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Aberrant Plumages in Grebes Podicipedidae

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Aberrant Plumages in Grebes Podicipedidae André Konter Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae An analysis of albinism, leucism, brown and other aberrations in all grebe species worldwide Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae in grebes plumages Aberrant Ferrantia André Konter Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d'histoire naturelle Luxembourg www.mnhn.lu 72 2015 Ferrantia 72 2015 2015 72 Ferrantia est une revue publiée à intervalles non réguliers par le Musée national d’histoire naturelle à Luxembourg. Elle fait suite, avec la même tomaison, aux TRAVAUX SCIENTIFIQUES DU MUSÉE NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE LUXEMBOURG parus entre 1981 et 1999. Comité de rédaction: Eric Buttini Guy Colling Edmée Engel Thierry Helminger Mise en page: Romain Bei Design: Thierry Helminger Prix du volume: 15 € Rédaction: Échange: Musée national d’histoire naturelle Exchange MNHN Rédaction Ferrantia c/o Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25, rue Münster 25, rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg L-2160 Luxembourg Tél +352 46 22 33 - 1 Tél +352 46 22 33 - 1 Fax +352 46 38 48 Fax +352 46 38 48 Internet: http://www.mnhn.lu/ferrantia/ Internet: http://www.mnhn.lu/ferrantia/exchange email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Page de couverture: 1. Great Crested Grebe, Lake IJssel, Netherlands, April 2002 (PCRcr200303303), photo A. Konter. 2. Red-necked Grebe, Tunkwa Lake, British Columbia, Canada, 2006 (PGRho200501022), photo K. T. Karlson. 3. Great Crested Grebe, Rotterdam-IJsselmonde, Netherlands, August 2006 (PCRcr200602012), photo C. van Rijswik. Citation: André Konter 2015. - Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae - An analysis of albinism, leucism, brown and other aberrations in all grebe species worldwide. Ferrantia 72, Musée national d’histoire naturelle, Luxembourg, 206 p. Date de publication: 25 septembre 2015 (réception du manuscrit: 9.1.2014) Impression: Imprimerie Faber, Mersch © Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg, 2015 ISSN 1682-5519 Ferrantia 72 Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae An analysis of albinism, leucism, brown and other aberrations in all grebe species worldwide André Konter Luxembourg, 2015 Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg André Konter Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae An analysis of albinism, leucism, brown and other aberrations in all grebe species worldwide Contents 1. Introduction 8 2. Methodology and theoretical aspects of colouration 10 2.1. What is an aberration? 10 2.2. Compilation of the register 11 2.3. Theoretical aspects of plumage colouration and terminology of aberrations 11 2.3.1. Pigmentation and colouration of plumage and bare parts 11 2.3.2. Possible causes of aberrations 14 2.3.3. Terminology of aberrations 17 2.3.4. Genetics of aberrations and heredity 26 2.3.5. Usual pigmentation and possible effects of mutations in grebes 28 3. Records of grebes with aberrant plumages per species 33 3.1. White-tufted Rollandia rolland and Titicaca Flightless Grebe R. microptera 33 3.2. Eurasian or Common Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 33 3.3. Australasian Little Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 38 3.4. Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus 41 3.5. Madagascar Tachybaptus pelzelnii and Rusty Grebe T. rufolavatus 41 3.6. Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 41 3.7. Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus 43 3.8. New Zealand Grebe Poliocephalus rufopectus 45 3.9. Great Grebe Podicephorus major 45 3.10. Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 45 3.11. Horned or Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus 61 3.12. Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena 66 3.13. Black-necked or Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 72 3.13.1. Aberrant Black-necked Grebes Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis 72 3.13.2. Aberrant Eared Grebes Podiceps nigricollis californicus 84 3.13.3. Aberrant African Black-necked Grebes Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi 100 3.14. Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis 100 3.15. Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi 100 3.16. Colombian Podiceps andinus and Junin Flightless Grebe P. taczanowskii 102 3.17. Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis 102 3.18. Clark’s Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii 105 3.19. Assessment of initial colour mutation indications 108 Ferrantia • 72 / 2015 3.20. Numbers of aberrant grebes per species and their distribution in time and space 108 3.21. Causes of aberrations per grebe species and statistics of mutations 116 3.22. Hatching, survival and reproduction of aberrant individuals 119 3.22.1. Abnormal hatchlings: siblings and parents 119 3.22.2. Pairing and reproduction of aberrant grebes 120 3.22.3. Survival of aberrant grebes 121 3.23. Records of hybrids 122 4. Discussion 126 4.1. Inferences of genetic aberrations for the natural pigmentation of grebes 127 4.2. The issue of unusual fore neck and upper breast colouration 132 4.3. Consequences of aberrations on health and survival 135 4.4. Occurrence rates of mutations in the field 138 4.5. The past and future contribution of mutations to genetic variability and speciation 139 4.6. Future work and tasks of observers 142 5. Acknowledgement 143 6. References 143 Appendix: Summary tables of records of aberrant grebes per species 153 Table 1: Aberrant Eurasian Little Grebes. 154 Table 2: Aberrant Australasian Little Grebes. 157 Table 3: Aberrant Least Grebes. 158 Table 4: Aberrant Pied-billed Grebes. 158 Table 5: Aberrant Hoary-headed Grebes. 159 Table 6: Aberrant New Zealand Grebes. 159 Table 7: Aberrant Great Grebes. 159 Table 8: Aberrant Great Crested Grebes. 160 Table 9: Aberrant Slavonian/Horned Grebes. 171 Table 10: Aberrant Red-necked Grebes. 174 Table 11: Aberrant Black-necked/Eared Grebes. 178 Table 12: Aberrant Silvery Grebes. 197 Table 13: Aberrant Hooded Grebes. 197 Table 14: Aberrant Western Grebes. 198 Table 15: Aberrant Clark’s Grebes. 199 Table 16: Occurrences of hybridization between grebe species. 200 Ferrantia • 72 / 2015 A. Konter Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae Aberrant plumages in grebes Podicipedidae An analysis of albinism, leucism, brown and other aberrations in all grebe species worldwide André Konter 45, rue des Romains L-6478 Echternach [email protected] Abstract Records of aberrant grebes Podicipedidae of all species Records from 2000 on represented 53% of all datasets. worldwide (i.e. mentioned in the ornithological liter- This must not be interpreted as an increase in the number ature; reported by museums of natural history; retrieved of grebes with aberrant plumages. The phenomenon is via the internet; stemming from own observations) rather related to the reporting facilities offered by the were aggregated in a register. Based on the available internet and to an increase in the number of people inter- descriptions and photos, each record was analysed ested in field ornithology. In all grebe species, genetic individually with respect to the cause for its abnormal mutations are very rare. appearance. The study was based on the assumption that grebes’ integument colouration is almost entirely Not surprisingly, the Black-necked/Eared Grebe Podiceps based on the two melanin colour pigments, eumelanin nigricollis contributed most of the records to the register and phaeomelanin. Its main objective was to distinguish (44%), being by far the most numerous grebe species between genetic and non-genetic causes of aberrations in the world. Great Crested P. cristatus (26%) and Little and to correctly classify individuals in the first category Grebes Tachybaptus ruficollis (8.5%) came next. Geograph- according to the genetic mutations: ically, the records were concentrated in western and central Europe and North America. They were largely • albinism (no production of melanin pigments at all, absent from eastern parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and neither for feathers nor bare parts, nor eyes), South America. • total leucism (no delivery of melanin to feathers and skin (bare parts), but presence in the eyes), The most frequent genetic mutation of grebes was • partial leucism (not all feathers are affected, the dilution, followed by brown. Total leucism ranked eyes are not affected), third. The aggregated results for all grebe species were • brown (qualitative reduction of eumelanin only), strongly influenced by the distribution between the • ino (qualitative reduction of both eu- and mutations in nigricollis grebes. Also, in by no means all phaeomelanin), cases was assessment of the cause possible. • dilution (quantitative reduction of melanin(s)) The colours displayed by affected grebes confirmed the • differentforms of melanism (in most cases increased initial assessment that the pigmentation of feathers in quantity of melanin, in some cases altered distri- this family of birds is entirely melanin-based. This may bution). be less the case for yellow bare-parts and red and yellow Due to a lack of descriptive detail, it was not possible in eyes. all cases to re-assess the cause of an unusual appearance Not much information was available with respect to in a grebe. In the great majority of the cases verified, lifetime histories, siblings and parents of aberrant grebes. the initial assessment by the observer proved to be The overwhelming majority of records concerned one-off wrong. Regardless of whether the initial records were observations. An assessment of the survival chances of st older or were from the 21 century, in only 18% of all genetically affected individuals was not possible. The aberrations were the causes correctly identified. The available evidence confirmed, however, short survival in mutations brown and ino appeared to be unknown to albinism. In the vast majority of cases, aberrant offspring field ornithologists, and dilution was familiar only to hatched from normally pigmented parents. a minority. Progressive greying, an age related cause leading over time to more and more white feathers in the The unusual colouration in the fore neck or/and upper plumage, was often confused with leucism or dilution. breast of different grebe species needs further inves- The examples show that correct identification of causes tigation. This relates to the chestnut red colouration in in the field is often difficult, sometimes even impossible. the normally black breeding plumage of Black-necked Ferrantia • 72 / 2015 5 A.
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