DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Impacts on Geyser Basins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Impacts on Geyser Basins volume 17 • number 1 • 2009 Human Impacts on Geyser Basins The “Crystal” Salamanders of Yellowstone Presence of White-tailed Jackrabbits Nature Notes: Wolves and Tigers Geyser Basins with no Documented Impacts Valley of Geysers, Umnak (Russia) Island Geyser Basins Impacted by Energy Development Geyser Basins Impacted by Tourism Iceland Iceland Beowawe, ~61 ~27 Nevada ~30 0 Yellowstone ~220 Steamboat Springs, Nevada ~21 0 ~55 El Tatio, Chile North Island, New Zealand North Island, New Zealand Geysers existing in 1950 Geyser basins with documented negative effects of tourism Geysers remaining after geothermal energy development Impacts to geyser basins from human activities. At least half of the major geyser basins of the world have been altered by geothermal energy development or tourism. Courtesy of Steingisser, 2008. Yellowstone in a Global Context N THIS ISSUE of Yellowstone Science, Alethea Steingis- claimed they had been extirpated from the park. As they have ser and Andrew Marcus in “Human Impacts on Geyser since the park’s establishment, jackrabbits continue to persist IBasins” document the global distribution of geysers, their in the park in a small range characterized by arid, lower eleva- destruction at the hands of humans, and the tremendous tion sagebrush-grassland habitats. With so many species in the importance of Yellowstone National Park in preserving these world on the edge of survival, the confirmation of the jackrab- rare and ephemeral features. We hope this article will promote bit’s persistence is welcome. further documentation, research, and protection efforts for The Nature Note continues to consider Yellowstone with geyser basins around the world. Documentation of their exis- a broader perspective. Shannon Barber-Meyer, who did her tence is essential to their protection. PhD work in Yellowstone on elk calf mortality (see issue 13:3), In her article, Sarah McMenamin describes some unusual describes her new experiences as the Tiger Conservation Pro- salamanders living in the park. The discovery of their trans- gram Officer for the World Wildlife Fund. She considers the lucent color sparked excitement about physiological—rather similarities and differences between Yellowstone and India’s than genetic—differences caused by environmental factors. Corbett National Park as well as between wolves and tigers. Their manifestation is made possible by the environmental We hope you enjoy the issue. diversity Yellowstone provides. We also report on the status and distribution of white- tailed jackrabbits in Yellowstone in response to a study that S. M C M enamin a quarterly devoted to natural and cultural resources volume 17 • number 1 • January 2009 TAMI BLACKFORD Editor MARY ANN FRANKE Associate Editor JANINE WALLER A blotched tiger salamander. Graphic Designer Assistant Editor VIRGINIA WARNER EMILY YOST FEATURES Assistant Editors 7 Human Impacts on Geyser Basins ARTCRAFT PRINTERS, INC . Bozeman, Montana The effects of development and tourism on geyser basins are Printer explored in a global context. Alethea Steingisser and W. Andrew Marcus 19 Biodiversity and “Crystal” Salamanders The discovery of unusual salamanders in kettle ponds informs Yellowstone Science is published quarterly. our understanding of the interaction between habitat and Support for Yellowstone Science is provided by the Yellowstone Association, a nonprofit species diversity. educational organization dedicated to serving the park and its visitors. For more information Sarah K. McMenamin about the association, including membership, or to donate to the production of Yellowstone Science, visit www.yellowstoneassociation.org or write: Yellowstone Association, PO Box 117, 24 White-tailed Jackrabbits in Yellowstone Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. Park biologists examine the presence and distribution of The opinions expressed in Yellowstone Science are the authors’ and may not reflect either the hare in Yellowstone. National Park Service policy or the views of the Yellowstone Center for Resources. Copyright © 2009, the Yellowstone Association Kerry Gunther, Roy Renkin, James Halfpenny, Stacey for Natural Science, History & Education. For back issues of Yellowstone Science, please see Gunther, Troy Davis, Paul Schullery, and Lee Whittlesey www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/yellsciweb.htm. Submissions are welcome from all investigators conducting formal research in the Yellowstone area. To submit proposals for articles, DEPARTMENTS to subscribe, or to send a letter to the editor, please write to the following address: Editor, Yellowstone Science, PO Box 168, 2 News & Notes Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. You may also email: [email protected]. Science Panel Reviews Lake Trout Suppression Program • Passing of Robert J. “Bob” Murphy • Yellowstone Recognizes Yellowstone Science is printed on recycled paper with a soy-based ink. Bob Smith • RM-CESU 2008 Project Award • 2008 MacArthur Award Goes to Dr. Monica Turner • Errata • The ’88 Fires: Yellowstone and Beyond Conference on the cover, left to right: Blotched tiger salamander, S. McMenamin. 33 Nature Notes White-tailed jackrabbit, Bob Weselmann. Wolves and Tigers: Reflections of Yellowstone in Corbett Steamboat Geyser, NPS photo. National Park, India Shannon Barber-Meyer NEWS & NOTES NPS cutthroat trout population remains in Science Panel Reviews Lake peril. They strongly stated that very Trout Suppression Program little time remains to turn the situ- In late August, Yellowstone National ation around and immediate action Park invited 15 fisheries scientists from to increase suppression efforts should around the country to attend a confer- be taken. Increased monitoring and ence at Chico Hot Springs designed to evaluation of the population status of critically review the park’s lake trout both the cutthroat trout and lake trout suppression program. The conference should also be undertaken. Finally, was also attended by 35–40 interested although several emerging technolo- participants from state agencies, non- gies show promise for future use in profit groups, universities, and several reducing lake trout populations, none Former ranger Bob Murphy. federal agencies including the National currently exist that could replace direct Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey, removal efforts. Long range plans, how- and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ever, should include further research in 1941. He served as a ranger in Yel- The park tasked the science panel to these areas. lowstone from 1941 to 1957. He (1) evaluate the effectiveness of the A report with complete findings of went on to a distinguished career in current program, (2) review emerging the science panel, including strengths the National Park Service, serving as technologies that could possibly be and weaknesses of the current program a district ranger of Glacier National employed for lake trout suppression, and specific recommendations to the Park (NP), as chief ranger at Theodore and (3) make recommendations for the park, is expected in 2009. Roosevelt NP and Wind Cave NP, as future direction of the program. The superintendent of Death Valley NP science panel overwhelming agreed and later, in 1968, as superintendent of Passing of Robert J. “Bob” that the Yellowstone Lake Yellowstone Lassen Volcanic NP. He was awarded Murphy cutthroat trout population is in serious the Meritorious Service Award by the trouble, but that suppression efforts Bob was born May 18, 1918, in Secretary of the Interior for outstand- could restore this population to healthy Geraldine, Montana. He attended ing service. After retiring from the park levels. They stated that efforts to date, Bozeman schools and graduated from service in 1977, Bob and his wife Alice while certainly slowing the lake trout Gallatin County High School in 1937. lived in Paradise Valley, Montana. Bob population growth rate, have not been He worked in Yellowstone National liked exploring Yellowstone country substantial enough to collapse that Park while attending Montana State on horseback and enjoyed writing. He population. Consequently, the College in Bozeman from 1938 to authored Bears I Have Known, relating 20 years of experiences with bears, and NPS/J Desert Shadows, an account of the arrest im and investigation of the Charles Man- P eaco son family in Death Valley, which took place during Bob’s tenure there. Yellowstone National Park Recognizes Bob Smith On September 30, 2008, Superin- tendent Suzanne Lewis recognized Dr. Robert B. Smith for his many years of dedicated service to Yellowstone National Park. Bob Smith began his career with Members of the science panel hear discussion on lake trout suppression. the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2 Yellowstone Science 17(1) • 2009 mapping fish habitats and streams for his continued efforts on the park’s Multiple Parks and Networks: Summer around Yellowstone Lake. His studies behalf. 2006 through Summer 2008.” This of the effects of the 1959 Hebgen Lake Bob was also recently honored with nomination recognizes a large number earthquake focused interest on earth- the NPS Intermountain Region’s Natu- of products created by Emily benefiting quakes and fault systems. Appointed to ral Resource Research Award. He was 11 parks over the last two years. Dur- the faculty of the University of Utah in cited for his research, including stud- ing this time, Emily and Ben worked 1967, Bob began his geophysics career ies of earthquakes and volcanism and under six different task agreements in Yellowstone. He has supervised more their impact on Yellowstone
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0086513 A1 Savkovic Et Al
    US 20150.086513A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0086513 A1 Savkovic et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 26, 2015 (54) METHOD FOR DERIVING MELANOCYTES (30) Foreign Application Priority Data FROM THE HAIR FOLLCLE OUTER ROOT SHEATH AND PREPARATION FOR A. 36. 3. E. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E.6 GRAFTNG l9. U. 414 ) . Publication Classification (71) Applicant: UNIVERSITAT LEIPZIG, Leipzig (DE) (51) Int. Cl. A6L27/38 (2006.01) (72) Inventors: Vuk Savkovic, Leipzig (DE); Christina CI2N5/071 (2006.01) Dieckmann, Leipzig (DE); (52) U.S. Cl. Jan-Christoph Simon, Leipzig (DE); CPC ......... A61L 27/3834 (2013.01); A61L 27/3895 Michaela Schulz-Siegmund, Leipzig (2013.01); C12N5/0626 (2013.01); C12N (DE); Michael Hacker, Leipzig (DE) 2506/03 (2013.01) USPC .......................................... 424/93.7:435/366 (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: NIVERSITAT LEIPZIG, Leipzig The present invention relates to the field of biology and medi (DE) cine, and more specifically, to the field of stem-cell biology, involving producing or generating melanocytes from stem (21) Appl. No.: 14/354,545 cells and precursors derived from human hair root. Addition (22) PCT Filed: Oct. 29, 2012 ally, the present invention relates to the materials and method e a? 19 for producing autografts, homografts or allografts compris (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2012/07 1418 ing melanocytes in general, as well as the materials and meth ods for producing autografts, homografts and allografts com S371 (c)(1), prising melanocytes for the treatment of diseases related to (2) Date: Apr. 25, 2014 depigmentation of the skin and for the treatment of Scars.
    [Show full text]
  • Springs of California
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIBECTOB WATER- SUPPLY PAPER 338 SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA BY GEKALD A. WARING WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 CONTENTS. Page. lntroduction by W. C. Mendenhall ... .. ................................... 5 Physical features of California ...... ....... .. .. ... .. ....... .............. 7 Natural divisions ................... ... .. ........................... 7 Coast Ranges ..................................... ....•.......... _._._ 7 11 ~~:~~::!:: :~~e:_-_-_·.-.·.·: ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: ::: 12 Sierra Nevada .................... .................................... 12 Southeastern desert ......................... ............. .. ..... ... 13 Faults ..... ....... ... ................ ·.. : ..... ................ ..... 14 Natural waters ................................ _.......................... 15 Use of terms "mineral water" and ''pure water" ............... : .·...... 15 ,,uneral analysis of water ................................ .. ... ........ 15 Source and amount of substances in water ................. ............. 17 Degree of concentration of natural waters ........................ ..· .... 21 Properties of mineral waters . ................... ...... _. _.. .. _... _....• 22 Temperature of natural waters ... : ....................... _.. _..... .... : . 24 Classification of mineral waters ............ .......... .. .. _. .. _......... _ 25 Therapeutic value of waters .................................... ... ... 26 Analyses
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Geyser Eruption Behavior and Remotely Triggered Seismicity in Yellowstone National Park Produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake, Alaska
    Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska S. Husen* Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA R. Taylor National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190, USA R.B. Smith Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA H. Healser National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190, USA ABSTRACT STUDY AREA Following the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, clear changes in geyser activity and The Yellowstone volcanic field, Wyoming, a series of local earthquake swarms were observed in the Yellowstone National Park area, centered in Yellowstone National Park (here- despite the large distance of 3100 km from the epicenter. Several geysers altered their after called ‘‘Yellowstone’’), is one of the larg- eruption frequency within hours after the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves from est silicic volcanic systems in the world the Denali fault earthquake. In addition, earthquake swarms occurred close to major (Christiansen, 2001; Smith and Siegel, 2000). geyser basins. These swarms were unusual compared to past seismicity in that they oc- Three major caldera-forming eruptions oc- curred simultaneously at different geyser basins. We interpret these observations as being curred within the past 2 m.y., the most recent induced by dynamic stresses associated with the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves. 0.6 m.y. ago. The current Yellowstone caldera We suggest that in a hydrothermal system dynamic stresses can locally alter permeability spans 75 km by 45 km (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Aberrant Colourations in Wild Snakes: Case Study in Neotropical Taxa and a Review of Terminology
    SALAMANDRA 57(1): 124–138 Claudio Borteiro et al. SALAMANDRA 15 February 2021 ISSN 0036–3375 German Journal of Herpetology Aberrant colourations in wild snakes: case study in Neotropical taxa and a review of terminology Claudio Borteiro1, Arthur Diesel Abegg2,3, Fabrício Hirouki Oda4, Darío Cardozo5, Francisco Kolenc1, Ignacio Etchandy6, Irasema Bisaiz6, Carlos Prigioni1 & Diego Baldo5 1) Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Miguelete 1825, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay 2) Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Travessa 14, Rua do Matão, 321, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4) Universidade Regional do Cariri, Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Rua Coronel Antônio Luiz 1161, Pimenta, Crato, Ceará 63105-000, CE, Brazil 5) Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Felix de Azara 1552, CP 3300, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina 6) Alternatus Uruguay, Ruta 37, km 1.4, Piriápolis, Uruguay Corresponding author: Claudio Borteiro, e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 2 April 2020 Accepted: 18 August 2020 by Arne Schulze Abstract. The criteria used by previous authors to define colour aberrancies of snakes, particularly albinism, are varied and terms have widely been used ambiguously. The aim of this work was to review genetically based aberrant colour morphs of wild Neotropical snakes and associated terminology. We compiled a total of 115 cases of conspicuous defective expressions of pigmentations in snakes, including melanin (black/brown colour), xanthins (yellow), and erythrins (red), which in- volved 47 species of Aniliidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae, and Viperidae.
    [Show full text]
  • An Albino Mutant of the Japanese Rat Snake (Elaphe Climacophora) Carries a Nonsense Mutation in the Tyrosinase Gene
    Genes Genet. Syst. (2018) 93, p. 163–167Albino mutation in the Japanese rat snake 163 An albino mutant of the Japanese rat snake (Elaphe climacophora) carries a nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene Shuzo Iwanishi1, Shohei Zaitsu1, Hiroki Shibata2 and Eiji Nitasaka3* 1Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan 2Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan 3Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan (Received 16 April 2018, accepted 19 May 2018; J-STAGE Advance published date: 30 August 2018) The Japanese rat snake (Elaphe climacophora) is a common species in Japan and is widely distributed across the Japanese islands. An albino mutant of the Japanese rat snake (“pet trade” albino) has been bred and traded by hobbyists for around two decades because of its remarkable light-yellowish coloration with red eyes, attributable to a lack of melanin. Another albino Japanese rat snake mutant found in a natural population of the Japanese rat snake at high frequency in Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture is known as “Iwakuni no Shirohebi”. It has been conserved by the government as a natural monument. The Iwakuni albino also lacks melanin, having light-yellowish body coloration and red eyes. Albino mutants of several organisms have been studied, and mutation of the tyrosinase gene (TYR) is responsible for this phenotype. By determining the sequence of the TYR coding region of the pet trade albino, we identified a nonsense mutation in the second exon.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging the Deep Subsurface Plumbing of Old Faithful Geyser
    RESEARCH LETTER Imaging the Deep Subsurface Plumbing of Old Faithful 10.1029/2018GL081771 Geyser From Low‐Frequency Hydrothermal Key Points: • We discover low‐frequency tremor Tremor Migration associated with Old Faithful from a Sin‐Mei Wu1 , Fan‐Chi Lin1 , Jamie Farrell1 , and Amir Allam1 dense seismic array deployed in 2016 • We employ seismic interferometry 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA and back projection to locate the low‐frequency tremor source in Old Faithful's deep plumbing structure • We illuminate Old Faithful's fluid Abstract Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone is one of the most well‐known hydrothermal features in the pathway down to ~80‐m depth, world. Despite abundant geophysical studies, the structure of Old Faithful's plumbing system beneath ~20‐m tracking the phase transition depth remained largely elusive. By deploying a temporary dense three‐component geophone array, we horizon throughout the eruption cycle observe 1–5 Hz low‐frequency hydrothermal tremor originating from Old Faithful's deeper conduit. By applying seismic interferometry and polarization analyses, we track seismic tremor source migration Supporting Information: throughout the eruption/recharge cycle. The tremor source drops rapidly to ~80‐m depth right after the • Supporting Information S1 eruption and gradually ascends vertically back to ~20‐m depth, coinciding with the previously inferred • Movie S1 • Movie S2 bubble trap location. Likely excited by the liquid/steam phase transition, the observed tremor source • Movie S3 migration can provide new constraints on the recharge process and deeper conduit geometry. Combined • Movie S4 with the shallow conduit structure from previous studies, these results provide constraints on the major fluid pathway down to 80‐m depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Moon Cards
    Tschanz Rare Books RareBooksLAX Boarding October 5-6, 2019 @ The Proud Bird Usual terms. Items Subject to prior sale. Call, text: 801-641-2874 Or email: [email protected] to confirm availability. Domestic shipping: $10 International and overnight shipping billed at cost. Modoc War 1- Watkins, Carleton E. [Louis Heller] Donald McKay and Jack's Capturers. San Francisco: Watkins Yosemite Art Gallery, [1873]. Albumen photograph [7.5 cm x 10 cm] on a tan 'Watkins Yosemite Art Gallery' mount [8.5 cm x 13 cm]. Wear to mount. "The only genuine Photographs of Captain Jack, and the Modoc Indians." The Modoc War was the only major conflict in California between the indigenous people of the area and the U.S. Army. After Captain Jack's surrender at Willow Creek in June of 1873 the surviving Modocs were forced to relocate to the Quapaw Agency in Oklahoma. Carleton E. Watkins (1829-1916) was one of the finest photographers of the nineteenth century. Between 1854 and 1891 he documented the American West from southern California to British Columbia and inland to Montana, Utah, and Arizona. He was a sympathetic and masterful recorder; whose pictures possess a clarity and strength equal to the magnificence of the land. His photographs of Yosemite so captured the imagination of legislators that Congress moved to preserve the area as a wilderness. $2,500 Grenville Dodge and the U.P. Commission 2- Savage, Charles Roscoe. Grenville M. Dodge and the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Salt Lake City: Savage & Ottinger, [1867]. Carte de visite. Albumen [5.5 cm x 9.5 cm] photograph on the original cream-colored mount [6 cm x 10 cm] Savage & Ottinger backstamp with a contemporary(?) pencil notation identifying Dodge.
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting the Upper Geyser Basin (Old Faithful Geyser)
    ® Visiting the Upper Geyser Basin (Old Faithful Geyser) The Old Faithful Area (Upper Geyser Basin) is one of the most popular and crowded areas in the Summer. Start off with a visit to the new visitor’s center. Tour the center, but most importantly check the information desk for the estimated eruption times of pop - ular geysers in the basin. (Note that they are estimated times... so plan accordingly). Beat the crowds by starting early in the morning before those who did not sleep in the area arrive. Walk around the geyser basin and witness numerous well-known features; Old Faithful, Beehive, Castle, Grotto, Riverside & Morning Glory Pool to name a few. The cool morning air temperature intensifies the steam making the basin more magical. By mid-morning the Summer crowds get larger as the day goes until sunset. (When the area gets congested... head to the hills!, and take the hikes in the back country.) You’ll never get to see all the geysers erupt and will have to pick and chose those you want to invest with your time and how long younger family members can hold out. Prep your walk with a bathroom break and pack bottled beverages. Touring the basin takes time and before you know it you have walked a few miles. (For those in need there is a no frills bathroom near Morning Glory Pool.) Upper Geyser Basin Sites of Interest: 1. Walk through the new Visitor’s Center (opened in the Summer of 2011) 2. Tour the Upper Geyser Basin Boardwalk Upper Geyser Basin is the best place in Yellowstone to see geysers erupt.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Solute Flux Monitoring Using Electrical Conductivity in Major Rivers of Yellowstone National Park by R
    Geothermal solute flux monitoring using electrical conductivity in major rivers of Yellowstone National Park By R. Blaine McCleskey, Dan Mahoney, Jacob B. Lowenstern, Henry Heasler Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is well-known for its numerous geysers, hot springs, mud pots, and steam vents Yellowstone hosts close to 4 million visits each year The Yellowstone Supervolcano is located in YNP Monitoring the Geothermal System: 1. Management tool 2. Hazard assessment 3. Long-term changes Monitoring Geothermal Systems YNP – difficult to continuously monitor 10,000 thermal features YNP area = 9,000 km2 long cold winters Thermal output from Yellowstone can be estimated by monitoring the chloride flux downstream of thermal sources in major rivers draining the park River Chloride Flux The chloride flux (chloride concentration multiplied by discharge) in the major rivers has been used as a surrogate for estimating the heat flow in geothermal systems (Ellis and Wilson, 1955; Fournier, 1989) “Integrated flux” Convective heat discharge: 5300 to 6100 MW Monitoring changes over time Chloride concentrations in most YNP geothermal waters are elevated (100 - 900 mg/L Cl) Most of the water discharged from YNP geothermal features eventually enters a major river Madison R., Yellowstone R., Snake R., Falls River Firehole R., Gibbon R., Gardner R. Background Cl concentrations in rivers low < 1 mg/L Dilute Stream water -snowmelt -non-thermal baseflow -low EC (40 - 200 μS/cm) -Cl < 1 mg/L Geothermal Water -high EC (>~1000 μS/cm) -high Cl, SiO2, Na, B, As,… -Most solutes behave conservatively Mixture of dilute stream water with geothermal water Historical Cl Flux Monitoring • The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellowstone National Park Is in the U.S
    english for everyone.org Name________________ Date________________ “Yellowstone”e Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages (5) Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below. Yellowstone National Park is in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. It became the first National Park in 1872. There are geysers and hot springs at Yellowstone. There are also many animals at Yellowstone. There are elk, bison, sheep, grizzly bears, black bears, moose, coyotes, and more. More than 3 million people visit Yellowstone National Park each year. During the winter, visitors can ski or go snowmobiling there. There are also snow coaches that give tours. Visitors can see steam (vapor water) come from the geysers. During other seasons, visitors can go boating or fishing. People can ride horses there. There are nature trails and tours. Most visitors want to see Old Faithful, a very predictable geyser at Yellowstone. Visitors can check a schedule to see the exact time that Old Faithful is going to erupt. There are many other geysers and boiling springs in the area. Great Fountain Geyser erupts every 11 hours. Excelsior Geyser produces 4,000 gallons of boiling water each minute! Boiling water is 100 degrees Celsius, or 212 degrees Fahrenheit – that’s very hot! People also like to see the Grand Prismatic Spring. It is the largest hot spring in the park. It has many beautiful colors. The beautiful colors are caused by bacteria in the water. These are forms of life that have only one cell. Different bacteria live in different water temperatures. Visiting Yellowstone National Park can be a week–long vacation or more.
    [Show full text]
  • PART 1A. 1949-1961 CHAPTER 1. Overcome with Yellowstone Fever
    1 PART 1A. 1949-1961 CHAPTER 1. Overcome with Yellowstone Fever; Preparation for a Career (1949-53) During my childhood and school years prior to college, I lived with my parents, George and Katherine, and my sister, Mary Joan (3 yrs younger), in Denver, Colorado. As a young boy, I had been to Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP)(only a few hours drive from Denver) with my parents on a number of occasions. The area’s significance as a national park did not seem to be part of my parents' awareness, at least it never was expressed to me. My parents and grandparents all referred to such trips as going to "Estes," because the town of Estes Park was on the eastern border of the Park. Occasionally we went to Grand Lake, on the western border of the Park, where some relatives resided. My parents were largely urban-oriented people. Both had graduated from South High School in Denver, but the Depression precluded either from a university education. Immediately upon high school graduation (1929) my Dad went to work for the International Trust Company (a Denver bank) as a message runner. His father, Henry, was a teller at the same bank. My Dad's grandfather George Sr. had been a bank manager and the mayor in Idaho Springs, Colorado, where my Dad was born. Dad remained a bank employee until he retired in 1981. By that time, he was very upset by banking’s expansion into the stock market and other fields. He believed this was at the expense of traditional services to customers.
    [Show full text]
  • Life at High Temperatures Biotechnology in Yellowstone
    Life at High Temperatures by Thomas D. Brock Biotechnology in Yellowstone © 1994 Yellowstone Association for Natural Science, History & Education, Inc. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190. The thermophilic bacteria that live in the Yellowstone hot springs have been the foundation of impressive developments in medicine and biotechnology. The unique thermostable enzymes of these bacteria are finding wide industrial and medical use, and have become the basis of a multimillion dollar industry! When researchers began to study the biology of Yellowstone hot springs in the 1960s, the presence of these hyperthermophilic bacteria was not suspected. The upper temperature limit for life was thought to be around 73 degrees C (163 degrees F), which was actually the limit for photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria. The preferred temperature for thermophilic bacteria was considered even lower, around 55 degrees C (131 degrees F). Because of the known effects of heat on biological structures such as proteins and DNA, it was thought that life at higher temperatures would be impossible. In fact, biochemists have known for over 100 years that enzymes (key cellular proteins) are destroyed by boiling. However, field observations in Yellowstone showed that in certain springs bacteria existed at much higher temperatures. Although these springs were rather small and not especially conspicuous among the impressive geysers and giant hot pools of the Yellowstone thermal basins, they were impressive microbial culture systems and turned out to be of great scientific and intellectual interest. It turns out that the enzymes of Yellowstone thermophiles are very tolerant of heat and are active even at boiling water temperatures.
    [Show full text]