramifications.” Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (200 Rose, Robert K., David A. Pemberton, Nick J. Mooney, and Menna E. Jones. “Sarcophilus Harrisii (: ).” Mammalian Species 49, no. 942 (May 1, 2017): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sex001.

Simosthenurus baileyi Extinct 55 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Simosthenurus maddocki Extinct 78 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Simosthenurus occidentalis Extinct 118 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Simosthenurus pales Extinct 150 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Sthenurus andersoni Extinct 72 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Thylacoleo carnifex Extinct 115 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Wonambi naracoortensis Extinct 30 (big discrepencies FALSEin estimated mass.FALSE Earlier estimatesTRUE of > 100 kg andFALSE > 50 kg, Wroe estimate ~ 15 kg, with some over 30 kg) Wroe, S. “A Review of Terrestrial Mammalian and Reptilian Carnivore Ecology in Australian Fossil Faunas, and Factors Influencing Their Diversity: The Myth of Reptilian Domination and Its Broader Ramifications.” Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (200 Scanlon, John D. "Giant terrestrial reptilian carnivores of Cenozoic Australia." Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future (2014): 27.

Zygomaturus trilobus Extinct 500 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Gillespie, Richard, Aaron B. Camens, Trevor H. Worthy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Craig Reid, Fiona Bertuch, Vladimir Levchenko, and Alan Cooper. “Man and Megafauna in : Closing the Gap.” Science Reviews 37 (March 2012): 38–47. https://doi.or Sharp, Alana C. “A Quantitative Comparative Analysis of the Size of the Frontoparietal Sinuses and Brain in Vombatiform .” Memoirs of Museum 74 (2016): 331–42. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.23. Murray, Peter. "The of Australia." Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia (1991): 1070-1164. Diprotodon optatum Extinct 2700 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Wroe, Stephen, Mathew Crowther, Joe Dortch, and John Chong. “The Size of the Largest Marsupial and Why It Matters.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. suppl_3 (February 7, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl

Macropus fuliginosus/giganteus/titan Extinct/Extant 50 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE Janis, Christine M., Karalyn Buttrill, and Borja Figueirido. “Locomotion in Extinct Giant Kangaroos: Were Sthenurines Hop-Less Monsters?” Edited by Brian Lee Beatty. PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2014): e109888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109 Helgen, Kristofer M., Rod T. Wells, Benjamin P. Kear, Wayne R. Gerdtz, and Timothy F. Flannery. “Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Sizes of Giant Extinct Kangaroos.” Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 4 (2006): 293. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO

General references (details for multiple species) Smith, Felisa A., Rosemary E. Elliott Smith, S. Kathleen Lyons, and Jonathan L. Payne. “Body Size Downgrading of Mammals over the Late Quaternary.” Science 360, no. 6386 (April 20, 2018): 310–13. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao5987. Flannery, T. F. “Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia’s Past and Future.” Archaeology in 25, no. 2 (July 1990): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1990.tb00232.x. Johnson, Chris. Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000-Year History. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Camens, Aaron B. Systematic and palaeobiological implications of postcranial morphology in the Diprotodontidae (Marsupialia). Doctoral dissertation (2010). resource consumer body_mass_resourcebody_mass_consumerclass_resourceclass_consumermetab Gallus gallus Bubo virginianus 751.72 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Mus musculusBubo virginianus 17.775 1575.7 mammals aves endotherm Megascops asioBubo virginianus 179.99 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Rattus norvegicusBubo virginianus 310.665 1575.7 mammals aves endotherm Cyanocitta cristataBubo virginianus 88 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Corvus brachyrhynchosBubo virginianus 448.76 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Bonasa umbellusBubo virginianus 530.91 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Columba liviaBubo virginianus 354.2 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Sciurus nigerBubo virginianus 761.9 1575.7 mammals aves endotherm PlectrophenaxBubo nivalis virginianus 42.2 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Aythya marilaBubo virginianus 1005.37 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Gallinula chloropusBubo virginianus 339.63 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Turdus migratoriusBubo virginianus79.9856214 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Agelaius phoeniceusBubo virginianus 50.78 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Melospiza melodiaBubo virginianus 21.91 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Euphagus carolinusBubo virginianus 59.57 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Ondatra zibethicusBubo virginianus1028.875 1575.7 mammals aves endotherm podicepsBubo virginianus 411.93 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Anas platyrhynchosBubo virginianus 843.42 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Tringa flavipesBubo virginianus 77.5 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Asio otus Bubo virginianus 296.57 1575.7 aves aves endotherm elegansBubo virginianus310.6604 1575.7 aves aves endotherm Sciurus carolinensisStrix varia 526.25 711.49 mammals aves endotherm Megascops asioStrix varia 179.99 711.49 aves aves endotherm Bonasa umbellusStrix varia 530.91 711.49 aves aves endotherm Cyanocitta cristataStrix varia 88 711.49 aves aves endotherm Turdus migratoriusStrix varia 79.9856214 711.49 aves aves endotherm Mus musculusStrix varia 17.775 711.49 mammals aves endotherm Sciurus nigerStrix varia 761.9 711.49 mammals aves endotherm Table S4 Quantile regression models tested

ft1 = rq(prey mass~1) ft2 = rq(prey mass~predator class) ft3 = rq(prey mass ~predator mass) ft4 = rq(prey mass~predator mass+predator class) ft5 = rq(prey mass ~predator mass*predator class)

BIC values for 0.95 quantile (* = lowest BIC) ft1 = 16974.37 ft2 = 15546.87 ft3 = 13941.17 ft4 = 13942.66 ft5 = 13868.49*

BIC values for 0.05 quantile (* = lowest BIC) ft1 = 12401.17 ft2 = 12315.05 ft3 = 11566.74 ft4 = 11272.55* ft5 = 11274.53 species breadth diet group source swift 78 inv Or_owski, G. and Karg, J., 2013. Diet breadth and overlap in three sympatric aerial insectivorous birds at the same location. Bird Study, 60(4), pp.475-483. swallow 76 inv Or_owski, G. and Karg, J., 2013. Diet breadth and overlap in three sympatric aerial insectivorous birds at the same location. Bird Study, 60(4), pp.475-483. house martin 113 inv Or_owski, G. and Karg, J., 2013. Diet breadth and overlap in three sympatric aerial insectivorous birds at the same location. Bird Study, 60(4), pp.475-483. TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS76 inv Griffiths, M. and Greenslade, P.J.M., 1990. The diet of the spiny-anteater Tachyglossus aculeatus acanthion in tropical in the . Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, The, 7(1), p.79. Pteronotus davyi 169 inv Poulin, B., Lefebvre, G. and McNEIL, R., 1994. Characteristics of feeding guilds and variation in diets of bird species of three adjacent tropical sites. Biotropica, pp.187-197. Pteronotus parnelli 198 inv Poulin, B., Lefebvre, G. and McNEIL, R., 1994. Characteristics of feeding guilds and variation in diets of bird species of three adjacent tropical sites. Biotropica, pp.187-197. Pteronotus personatus114 inv Poulin, B., Lefebvre, G. and McNEIL, R., 1994. Characteristics of feeding guilds and variation in diets of bird species of three adjacent tropical sites. Biotropica, pp.187-197. Lariurus borealis 127 inv Clare, E.L., Fraser, E.E., Braid, H.E., Fenton, M.B. and Hebert, P.D., 2009. Species on the menu of a generalist predator, the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis): using a molecular approach to detect prey. Molecular ecology, 18(11), pp.2532-254 Caspien turn 18 pisc Collis, K., Roby, D.D., Craig, D.P., Adamany, S., Adkins, J.Y. and Lyons, D.E., 2002. Colony size and diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds on the lower Columbia River: implications for losses of juvenile salmonids to avian predation. Transactions of Double-crested cormorants16 pisc Collis, K., Roby, D.D., Craig, D.P., Adamany, S., Adkins, J.Y. and Lyons, D.E., 2002. Colony size and diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds on the lower Columbia River: implications for losses of juvenile salmonids to avian predation. Transactions of Gulls 15 pisc Collis, K., Roby, D.D., Craig, D.P., Adamany, S., Adkins, J.Y. and Lyons, D.E., 2002. Colony size and diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds on the lower Columbia River: implications for losses of juvenile salmonids to avian predation. Transactions of Northern gannets 5 pisc Montevecchi, W.A.Birt, V.L. and , D.K., 1988. Dietary changes of associated with local fisheries failures. Biological Oceanography, 5(3), pp.153-161. Heterohyrax brucei 61 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7 Procavia capensis 73 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Pedetes capensis 8 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Madoqua kirkii 30 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Ourebia ourebi 4 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Eudorcas thomsonii 25 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Tragelaphus scriptus 4 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Redunca redunca 3 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Aepyceros melampus 23 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Nanger granti 27 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Damaliscus korrigum 14 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Alcelaphus buselaphus 21 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Connochaetes taurinus 26 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Kobus ellipsiprymnus 12 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Equus quagga 19 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Taurotragus oryx 15 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Syncerus caffer 18 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Giraffa camelopardalis20 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Hippopotamus amphibius9 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321. Loxodonta africana 46 herb Baskerville, Edward B., Andy P. Dobson, Trevor Bedford, Stefano Allesina, T. Michael Anderson, and Mercedes Pascual. “Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model.” Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers. PLoS Computational Biology 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2011): e1002321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002321.

Trophic level Trophic level describes a species’ position in its trophic network. Primary producers, such as plants, have a trophic level of 1, while consumers have a trophic level equal to that of the species they consume plus 1. Thus, if a species feeds from multiple trophic levels, its trophic level is calculated by taking the average trophic level of all the species it consumes and adding 1. Reference: Lindeman, R.L. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23.4, 399-417 (1942).

Degree A node’s degree is based on the number of links it has. Node degree is usually expressed in its normalized form (number of links divided by the number of links the node with the most links has). Reference: Freeman, L. C. Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks 1, 215 239 (1978).

Eccentricity Eccentricity is the shortest path between the focal node and the node furthest from the focal node. Reference: Harary, F. Graph theory. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, First Edition (1969)

Eigenvector centrality Eigenvector centrality measures how influential a node is based on the number of links it has, with these links weighted depending on the number of links the contributing nodes have i.e., links coming from nodes with many links have a higher weighting than links from nodes with few links. Reference: Bonacich, P. Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures. American Journal of Sociology 92, 1170–1182 (1987).

PageRank PageRank score is a centrality similar to Eigenvector centrality. It is calculated based on the number of ‘in’ links a node (or page) receives, weighted depending on how many ‘in’ and ‘out’ links the contributing nodes have. Having more ‘in’ links adds weight to a node’s ‘out’ links, but the weight of these ‘out’ links decrease as their number increases. Reference: Brin, S. & Page, L. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30, 107–117 (1998).

Betweenness centrality Betweenness centrality indicates how important a node is as a connector between other nodes. It is based on the number of shortest paths between nodes that travel through the focal node. Reference: Freeman, L. C. A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness. Sociometry 40, 35 (1977).

Closeness centrality A node’s closeness centrality is based on the path length from the focal node to all other nodes in the network. It is calculated by taking the inverse of the sum of shortest path lengths. However, it is often expressed in its normalized form, where the numerator is the number of nodes in the network minus 1, and the denominator is the sum of shortest paths. Reference: Bavelas, A. Communication patterns in task-oriented groups. The journal of the acoustical society of America 22, 725–730 (1950).

Coreness Coreness is a centrality measure that indicates which core a node belongs to. First, nodes with no links are removed. These nodes belong to core 0. Then, nodes with one link (or less) are removed (including nodes that started with more than one link, but ended up having one or no links after other nodes were removed). These nodes belong to core 1. This process is continued until a further step would result in no nodes remaining. The innermost core is known as the k-core. Reference: Seidman, S. B. Network structure and minimum degree. Social Networks 5, 269–287 (1983).