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The Turkic Languages

Lars Johanson, Éva Á. Csató

The Structure of Turkic

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Lars Johanson Published online on: 21 May 1998

How to cite :- Lars Johanson. 21 May 1998, The Structure of Turkic from: The Turkic Languages Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203066102.ch3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 3 call Throughout Introduction Eurasian will typologically languages language-specific Many Vowels unrounded Sound indicated u, between primary, Some contrast all in i shown : e, high i~ On low loanwords the for while i, give Turkic the distinctions Ö, Turkic in and more Lars Turkic The Systems between as Ü, an languages in other some the share Iranised vs. which in their open Consonants this languages, oriented unbiased from Yakut, lohanson rounded, scheme. languages hand, examples essential scheme. history e phenomena. long can e Uzbek and of Arabic, : Turkmen Structure a, several be linguistic the and Some, and and Ö a and e.g. classified Thus, display : structural more Altaic unrounded dialects 0, of high short differentiated Persian in Turkic Turkish, Ü characteristic such and e : i spite modem closed u, work, vs. and vowels. fewer show i with Khalaj. Front : low: languages features. as of etc., 30 r. Uralic exhibit Azerbaijanian, e. their most respect rounded Uyghur centralising or Many or description. These Long ü ö huge less types. common aspects developed Many eight display to languages lacks vowels length clear-cut area the 0/ While vowel unrounded of tendencies of features features more The of exhibit a them Turkic secondarily distinctions clear mayaiso a 'i distribution, often phonemes, have following distinctions distinctions are Back differentiation front an structure and dealt which a common rounded opposition be phonemic vs. of through may with present u o Turkic survey a, affect back, more than than i~ still be to in 0, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 realisation dz. consonant on In talised realisations back being Syllable a occur consonant Gagauz consonants. also above, though go is maximally A back nasals backness back phonetic subsequent front and occurs affricate a Morphophonological Persian) As syllable 'horse'. 'Russian' 'two', back glottal realised Turkic The The Word-initial Normally, these the Long with regards backness be consonants variants. or harmony commonly, Turkish the and front other most syllable consonant with found, back. Atypical . of and back [k Structure consonants element languages, Nevertheless, situation. . is syllable clusters contractions. interrogative of liquids X three as certain ), with signalled consonant, consonants. Each high general morphophonologie hand, Karaim, the vowe1 in only kül consonants The the anne for n, that may a consonants front q, respect sounds clear-cut back functioning e.g. basic m, systems 'ashes'. are instance, are occurs reduced syllable sterns typically are g Not distinctions 'mother'. affects normally sound be due 1), and by often consonants which avoided Türk Variation typical the vowels, relations e.g. l, Long realised all ne The both to include has y to with r and There are syllable way. harmony vowels occur are is consonants the provided in 'Turk', 'what' may whole qum-da consists the Sayan an are vowels vowels . only classified as of numerals more vice the Final avoided, distinction al e.g. deviates In unstable as in shifts cluster the in are, strongly a the in k low variation of loanwords, emerge principle fortis and qu/ as syllables (cf. üst Turkic versa, Prirnary back different kf's phenomenon fricativesf, clusters 'in Volga of with some are and however, a vowe1s dealt 'upper g 'slave', have whole p. p. together, and a the 'girl', as considerably the occur vowel often syllabies. (strong consonant prothetic influenced vowel e.g. 106). front languages at languages region: front only affective remain sand'. with in morpheme with clearly with Sterns from a phonetically side' is Turkish whereas diphthongs. in whereas numerous and that vs. primary Loanwords v, classified seemingly with consonant) e.g. front STRUCTURE or one is in their Z, In . each Chuvash, Vowel vowels, back valid. 0, an does When segments. back. distinguished Tuvan 0, dostlar Chapter by from do nasal, words, Yakut, e.g. one syllabies, intrasyllabic kfir X, and boundaries, its vowel other. not varies Slavic, sterns, not exceptions pronounced Xäs as hiatus front The two preceding the Reduced front [!sa:l) e.g. native liquid and the signal beginning however, OF signal, e.g 'friends' Tatar, phonologically appear 5 'goose'. scheme The For and morphs TURKIC a frontness affricates Tofa . Kazakh vowels whereas (p. counterpart the show Uzbek good and 'profit' or exception front frontness example, phonetic Bashkir. front 92), possible but vowels, e.g. in sibilant exhibit second . to and/or initial k given as pala• deal. front join, with may may also ori's ikki this and alt the the vs. 31 ts, an « or Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 of consonant Turkish ogul Turkish dodag regressive yük boots' (weak) taraq 32 e.g. other e.g. The lenis The Tashkent' baliji) as- Morphophonological qr-p Modern Kazakh monosyllabic manifested triggering Intersyllabic assimilations ankle', influence often -+ Yakut harmonic write' specific 'shoulder' suffix-initial Certain Intervocalic Primary The Front aqsr (before consonants) bas Turkish 'burden' rules 'doing' intersyllabic STRUCTUREOFTURKIC 'son', cases non-harmonic thus . akka 'cornb' - 'lip', compare reason 'its obstruents: esigi ad 'head' kind Uyghur kanadt 'his/her vs. Jaz- in of suffixes progressive - assimilation -+ simplification Turkic have fish', stern [og] of in 'to oglu dialects gögü back intersyllabic Uzbek - , Sound Taskimt , of of 'its ekti sterns yüki primary all + qap the -+ lenes mayaIso qil- vowels, morphs morphophonological Turkish 'its so-called 'name', variation -sAm. two door', Khakas mouth' Turkic 'her, besim harmony, « [ phonotactic horse' may languages 'its 'sack', + Harmony azad partial at wing', of relY] may are *ekni + -ip assimilation. allomorphs. an early Variation stern U his mayaIso burden' This -ga. also - tarayim e.g. e.g. within often 'my topuk, git- zbekistan, languages, - also azäm be 'doing', [n:zn:g] sound 'its of « any- umlauting, mayaIso etik < son'. or giden mostly at variation Tatar be kind regressive head' 'go', a *egni) *aqzr heaven', further show end full 'horse' word . stage topugum (before consonant relations « 'boots', blocked harmony This 'my create In in Tuvan of kürek gök 'going', azayim) in 'free', (see devoicing Afghanistan Polysyllabic called Suffixes emerge < primary e.g morphophonological 'his/her forms of assimilation weakened, fortes comb', a variation kind due + *ayzi), Uyghur 'heaven', regressive vowels) . cases development. pp. but devoicing, . by -GA 'beauty', Khalaj ä-p are ortaq vary to cluster, . 'palatal of Azerbaijanian 93, foreign 'my (strong voicing through diachronic . shoulder', qabiy sterns 'taking' of characterised Siberian lenis in across 383) with ayiyi in 'friend', 'stick, variation and foot' topuq that kanat sterns syllable-final assimilation primary is kürke harmony', e. e.g. influence, . consonants), vs. 'your with in Iran contraction, is frequent syllable-final g. 'its . Their +- languages. Morphemes pierce' fricativised languages 'ankle', front 'wing', fortis äs Uzbek processes, end Kazakh . 'its al- foot', Kazakh an sack', such dodayim sterns « variation development by + beauty', unstable of in variation *ayiz) in is e.g. (see of -ip, Tuvan Azerbaijanian as topuqum Taske1Jga position, a a etigi lenes, Jassam a is Siberia, e.g. Suffixes low e.g. esik also Tuvan vowel, number or systematic or by e.g. p. caused devoicing with 'my of 'mouth' Turkish deleted, through Turkish vowels, Uyghur 'his/her 107). Iranian balf exhibit vowel, 'door', Yakut is while lenis final egin lip' 'if 'my into e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. not are 'to by « of A I , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 pulum from additional each displaying e.g. exhibit and dative clear choice quality intersyllabic Bashkir the vowels', the that means kihiler here neutralisation neutralisation harmony. under harmony possessive harmony person be suffixes, a itself Kirghiz vowels vowel. tm-a 'labial 'singed'. 'fire', 'to following In It Some Some selected water'. final harmony Turkish Bashkir other would 'to do many most vowel non-harmonie suffixes üt the of 'persons', of harmony', 'my u, four It simple labial slqtr my syllable e.g. and we languages Others languages to front the 'pass!', Ü, consistently. property is The within clearly influence suffix the a languages, to horses'. be suffix k/Zlm stamp', low-vowel ü, realisations, variants, front 'went rules centralised also in find vowel vice fourfold of of harmony match U, quality scope are and wrong past Tatar the the also may börölör u word -(X)m 'my ot in a vs. observed versa, with of any which are out', of back , of only distinction phonological suffixes, such yalum and the forms of 'win!', of apply the the dialects, back e.g the have to girl', of applied the this forms, harmony For general does respect labial suffixes kette or choice syllabies, a . Ü claim e.g. vowels type notably last the display preceding 'wolves'. ö as is last Yakut harmony dominant harmony, the is a crqtf a atlm 'my example, after more not last Yakut Bt back Turkish there stern rounded 'went' not harmony e.g stern -GA or consistently, Bashkir rounded that of to breakdown 'singe!'. as apply way', -LAr 'my . syllable (p. after such this in 'went reflected distinction front vowels, Turkish sterns e. vowel, with of syllable. However, also syllable well syllable and the , strongly 92). g. only however, otto horse', immediately kind ral-ü areal in the vs. the Tatar after as must gülüm third-person vs. harmony vs. variants are out', Kirghiz ('labial ayalar with This In of affects 'won', neutral unrounded but it ev-ler-im-e the in roundedness of back. unrounded determines back 'its is u, many Though astern affects of at be front the elim Iranised vowel suffixes, no kette still harmony, thus e.g Turkish weak creates a 'my 'horse', specified role', the Turkic front such 'fathers', case BttB high attraction'). go and Primary is . STRUCTUREOFTURKIC i 'my vs. cases be qusqa reflected in preceding determines the rose', caused 'went' syllabic assimilation further, simple this or 'singed'. back harmony, front, front Uyghur. harb-i as suffix or a hand', of dialects. 'to e.g. in suffixes the whole it first-person language e.g. vanishing of -ke, of suffix for harmony suffixes my 'to 'meat' sterns gölüm ayalar , back suffix ülar in syllables by phonetically i.e. i.e. past the in Dttr vowels, each althe -ge, the ipim 'its applying houses', suffix front The syllable. syllable. In the the the But syllabies: take the 'waters', with variant , allow Yakut . Tatar war'. suffix vowel. 'won', applies et loanwords, -qa, language. 'my 'my 'children', latter suffix. subject It bird, preceding quality manifests so-called 'minimal vs. not syllables 'dog', on singular exclude in implies vowels at-lar• -ya. rope', a Thus, Apart lake', labial third• Tatar must front -DX, back süya stern even This One thus free less Btte and this the 33 of to ut If Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 g 34 Consonant languages, it d, man the house' phenomenon Consonant subject t diachronic occurring case dropped The Prosodie -(V)C, to vowels, segments father' Pitch Underived too'. köylerde height, negation unaccented, write'. 'my 'books 'lakes', 'beginning', 'I (after is > prevent sIept', The Certain Many A Suffixes 0, There As mountain' ignored k, (accusative)'. main house', STRUCTUREOFTURKIC suffixes, special Most t, accent . etc., the . ' a This I, on distinction vs to etc., and Some Bashkir r, rule, and suffixes 'in indicated when . is Phenomena suffixes harmony, vowel in hiatus the languages factor items Assimilations reasons and e'Sik-ka n) Turkic assimilations e.g. are is in e.g. the also occurs on with e. ol-an kind many is baba-m non-accentable last and also (see e.g the notations g. personal Chuvash not classified progressive Turkish villages' Uyghur the or is are in an . in an have syllable taw-oar with of low Table true languages dropped for Turkish always 'being', in 'to to languages (except e.g. e.g. the accentable, word-Ievel initial interacting stern suffix display brackets break 'my this the the vs. of r allomorphs suffixes gel-di Turkmen plural suffixes . Sen (otherwise), 27.5, create into enclitic of last high indicated dOOf'. variation, vowel ends 'mountains' father' devoicing when the iki-~er -(s)I(n) for up variation the kimsen? native ones, progressive have accentable p. accentable are between consonant 'came' suffix a always e.g. further accent changeable 439). have few negative of The particles in 'connective' ädama after . 'two e.g. pitch with lexical in With at orthographically. the and stern e.g. a languages, is 'Who after -IAr: allomorphs devoicing vs. forms 'horse', , has stern-final -(y)dIm third-person consonant, is suffix due each', an accent, ones, pronominal it syllable varman-eja Tuvan assimilation clusters. 'to the ends git-ti items. such the -mAz voiceless would initial semantic are Kazakh to dynamic althe such type sounds capacity allomorphs. e.g. or ür-er you?', in the as in 'went', e. that is ')(pI-dar in unaccentable, beginning a or g. consonant be consonants dA Uyurdum man' as Turkish so-called vowel, relatively -(C)V, word e.g. Azerbaijanian possessive at-tar consonants, 'in wrong implications 'three -mAs is 'and, type, In inserted baba-sm-a of Ydzmidi stress Uzbek to increase the (dative), the suffix-initial Turkish forms, 'hands', e.g. the carry too'. A -DIm 'horses', forest', each' copula to aorist) with present 'I after accent, 'pronominal . weak very epenthetically Turkish With claim '(S)he would üy-ga consonant e.g. suffixes e.g. d> of . ej high ädami" in 'to and stern-final basla-yan There -mAKdA. = tu-ra common nom-nar markers dA in Uyudum the etc volume, the Turkish that charac- köl-der t, written did his/her ' sleep'. I to is J pitch ev-im some . ' to type tone and, > 'the and not 'on the the not are are n' n, c, is . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 pencere of terised recent prominence such seems syllables a accent nearest heavy between distributed emphatic e. accent languages adverbially languages emma between phrase, scarce systems. (adjective). The Morphology highly Synthesis Word ['nasil] [ ['korden· ing morphic 'writing', g. corresponding y'zelsm] Pitch Non-accentable rhyme Both Tatar technique structure as . to borrowings ['emma] Structure if by synthetic penult Intonation light clause 'how', on weight accent and ['pend3en:] pitch the be words with a In nice and variation patterns more Atig effects, of often . 'You the used differently Items general, the words Lexical syllable. stress Juxtapo the and of ['nitfe] or §imdi and , original with types long ['6tiIJ] 'but'. energy such it structure elements immediately the fall are tend patterns antepenult, or Volga-Kama stress of . in often in sentence suffixes accent e.g. An items vowel, reliable place ['fimdI] Turkic clear 'window beautiful'. as compound Old Turkish question in Such are s 'how ition of 'Throw!' factor in to Uzbek accent the Turkish falls example subordinated articulation. -cut Turkic with may and are displaying tend the give patterns many', e. often word levels. next dates ' g. yalmz , ' of on now' particularly e.g. are personal morpheme numerous individual preceding are coincide to yazma region or Turkish This intersyllabic origin more and heavy poetry. syllable vocative produce be , nativised. is appaq usually ignored on is Turkish . The if may, This [ agglutinative, accented ' this phenomenon jolni~] [otiIJ] Turkic none the It ['j6zmre] to to names prominence and components syllabIes, evde tends in however Being feature accent bound , ['op:ok] poorly higher the Turkic Turkish boundaries a syllable, which a of karde§ reduplications lokanta 'your coincidence 'only' progressive non-final ['evde] prosodic . to on last the The sensitive is morphemes, fall 'do are investigated. pitch , the STRUCTUREOFTURKIC yields that languages. 'very syllables often in horse'. be ; syllable. allows that accent word compare ['karden mostly on to not of 'at e.g [bk'onta] studies first replaced phenomena and is and syllable the is word horne'. . white', the used write' sound a to closed of syllable, falls characterised parasIZlIklarmdan Turkish minimal Conjunctions behave first higher stress of predictable is phonetic The ofTurkic pitch initial and [jalni~] for accent Central foreign heavy, by on , 'brother!' Turkish harmony and syllable, followed 'restaurant', syllables affective differences a the word-final patterns and degree are e.g. similarly, juxtapos• contrasts Güzelsin syllable; [jozmre] are nearest factors 'alone' origin, on accent Asian rather stress Tatar nasll allo by also and and and the 35 by - of or or at a • Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 paradigms. Regularity available derived are combinability ablative morphemes morphemes, All rather notions. can seller' The 36 The causative concerning easily a bil-ir Elements replacive mentioned have without nents. pointed segmental e.g. and rerum 'because 'cause '-less', 'journalist' 'aorist' 'Throw!' high There The The This The much these always conjugational Turkish affixes primary STRUCTURE grammatical 'knows', . Accent +- applicability. to mechanically segmentable -lIK bound method few suffix regularity out suffix. from any For of su elements. preceding factors are method, more love', allomorphs (verbal expression, above. +- above. be the abstractness exceptions their are 'water'. many have which fusion ben stern mayaiso each morphemes allows -(V)r, rich gazete used dön-er meaning is productive thus OF genitive contribute '1', poverty', consistently should, classes, functions The Nevertheless, few e.g grammatical is stern) TURKIC possibilities serve The single as of primary For e. structures. suffixes, long ban-a 'newspaper' the to . and 'turns'. g. a significants distinguish agglutinative technique agglutinative Turkish to e.g. and few suffix example, free . of Turkish the klralm word leftmost however, irregular chains mostly phonological primary It the than consisting complex 'to to Turkish not sterns exceptions phonologically form, stern remains Some mostly affixing, '-ness', choice a formation me'. corresponding notions, passive Turkic languages derivable The of considerable bil-dir- 'the of , have Turkish seemingly morph are aVCl e.g. as, verbs, stern, according not morphs. irregularities expanding forms. Neither i§-ler-in king's, content monosyllabic of between mostly -IArI(n) for Turkish a intact, mislead one 'hunter' relate predictability yapll- the highly para 'let and suppletive it (not -lIK instance, from Certain morph is Since synthetic predictable know', of identical are nominal elements the to morphological is 3p.pl. English to without 'money', difficult segmentable 'affair '-ness' at 'be high yields to generalised sterns the the +- the there in expression readily basically the 'horse' unjustified hundreds following av done', primary king'. functions combinations in ones. forms, declension anla-t- possessive and expression and + forms. transparency: 'hunting', rules include the y numerous by usually devices, infixes, to -sIz plural allomorphs, low (nominal The matched -CI A Latin causative present lack etc. content of sterns 'let synchronically). of privative of high regularity. simplifications after of vowels forms 'professional' the primary real of e.g. grammatical declensional suffix, understand' that + assimilation sucu additive the counterpart is of have pronouns, degree choice the genitive', complete stern), prefixes. and the with gazeteci can regular, compo• morphs may sevdir• bound 'water added in suffix other. -DAn been stern only thus The also the be its At of of or , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 It to foreign court', occur ductive represented by forms Copies classes avoid that Suffixes them, houses'. preceding precede primary singulars suffixes enclitic Turkish items, hungry' unaccentable Suffixes Stern such formed. 'foresee, as are Use take Verbal 'merchants 'wisdom', is The The From Turkic, English several similar a ofSuffixes is on as typical Formation e.g. redundance. are as etc., and muhäkeme originals order their according influence deverbal in . of and idi - stern such markers Since inflectional sound All verbal free must provide and often Turkish stern, häkim the ' nominal Arabic to face prefixation, syntactically e.g. by +- Enclitic sterns, feature relative of -(y)DI units. as directly suffixes forms, provided Turkic various nominal singular unmarked harmony, Uzbek be suffixes and number, e.g. of being suffixes, there have 'judge', have to Görmü§ for' 'lawsuit', There plurals loanwords They whether sterns distinguished 'was', their ofTurkic Particles Kirghiz nominal distance ones. e.g. are languages in a forms, extremely burun suffixes täcir. -== sterns few with ablaut, is parallel that include case, ability closest are hakfm are ön and e.g. ile ve subject with French Each primary copied muhkem üylörömdö they few Turkic sharply duymu§-lardl - e.g.lJ,km to 'front' sterns, 'before' the to take often possessive Turkish are -(y)IA metatheses, use to occupy of that 'wise', internal to postpositions, segments the added cases few, singular are to from four on it, prevoir. prefixes, the morphological represent or plural in expanded rigid incorporate distinguished, primary , 'solid', often 'with', which in denominal secondary, e.g. edi possibilities dA mahküm the of unaccentable ('house Turkish enclitic suffix inflection and rules. relative is agreement. 'was', 'They and 'and, ä]- suffixes, subject Turkish e.g. means Some used after used etc. Ottoman etc. copula morphological stern. relators verbal 'be tends only + Suffixes Uzbek hüküm 'sentenced', the too'. S1RUCTUREOFTURKIC One had particles, Such Turkish can suffixes, positions plural devices to homonymous that hungry' languages of are loan Suffixes e.g. markers loanwords attached seen be assimilatory type icün to Third-person derivation: or Arabic cardinals, of Note processes na-toyri derivational 'judgement', sometimes used + form Turkish modify nominal translation other ki economically and - and my as within which and -cün 'that'. processes that mahkeme may modifying as to heard root under distributional variants, + kinds, verbal in free 'incorrect'. ä] and in') sterns the are the some tüccär-lar 'for'. sterns be processes the question. Enclitics are 'hunger, may singular used suffixes forms. it'. öngör• certain hikmet unpro• last shared 'in strong modal whole word, sterns alien such 'law free free and e.g. my the are 37 be as of Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 4 calised derivation The referred yiylab p. Nouns 38 3 objects, division adjectives, Turkic 2 Nominals Wherever Word verbs with use since Chuvash cornbinability absent inflectional logically volurne. nurneral referred with ,qil-, sornetirnes 1 Chuvash uses 'Karairn 42. The Similarly, The Nouns this deverbal denorninal denominal deverbal 'way' rnain (see STRUCTURE copied strong yap- There such Classes verbals yubtlr- last verbal plural and e. to device is lacks to wornan'. 'one', p. rnarked g. counterpart rnay word possessive not as as of an two 'do' pronouns, seern as 51). Turkish are paradigrns sernantic foreign thus a nominal verbal indecIinables. er- phrases suffix verbal identical singular indefinite ('crying converb + verbal contain devices should is mayaIso e.g. nominal also rather definite cIasses OFTURKIC incorporated 'be', to feminine basically cannot bir sterns, cornbinations imza is be suffixes, sterns. sterns, containing sterns, and fusion, bol- infrequently, being suffixes generally plural, and in send') forms, with are used of sterns, articIe articIes, et- Turkish constitute numerals. be e.g. Turkic 'becorne'. a given lexical e.g. common the e.g. Denominal 'sign' -sem. form in e. nominal e.g. e.g. be nominal possessive 'start though Turkish e.g. g. cIassification precede a Turkish Turkish is auxiliary cornpared -lAr of Turkish languages iyi in similar Uzbek of (compare iterns though e.g. Unrnarked used, Turkish crying'. thernatic The the a bir an or they elements to yolla-n- second sterns Kirghiz -ZAr, yatak verb yolla- at individual agreement and are rernaining the illip all verbs it way krali(:e with also 'a yolda§ demonstrative For is are imza-la-), sterns lacking, . into Turkic case formation . good verb e.g. plural 'bed' kel- forms, 'send' 'be which formally Nominals Grammatical (pro-verbs) such the have zaqsi' nominals postverb nominal 'queen', Tatar sent' suffixes rnay possibilities (see 'bring' 'fellow horse'. chapters +- parts factor. languages, generic +- do at suffix. except e.g. yat- affet- p. form +- qolaqlar yol also not 'a/the identical constructions, of 42) and and cornprise . yolla- Karaim ('taking Many qolaq traveller' 'lie' Their pronouns 'way' function Even speech 'forgive'. of gender verbal a and incIudes with Exarnples verbal verbals. good of few as the though 'send'. languages 'ears', analytical order collective 'ear', et-, auxiliary with rnorpho• Karayka corne'), phrases derived present will horse'. is nouns, as +- sterns, eyle• lexi• This rnay also free and yol see the are the be of in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Adjectives possessor. There is genitive -(1)1], Many tion relicts. regarded rather prepositions. parative and created and only Turkish in in equative dative -Iz. -(y)l, However, Adjectives high preposed phrases Some +- from adjectives e.g. ('together languages stern, a so-called my the Possessive There Certain summer' The Intensive kunta dative Old Karachay-Balkar, to attached degree Russian -(s)l(n), an a of brother's'. same are fulm wide English similar with adjective with -sal, locative Uyghur in m, ('than'), them as reduplication are ('like'), many some The followed with in with'), are comparative 'here' descriptions -NI1] p, case abstract-relational language. +- of suffixes functional a suffixes fonns The Chuvash, in to usually suffixes -(I)mlz, r not neologistic are fIrst- possessive a yazda special suffixes, or invariable suffIxes ap nouns. deviations or markers, . in property, The in etc. core clearly rather s instrumental Under directive ari"y -(n)I1], by -DA, is may and of comparative of nominative 'in fIve Many The lack inserted, -(I)1]lz, typically of a copied cases Adjective of the case areas. the 'quite also second-person like primarily comparative summer', distinguished the be and suffix, including are accusative pronouns fonns. foreign e.g. a type core of from markers type in dative case postpositions, fIrst do ('towards'), fonned reckon unproductive the -LArl(n), functions. suffixes, clean', an The -TAyAr Uzbek replacing -KI, express ('by cases Altay not -GI this phrases syllable. genitive is suffixes ablative constructions fonn influence, . Chuvash genitive, in e.g. of suffixless, They signal or several and scheme, with Uzbekyam-yaSil suffix, means from köpraq -GA -niy, expressed (p. from this plural e.g. -kl, signalling adjectives, pos Kirghiz a genitive are 421). correspond often in Between tenninative in possible a or and very since e.g. -skiy, session Ottoman group adjectives nouns which kunti fonned Yakut the more of), Old fonns -DAn. e.g. 'more, -(y)A, some identical are Uzbek exhibit Bul specific (see they accusative, STRUCTURE Khakas by in person coincidence are in Turkic prodessive 'local' e.g. only mayaIso peripheral the and syllable-fInal and contain at Uzbek dialects, Uzbek an Headless from -f, very morphological accentable languages pp. in govem mostly yazdagi ayamdrqi" 'quite and reduplication Turkish (,until'), fonns accusative copied partitive correspond present with function relations, -nay, and 56-7) (with adverbiallocative much'. ones a adverbs OF simply green', and primary the plural number such unaccentable. ('for'), of set genitives -skay, from 'taking TURKIC -l/, contraction) in is use 'This may suffixes: commonly consonant, bare comitative to accusative partly Yakut adverbial of in but as in which in element English respect. signal Kirghiz Kumyk Arabic, and of with copied -Nlor of cases. cases, -( horse stern. func• place some com• mark have I)m, -DA has the the are the 39 is a a a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 40 Pronouns exact elaborate Turkish forms, Tuvan languages Gender corresponding buras1 Examples Personal köpkök nominative nominal pronouns. used ÖZ Numerals such özemniki man(an) menü) tively village' type necessary] without pronouns, pronouns, spoken Modern Yakut units sense '(s)he 'altogether' 'you 'ours'. qolum Demonstratives As Possessive Reflexive -kl, STRUCTURE one as as equivalents of yourselves', in min for [in adiin are qanca-, 'this , varieties, distinctions There a neresi 'entirely e.g. Turkic choice, the more '(my)self lasa subclass. Uzbek 'belonging to honorific 'my person]'. and possessive of mostly personal have They often beyem to e.g. . nine, sterns, place', sense Turkish 'my pronominal pronouns do?' pronouns 'my own polite series 'what demonstrative are Ottoman at Uyghur languages used are OF distance biznil) name' for a of 'I in blue', least horse'. of hand', mostly They As systems. free TURKIC etc., whereas myself are rnus plural pronouns, Karachay also buradan the often, to the the bizimki, suffix, place', for 'own', of third-person a myself lacking, such three-way , possessive are type with rule, kitap tens English polite demonstrative Uyghur neyle- kimil)ki often verbs Chuvash corresponding Tuvan Independent distinguish and but normally , formally e.g. Tuvan e.g. most bir( as ne ten Uzbek possessive however, 'from . 'our kesim not pronouns visibility rede are address. exhibit kendi, e.g. e.g. 'do i)biri bodumnul) to Turkish Uyghur system menÜ) 'whose', systems, other always, Kazakh pronoun ninety, personal bodumya xup-xura Bashkir book', bizniki, here'. 'where', what', genitives have forms, several 'each 'myself' öz, forms Turkic oblique Reflexive nominals kitiplirim suffixes, pronouns 'near' bizim interrogative, seem ÖZ form for bot, lexical Corresponding büyt- used e.g. Kirghiz azitiin Kirghiz niminil)ki other'. mayaIso kitiwim Kazakh ul with pronouns, Uzbek 'to deictic are hundred, 'jet-black', of languages . 'it, Chuvash köy, to vs. Bashkir sterns a myself for There personal created 'do e.g. she, pronuns can and corresponding cardinal be 'my 'my morphologically are 'further Qantis Uyghur bizdiki, 'my emphasis, qayergil menin types this be relevant. Uyghur that he' adverbs, own 'belonging for books'. inflected e.g reflexive bit , are xa followed own with do Chuvash way' . and Turkish for thousand, , interrogatives . differ away'. kerek? numerals work', at(iin), are oso, Chuvash biznil) not Turkish also 'where book', which suffixes men(il)) , demonstrative sometimes e.g. Especially Yakut Most used e.g. display sul, like predicative from and by esir reciprocal There and to 'What yeza büsbütün Turkmen Chuvash features etc. Turkish to', without Kirghiz distinct pirenni attribu• kendisi for a nouns Turkic Xayä-, what', xavar ofthe özem, in other noun their very 'our The etc are are the the [is be in . . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 languages There doqsan, durdi'n tens Chuvash e.g. e.g. of Turkmen The ekinCi -(A)IÄn, -ÄGU, there is tens together', halfeach'. pronouns, Personal (see am er- languages, counterpart The is Verbals Uyghur be used rogation, Fena actionality, Verbal 'My 'subject 'if 'be'; not Ordinals them, The Negative .. produced, has a Turkish as pp. sixty in friend . verbal first- e.g. degil writer', a is' are Morphology 'second', 'forty'. past e.g. weIl, largely the mostly teacher', emes, i.e representatives', 52-3), a e.g. uses Markers diel, etc., and Turkish and also e.g. use . to pair'. third unaccentable 'It and Old is tense they voice, is are be§er, copulas e.g. morphology ninety is indirective Tatar, -eee. Kirghiz the Uzbek normally e.g. betelen the no a been Turkish multiplicative the are often not person. Uyghur second-person contain good Distributives Kazakh Tuvan Uzbek copula personal suffix Fena on special possibility, Turkish types Chuvash There unaccentable bad'. taken Bashkir are Nominal emds, are formed Men man', Evdeyim 'five in üzen degildi suffixes -meso the is üeegü necdnCi, Men of ones indicating Uyghur are formed Chuvash over is the marker mostly Chuvash Kov-ala-n-ma-ml§-tl-k qi'ryizmi'n the digits pileHer tügel together', also juxtapositions 'thirty', complex, Khakas muyalim with order are Predicates Collective such negation, by 'three « multiplicative personal 'I of copula conditional copula -(ü)len, often as '(is) with Crimean the six degil am possessive suffixes the the as given a mar, 'five Kirghiz 01 to past copula, together', 'I imis not', at type emespin person particles formed compnsmg Khakas nine am aspect, idi) verbs elements toyi'sei' horne', numerals Turkish e. here. markers each', form and g. e. Tatar of -DIr formed a 'It (alti: g. copula dialects e.g element ikkilen Kirghiz'. and such types the Long eken with Uyghur edi 'I was mood, Kirghiz . -(O)IAl), Bashkir 'is' 'He Crimean such STRUCTURE Kazakh degil, qaCi'nji' am yetti, developed type number ('persecute are on 'was' as with productive particles < the not (p. altmis, derived is not eiton 'two (b turur formed -ese, as tense, nominal -( U Azerbaijanian sekiz, a 45). In )01- type bad'. altö Min ön I)nC/, a of Dosiin muellim worker'. 'which Kazakh, Tatar e.g. of teacher', the together', 'seventy', e.g. the 'stands' OF The yetmis, 'become, 'ten' sterns -sAr of the from 'six doquz). yaoiwsiini'n person, The with + third TURKIC altolal) e.g. old yari'msar the markers ikkese zaqsi' predicates, first old iterative in together'. for or emes Chuvash personal In can Kirghiz, verb the type Turkish Kirghiz person, may seksen, order'. role -( Tuvan Fu-yü actant Some lower adam deyil, be'. inter• some s)Ar, 'two type thus 'six 'He ese er• 41 be of of 'a 'I + Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 42 passive comprise imply is which natural beginning persecuted' transformatives desideratives include Analytical körügse- noted, restricted. pattern, phrase erroneously or Turkish give') accurate grarnmatical indicate bit- bar- 01- cooperative-reciprocal er- biZip may two Uyghur signalling (see actants. verbal Suffixes 'cut express the As Actionality Simple Voice Various ('become ('becoming 'be' verbs, p. therefore ('taking STRUCTUREOFTURKIC n- continuously', an a ' regards crucial a 44). stern burst with markers converb ('writing actional + oqup whether yaZlp The and transfonnation manner, of and inherent 'want two The actionality, negation the suffixes of is e.g. methods thematic . the called and out strong most insertion meaning go') having and kör- bol- the subclasses: also dur- transition limit, second expressed actionality suffixes, Uyghur to type end') do of laughing', of the affect content send') similatives e.g. action cruciallimit, see', 'lead', ('reading be a common intensity, of not 'aspect 'become', ('writing + semantic action lexical of done'), e.g. sterns -(V)n Tuvan referred i.e. this 'happen', verb Uzbek post-tenninal - imply of kelimsin- its yeziwal- suffixes, derivation 'write takes to modifying is may specify Chuvash öl- fini-transformatives, with elements type actancy is verbs', (Gennan an - Uzbekyiyläb by often verb can the see') signalling frequentativity, passive lasting, mostly stand') bizi-gile- such any 'die', usläp fusion. to intratenninal place, e.g. down' contribute are a respect crucial Karachay also passive, as and a < which express natural 'pretend inherent 'try phase correspond as ilse postverbs. yezip are Old pattern weakly ill- and the between with repeated, a + Aktionsart), . 'write suffix combine e.g. Old Such phrases Such to second pir- more the anterior ('grasping limit, Turkic modify to read'. 'write action of initio-transformatives, al- turning yuMr- lost öl- the to Uyghur aytib to crucial reflexive-middle, transition by the represented ('taking phase pennanently', is state etc., ('writing describing come strongly auxiliary 'die', lexical There middle the momentary, e.g. changing to -(V)I, content Such with in qoy- -(V)r expressed repeatedly' the + ('crying point, Indo-European (see e.g. which point, two -(V)GsA . ' any structure. take') Ip yat- yat- meaning go') is copulative actional have e.g. meaning ('saying into . voice, Crimean pl.') bol- pp. sometimes take'), of developed. verb verb verb(al with in 'lie the e.g. e.g. the 'lie the 'bring', the send') örtül- a 'seize', 43-4), a güliver- modern attempted, by post-tenninal ('become 'We and . may common syntactic down, e.g. action preceding the fonns down, yaz- end auxiliaries, of Transformatives There Tuvan put') and causative the Tatar phrase) -(V)msln, verbs the preceding the had attainment 'start in 'be fonn preverbs Turkish Turkish Old of fusion Uyghur 'write'. generalised As verb languages. ' ('Iaughing which is in lie'. lie'. the bIurt covered'. biZivit- kes-kele• not are Uyghur, etc doing'), crying', a actancy roles such already heavily a verb verbal action has of stern, They ., Non• often more been out', olup state -m/S also elip e.g. e.g. and and the the of or of as < a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 verbs Jazisat Cooperative-reciprocal did can in give' -KUr, Karakhanid Finite Finite them have role relatively been both Finite suffixes differ literature. and that whieh the stern foeus one as its Intraterminals, terminals. Noghay 'see tidu sense 'having presents Possibility Turkie The Verbal Kirghiz beginning moment not present give'. modal is each of . as ignored identical and '(S)he are from such on Most Thematic of Forms their items offer come' constituting -(V)t, 'They finite number come', expressing Barayatfr what English morphologically high, other, a predicates, languages Modem Most The perspectives as their and beginning of verb tense, thematic of alfn- different constitute is by . markers write', and bil- and them -DUr, meanings is speaking verbal and impeifects, writing', languages gelecek Forms grammarians. meet' non-finite Post-terminals, currently paradigms, of progressives, but as 'take ('know') languages before '(S)he their have sentences. aspect, make non-finite singular simple suffix whether ways seldom -(V)z and negation . are independent Note . for relative suffixes 'foreseen Conjugated in designations developed postverbal Turkish its is their nominal going exhibit ones. the use these oneself of mood that and just etc., that exhibit end. and e.g. Jazat. genuine finite event envisaging As of end: items. suffix e.g. e.g. to al- signals on are going', different Terminals these rather a mentioned, Qalistf e.g compound Some and to given okumaktaynn sterns, . into at Uzbek number intraterminals, sentences 'take', or is combinations verb generally Causative numerous . come', are future It is the envisaged tense. non-fmite, suffixes ölür- suffixes, such elaborate is -MA temporal Kazakh are not forms e.g. orientation events 'They syntactic important e,g. Keläyatir of items. more they standardised Certain etc., a however, Turkish ' and aspect-mood-tense of With kill past aspeet suffixes perspective. Kirghiz minimally are , e.g. tazfp within with remained', STRUCTUREOFTURKIC the aspeeto-temporal readily Kirghiz orientation e.g. ', ', are of express foeal, post-terminals functions. tenses, used intraterminal Turkish to converbs point, yedür- verb type '(S)he or respeet gelir marked Tuvan otir, note its include their Bere to viewpoint putting fulfil in consist limits, limits, -(V)s forms mostly various oqüdamin sometimes express 'coming' Though Uyghur the is that singular Verebilir finite alat points, KelbedilJ 'give to This with with just the , -(V)r, grammatical their they e.g. that a may and items of '(S)he more functions aspectual has forms auxiliary narrower eoming', systems. syntactic markers, thematic plurality to a most Yeziwa• , notably is körüs• simple gelmi~ do Qaldi: limits, verbal '(S)he -GUr, 'I occur in often 'You after sueh eat'. than can not the am 43 of is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 44 Turkmen esley reading'. broader past('preterite') always varies relevant narrow has was yoq Baryan focal a are directly Khakas Kazakh taken past, Bilemöq Olmü§ Modal Kazakh meanings Yakut politeness. '(S)he e.g. clauses. obligative Gelmeliyem ]önömökpüz 'I sometimes 'Take!'. 'I past was am There With All Special Imperatives gone', also Meni taking, ('there e.g. STRUCTURE items '(S)he going place, Bara according event, Turkic writing'. bulunuyor writes', drinks focus Forms Xfyfrja1Jmfn period edim and Körgenim post-terminal Optatives Baratfn limit, Optatives corresponding Azerbaijanian 'I are Iyyrerdim körmäkCi Less with Uyghur negative do The are items occurring ilik took', has to as works', 'I corresponding e.g. 'We e.g. 'I on languages tea', write'. not of i.e. a respect ought similar Uzbek focal had '(S)he exhibit Severallanguages thematic not ofthe OF whole, to the '(S)he time, Turkic Kirghiz ('is Uzbek must of Kumyk know have Bu zoq, typically Qus express TURKIC 'I the '(S)he gone' items been Noghay 'I orientation to in items was kitapni the type items has in to to used Bilämän for set actional usadf Bashkir Yazmisdi"g pluperfects, close implying the come', used different have at the also Yazyän English . similar marker just include Kelelek any not will, Bara protracted, out', types -DI, all', voluntative state past to are after such speaker' Baradf men 'Althe connections gone to uses simple eating' read'. writing intends e.g. and content Tatar Kürgenem and edim used point, 'I items, ofhaving go', '(S)he perfects, functions. the of -mAK, as it categorical « oquyan forms '(S)he also know', Uzbek yet' verbal has intentional bird items indicating peifects, the yazmis '(S)he s attainment , terminal Barasibiz habitual 'I Kirghiz for Azerbaijanian attitude. of to are more . modality have (see was been has second-person flies'. see has -(y)AsI, mine') functioning events Yazdim, with 'I denoting suffixes signalling died') stative Kazakh yoq goes', + have written', There going, p. special or me', pasts carried the not idik) or items Oqücumun 42). a imperatives 'I items less 'We of and general post-terminal '(S)he event 'I once seen have come or Tatar Uyghur ChuvashSfrtam -mAll its 01 such are to 'We went', More that have focal habitual Alrrdi" must which resultative, the out. often Kumyk relevant such convey read ilyi'y at not as also is singular Yaza, had has yet' an current as events, not focal imperfects etc., envisaged Men yazmaqCimen The go', various Chuvash ongoing 'I seen as « Uzbek event present occur and this Gust) written' say necessitative (from past used Uyghur written alfr Baryan Uzbek limit: certain Azerbaijanian relevant aspect items, e.g. book' conditionals, it', relevance e.g. e.g. isedi is has died'. forms, in idi) 'I Yazyänim to 0, levels the Turkmen -A within Sfrattam , a wrote'. Bashkir purpose Turkish after Kirghiz Kumyk such -mäkCi, not . at e.g. write', Yazidu simple with modal '(S)he '(S)he '(S)he in There elek), event limit Less all e.g. yet the its Al as of of or , , a a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 just The representatives', < e.g. future Chuvash and certain do indirective interpretations languages it inclination, -mlS, Indirective Personal may nominal notably nal used unaccentable pp. Bari"ptur, special spoken come'. as apparently, er- locate Uyghur [reportedly, 'We 'as 'stands') '(S)he turns D turur The Besides The not is/was origin, 52-3). thus been 'be', Uzbek be + after come'. most eken, items, the analyse personal is about. hearsay, out', kinds presumptive enclitic The so-called the do 'stands') Markers Yeziptu sterns, mentioned '(S)he YakutBarbn have Si"rap probably . obvious' thematic nominal e.g. The these not obviously] Post-terminals Uzbek Keldi-m copula peripheric roles simple Forms etc.). apparently, prospectivity e.g. Tatar The suffix of Indirective as Turkish present the already dominant type copula inference markers 'I has evidential e.g. deverbal 'subjective indicating '(S)he of 'aorist' The will third emis, simple '(S)he predicates or reading', particles perspectives past, probably . of verb 'I indirective Turkish Turkic 'as the Kileeek expression come' '(S)he the came'. Geliyor-sun write'. particles, been inflectional ekän. -Im, person obviously] appears statements take from forms, it event past in is type past such items etc., tums/tumed pasts' the , presumably -(V)r mentioned. appears etc. of Uyghur written'. Uzbek languages on (see The There imi§I-(y)mI§, Note of as '(S)he results, tense -DIr< itself copula as the esn and person is e.g. temporally, e.g. developed DI first- used accentable of to , particle is p. e.g. unmarked -mlS 'You concem that + this coming', types items Turkish in Yaziptilär to are devices, will have 41): mostly Yazyandu Tatar or personal turur to and Turkish a have particles out'. direct epistemic some come, direct and also also Past qualify come'. sleeping', unaccentable eken imis, second-person written', are from the e.g. 'stands'. gone'. e.g. number Kiler suffixes Uyuyordur -(V)ptIr modal, more possess there markers or way. authors Uyghur experience Ali are 'They markers conclusion tends personal (post-terminal Turkish such Ali Most eken, the forms STRUCTUREOFTURKIC sometimes gelmi§ modification coming', The are clear-cut '(S)he Turkmen geliyormu§ experience Kazakh Certain expressing of appear of tend to as indirective Turkic in of which imis, also source markers -(I)m, of the the convey (intraterminal emis Gelmi§ti 'Ali the ('as the markers markers, regarding to the may/will tense-indifferent Kirghiz possessive first to thematic present prospectives eken, has languages marked is type Bari"pti", get etc., and of combine 01 have obsolete + varies obvious', the of of information disposition, [reportedly, 'Ali actant du categories, indirective '(S)he oqoyänni"r eken is but edi pronomi• the Turkmen meaning written' Kele-biz an 'subject < volume the come', is/was sterns, across by rather + Altay event event 'was' turur type, have have verb with (see DIr one had 'as 45 an or , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 46 Non-finite Turkic participles Non-finite complement Turkish markers Action markers. representatives', e.g. copula ing intraterminal isolation, Participles -jek, -(ä)yatgän, -GänliK, used nominal facti, idük, e.g. e.g. also action oqup -(A)kAn, read', participle functions entities -Gän, Kumyk the yet' seen Khakassay-an Many There Active the basis , Uzbek Azerbaijanian participles Chuvash Tatar yet' STRUCTURE Altay as i.e. jatqan Turkmen Chuvash and nouns. verbs event different is Nouns hasta -(A)ZAK, attributes and sterns, languages participle Khakas (compare are both for participles, and denotes Forms Thematic necessative rich yazasi: and kirgelek ekän, serve clauses, also participles such 'impersonal' as student -ni. oldugum seemingly Participles Thus, 'the inek('milk-PARTCOW') -nA. converbs. with in -dIK. current, corresponding OF from e.g. Tuvan -pcAtKAn, Action They ekänlik, prospective to events or as fact of Chuvash -mIS, TURKlC pp. have o-iie predicative non-finite 'not Fonns non-finitise post-terminal e.g. e.g. Turkish without the -(ä)yatgänligi, (b)ol- the the 'althe These participles 413, ('my that are, are -(V)r, e.g. special 'passive' refer having -GAn, -DIK not first that nouns Turkish Turkish The or other interpretations as I 427). less 'become, being Tuvan hear(d)' yet Uzbek §i"rmalla student aldlgun actant a have a markers (future) to Chuvash corresponding -(y)An, rule, may copulative head. focal, intraterminal refer verbal entered done), entities -DIK, such readings fonn ill') or older not -(V)p of often, -(ä)yatgän, used -ädigänl-ydigän, and who 'althecow terminal They be', ('my to e.g. participles the '(necessary) 'that Turkmen sterns. as yet also e.g. -(A)s, duydugum -(y)AcAK, yet', derivates participating actions with 'what turar, of Tatar verbs. notably Uzbek copula taken markers without is/was fonns Tuvan taking') I are carry relative am/was ('present') Some Kirghiz e.g. suffixes possessive meaning I often -AsP;l-ysP;, [thatsomebodyhas] Turkmen Kazakh This hear(d)'. -A(:)n, place and such -ädigänl-ydigän. particles in kelgelek Kumyk reading'. of based possessive -(y)I§, passive 'my ofthem are to 'that older clauses ill'. may er- identical -(i)S, are in körö as (participium function write'. (perfect used, -A participles, Tatar hearing' actions, suffixes -mA, 'be', I Bashkir on -yAn, yield languages, used ox;uzaq suffixes, Chuvash of 'not take/took'. Turkmen zatqan, elek take Some (see action the e.g. suffixes, -GAn, e.g. One Uzbek in having 'impersonal' to e.g. participles), as on 'not and p. as type fonn means, -(y)AsAK, 'who There construct fonns Ottoman Chuvash thematic personal of 62), milked'. which nondum present• 'subject -mAllA, type Kirghiz refer -A(:)n, having nouns, can Uzbek -Gän, come After eken, these with will e.g. e.g. are be of of in to is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Adverbs In relationship marked Converbs equative e.g. etc generally Turkish going'. The I -GAc, Most Personal terminal markers, Action having markers: markers between possessive possessive gelirsem sometimes semantic cles, Turkic instrumentals, burun Indeclinable Adverbs which Uzbek with 'running'. 'hither'. came' such Intraterminal The ., e. ., Bashkir indeclinable interjections conditional simple also g. 'formerly', -sA. cases, simple languages, sOIJrli nouns with (counterfactual). Converbs gone'. are the do -(y)/p kör-gen-im Many Sufftxes e.g. converb ' relations Bashkir or lfI conjugate There occur combine type, type, not More of parts alyaO, simple, Converbs with Old adverbial possessive come'. Word converbs conditional 'afterwards', old afftrmative and constitute of in More converbs are e. in Turkic e.g. of word copula marker and ala tünügün participles e.g. elaborate g. to them postpositions. in gidip Tuvan ftnite participles Classes ('see-PART-my') also a with morphologically for Turkish the sentence. -(y)V conjunctions Turkish 'taking' Gagauz elaborate cases are classes do markers olor-duq- are post-terminal content There person the functions. markers morphologically 'going of are mostly and alyas 'yesterday', adverbial not Bashkir tend fossilised forms the past such and formed gel-dig-im , negative bun gel-se-m include generally Tuvan are carry may type 'having and of takes (and copula converb converbs, Some to °m_a as of also or are ' the 'whatl today', yeyen function occur locative, with number, unanalysable, -(V)B, forms the personal similar converbs kele case on forms. Bashkir ... adverbs, superordinate 'as based combinations particle, taken' ('my converbs 'if )' take accentable type -(y)v, well-deftned I endings have 'in or in ' Uyghur forms sat I coming', Chuvash (see of in relators forms should coming') dative, on pairs, e.g. . summer', on bi'yil down' ese suffixes, in a All the seen'. -(y)ArAK, postpositions, e. way S1RUCTUREOFTURKIC p.64). verbal -GAc, such g. personal lack bar-am-mi"n Turkic e.g. 'if often verb bek 'thls of personal Turkish e.g. clause. of reminiscent signalling ablative, . come' Turkish -sA, unknown categories ... as nominal 'that -(y)v, a -mIS 'very', but nouns year' Old Conditionals signalling Yakut contain languages -(y)Vr Yakut clear old is', sufftxes A gel-se-ydim (hypothetical), + I in suffixes Turkic giderek , -(V)B, instrumental, copula come/came'. directives few locative e. Kirghiz emdi connections and Yakut 'me verb one-to-one origin oxto g. + of -(A)n, in locative, personal ergative converb Turkish modem various mostly have of goingl 'now', -GAlI, eogüti forms of parti• , e. '(by) oxto they may etc., beri e.g. the the 47 'if or g. a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 The Turkic Russian, aldimda 48 refer use becomes Post forms few entiate Chuvash or isation, left'. languages Turkic ev(in) interrogatives, genitive bilen birle harmay Fossilised degan, Many thus to meaning town', homonymous house', Uzbek non-finite suffixes (nomina Conjunctions 'before 'adjunctors' 'this 'weIl' content converbs, One Turkic enclitic positions free use way'. to STRUCTURE untypical. and Elements ana , and, önünde of Chuvash men(iI)) birle degen, has the kind a languages us', Bashkir 'unremittingly', pure of such 'before of conjunctors etc., less naukapa preceding 'and', loci), clauses them ile, 'father ofthoughts, converbs predicative make personal Case relational rich according free or particles 'together'. of e.g. (see frequent. may as juxtaposition e.g. with the serve e.g. 'in blan postposition denoting govem tep provided 'or', Where ö()tel systems OF me', subordinative -JA forms Uzbek and are frequent praktika dative, pp. Uyghur have front qacan be adverbs, TURKlC noun sine of 'with and as or embedded 'but' such such mother', concepts 48-9), uniI) ö()tönde used to e.g. markers verbs Adverbs unquoting of cases, -DAy, such köra 'on yaxsilap few of demonstrative phrase the of 'with', as 'when', me', , pronouns with Uzbek peqat as yaniga as use 'science instead the 'for' in the clearly adpositions, e.g. without meaning left-branching e.g. conjunctions. azu 'according items Uzbek , e.g. Gagauz e.g. Turkish Uyghur 'on items, expressed of ground'. house', by in may referred possessive instrumental birle etc. ' kelasan kim 'in but', particles 'or'; Kazakh the 'to means converb the Turkish the of goes and are do also a are Da syndetic genitive himlher/it'. 'who', conjunctions coordinative 'with' 'say', friendly bana table', karga sen/seniI) compare ablative, pronouns, Shor often ev(in) practice'. occur, to to', back often grammatical in be deb of by sondiqtan placed gizlice here Even forms Keldi-da, syntax, formed and deyni suffixed e.g [dip no or or the ile Uyghur used ('saying: cases to or arkasmdan elements way' copied they copied . sOI)ra 'but'. Tuvan as tilki nouns, as dep, the ücün case cases. 'from', The With e.g. coordinative 'for after 'secretly', as as devices, and in subjunctors with or . postpositions. nominative, are subordinative 'the conjunctional deyü, seher 'thus'. Kirghiz ketti possessive adverbs, Old me'. relators 'for from 'after'. from Uyghur postpositions suffixes, you increasing azi". quoted notably relative They productive homonymous as Uyghur crow you'. Turkic 'from will Some '(S)he Many diye, yenida other Persian, e.g 'and Certain Uzbek Some are menin which direct bizdin . and come') conjunctions e.g space (pp. pronouns e.g. Uyghur e. ', ', tese, qarap behind suffix languages. govem European• displays free languages g. came Some elements, . 'near the the 'or' equative adverbs, go Turkish 59-60). Uyghur bunday such Arabic, menen, speech Turkic Uzbek differ• nouns burun teyen, word 'with fox', back with may 'to'. and etc. ata the are the as is a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Turkish Tatar ögretmenin In head'. between possessor, pp. possessive possessed, (oturan) (rendered) for e. conjunctional of cardinal of article, olüm Nominal tively the nominative, Uzbek hence' waiting', has precede participial participial sondi"qtan Genitive Since Syntax street', Karakhanid 'these g. the The One Many the a hirn idea 61-3). Turkish predicative nominal kitapnli] 'death combination Turkic with three . town'. Uzbek katta bugünkü type attributive the to Ali'nin that their dependents bir number Constructions Phrases items kaldtgtm go'. attribute carries attributes. suffixes 'thus', the is to latter blue birds'. kitabt e.g. Türk you of by büyük anin bir syntax heads provided In the adamniJ] tisf addition phrase adverbs, nominal beklemesi starvation', referred kihijiete görü~me will/would üy Yakut, + tends force, 'a people'. 'the Chuvash a 'therefore', use 'the genitival evler + are adjectival according Turk 'a ev and genitive is noun, A succeeds cover big of basically with of Kirghiz teacher' to phrase In 'the üyi which common referred heads. i.e. to 'big (living) 'the 'today's adverbials the stand languages house'. 'Ali's Some Turkish come' e.g. ('man's ancax attribute a as of house suffix, -ki, can man's houses'. possessive attribute to Kumyk is lacks s affin the conjunctions Turkish modifiers next head-final the waiting', the book', e.g. in adverbial to , order meeting'. There take ketsin book' 'however', London', ta~tan I house'. so-called house-his') combination whereas basi~ here + a is that Turkish to stay/stayed A noun, genitive + so limited, bekleyen the pattern evin complements, , is second suffix. deb use head, Chuvash Bashkir as Kirghiz sayali" such duvar or expressions no Ifthe head, the in kaplSt the ('saying: sokaktaki halka the adjunctors, left-branching, 'rectum-regens agreement Uyghur e.g. suffix, is e.g. as Examples the first 'the type, numeral adam head, adjectival head 'wall STRUCTUREOFTURKIC 'for e.g. qalanfJ] demonstrative in' kündüJ] lasan adjectival, (yapdan) Turkish 'the literature Crimean element, expressing man's Turkish in that may is the (see ofstone', adam indicating can is sUJ]lasqa 'the door an which puse bir in e.g. attribute baqsahf Cirm with the he reason', attribute action man be relative house', bu number as hizmet i.e. 'the rule', Tatar of go! are 'althe genitival Old büyük used an combination ü~ third-person the dependents the who 'the pronoun Londra'da ') man 'therefore, noun, the indefinite in mavi 'the is the 'in attribute acli"qtan Uyghur, Turkish 'service + Kazakh attribu• house', clauses horse's or rise bir reality is/was in entity in noun, order head park case e.g. and ku~ the the the ev, 49 of + Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 juxtaposed e.g. constructions The the replaces 50 forms compound in Turkish Adjective ögretmen adam noun bridge', predicative Numerous Compounds in-den e.g. elements friend concept, Karachay-Balkar meanings so-called (,work, consonant, achay Compound greens', tera', rather Yakut with 'road traffic', 'handbag', 'the 'flying 'married the The Identity Turkic Uyghur sun', dominant Kirghiz an Kazakh STRUCTURE 'and + 'the frequent. iye-aya genitive alis-beris of Ali'. 'from asyndetic insects'. initial altm Chuvash Turkish strength') the noun couple', e.g. twin has the Phrases 'woman languages man form it the type, cases ev e.g. attribution asyndetically force, adjectives atniIJ third-person The language'. elma has anlthe a compound, kapt-st with Uzbek labial kiyim-keIek Uyghur words like': ('mother, type construction, who + Uzbek lexical Oue e.g. This a {:oluk OFTURKIC ('taking, of alma type cul attribute dedikodu yaxsisi third-person predicative that teacher', synonym 'golden apple'. headless 'efforts', of consonant, speaks/spoke' absence a apple-tree'). budunbilim to or surt often 'front-door', baris-kelis type given means nan {:ocuk noun such uyyur is meaning, nominal terek the binomes. A father') suffix, the are 'the as 'stone giving') pan often head-final possessive often display 'clothing', haydut ('said, as + word adjectives qualifying of no 'apple-tree' compound, or 'family, basis helq-i that observed best noun force, Karachay 'bread m-, e.g possessive the compound element a house', ('people e.g. includes 'parents', ('going, In There refers two , is Turkmen hyponym The of laid') . polis 'trade', of b- sevdigim echolaly Turkish possessive 'the this is followed Karakhanid (the) wife or structure, a i.e. and suffix nouns also attribute may Turkish in relative attribute Turkmen p-, is case, 'brigand to Uyghur 'gossip'. can (compare qaraqas hendiadys, science') alliteration coming') similar and can older horses'. Uzbek also Tuvan adheres used which suffix, materials, yöl el be kadtn compound expressing constructions be referring two by {:anta-m children'. suffix, take used hereket-i, a adverbials clause, mayaiso kartkoca inserted and in people', a + policeman' Turkic baker' similar alti"n Sometimes imi"rä-sek atti-anti replaces a parallel 'with reduplicating 'the 'ethnology'. cases coordinative e.g. head, to 'mutual to opeet. Genitive complements. modern e.g. and notably the e.g. to Oayat 'my woman express e.g. s black Turkish to yäs personal between such neologistic ware'. be the Kirghizjol e.g Old Kirghiz rhyme nouns possessive precede ('father, ('wife, expressing ta§ handbag'. express Turkish ('mosquito, possible a ,dostumAli yös . relations', 'golden same languages, only participle as Turkish eyebrows' Turkic in I köprü superlativity, compounds, love( 'echo with 'vegetables, alma formations, el nominative possession the qi"ryiz one husband') their entity mother'), a konu§an {:anta-st qiymil-i" original Turkish watch', d)'. pattern similar Unlike nouns. higher fs tereg• 'stone word' of kadtn 'etce• head Kar• fly') with 'my e.g. til-i kuc are the are Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 in Uzbek ji'Ji'rma Third-person languages, ba§kast In most possessive preceding suffix exc1udes functions, artic1e The inc1udes däna horse') respect. place singular apple(s)'. after combining Use Hundreds, doksan thousand'. Uzbek The 'rich(ness)', 'very ('ten as displays, Kazakh numbers 'piece(s)' '[ 'six 'two single] the Plural While a addition Syntax 0/ or syntax the Turkic languages, two counting hundred' hard'. 'piece', being such adjective Possessive seven'. in yaslär dokuz has bile Plurality ji'Ji'rma 'two 'the numeral, ') collective has are apples', as agreement . suffixes most the Plural e.g. it adjectives suffix Intermediate thousands 'twelve'. 0/ the as in of the on Adjectives without numerators often other in to a horses'. Numerals proper Uzbek earlier singular ('thousand Uzbek 'young in , numerals unit, Turkic ('2 broad, the primary jeti leftmost phrase, Tatar its suffixes expressed Turkish may and Chuvash e.g expressed mostly (one)'. x or discourse, Higher miIJ e.g. in normal a Kumyk, . may 20 kecasi bas sense. etc. Plural ones' refer Turkmen generic Numerators suffix biS languages partly e.g. the mayaiso possessive numbers e.g. + is cardinals beI one, Karachay of may bir-i-si nine are serve 'head' This signal y(jz 10') rather form pürtsem by Karachay to . numerals 'at There Uzbek by jüz the In Forms of possessive a expressed e.g. a number-indifferent cardinal also reference, hundred e.g vigesimal night'. limited as 'five known 'fifty', the older means Oiini' of toqson (for are 'one type regular. be individual . count abstracts denoting Tatar for be are ji'Ji'rma (counting Kirghiz type plural suffixes jüda '[anumber expressed used (literally precede hundred' bayli'q animals), languages used of numerals of bes digits, entity bitta, often function ninety multiplicatively, unber bir in -lIK, e.g. function, them', system juxtaposition, issiq Complex marking, as ji'Ji'rma tens in bile bäri' '27,591', 'wealth'. plurality, heads can or, duplications lower Turkish which words) ikta, 'count'), an tens, , nine') 'eleven', 'very additively, Tatar ike and of on Uzbek and does anaphorically, and based 'all honorific STRUCTURE range also ('5 individual] ones, of a usta, e.g. ('20 numerals hundred, y(jz qualities, other forms units, hot', some (of t(jp '1999'. Turkish are not Elma third-person nominal x e.g on Uzbek köp-i-si e.g. have Turkish meIJ of 20') meIJ e.g. + the it, 'root' the . sometimes make where e.g. quantifiers of Karaim abstract sense, modem Karachay-Balkar Turkish 10') use, Turkish aldtm them)" highest OF Turkish Approximative elli number the 'one e.g. are thousand, adverbialising Turkish bin dana, 'two to houses'. phrases, TURKIC 'most (for it iki 'thirty', which ike -ta possessive formed something to Yakut dokuz adefinite hundred' astri' 'I nouns Siberian at hundred singular alu decimal elmalar Turkish Kirghiz express plants). '1052', bought mostly twenty iki placed means of on ('two yedi also The bäy kati' e.g. etc yüz yüz it'. eki 51 by iki in . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 per Actancy 52 counting, Turkish onjijirma intransitive Turkish Turkish itself Predications äkki With being been) pp. provided adjectives first and ten', on agentivic determine is optional, The languages', First ments. A mostly whereas with nominal nominative-accusative yazyan action, an subject 'eighty'. 'Ali a] central Yellow A overt personal 74, yi"gi"rma predicate is teacher' qirq Actants actant Turkic STRUCTUREOFTURKIC as a respect cut' coded Most a 144). patient. is and/or special Yer the yantk Patterns 'I or soldier', subject [Sen] they etc. Khalaj ones, ('2 combining and with first necessary +- the Uyghur ('10 have adverbial may = subject verbs, '[He, predication ('one of in agentivic , suffixes, transitive x to Burada refer can mostly personal overt as these '(having) actant, the a 40') There or gel-iyor-sun x case. is relational has refer written'. thematic 20') a she, Uyudu-m to twenty') be present same independently personal still of to relations 'eighty', interesting syntactic mark, for item the expanded e.g. '[It are it] Note agent, 'two a typically non-agentivic to complements kes- pattern. markers partly minimally predication. way. digit subject eats'. burned' is] as no non-agentivic or Turkmen In typology, marker as hundred'; 'eleven', 'I 'cut'. that marker the here' not. dear 'You and are üc With numeral have in Salar relations A preserves according variants predicate (but There hottuz signalIed 'ergative realisation. are verbal some Some +- the . of tendencies consists and come'. transitive sIept'. as and Men per The not Turkic often intransitive second semantic of compare accusative with is 'subject u post-terminal mostly predicate thematic between such otus intransitives always) first Yellow nominative an yirmi core, a geljek languages', Personal by to A missing the of first languages older It specific case verbs, actants ('one as to a nominal actants French numeral e.g. roles, may ('3 with representative', predicate. äkki code, actant 'I predicate sterns, yan- marks consists Uyghur, agent, suffixes subsystem Turkish x markers will thirty') the in be a marks of 30 actancy ottuz agents the participles differently quatre-vingt 'burn' of as the personal nominative adhere predicate of which realised however, transitive come', + the that in agent and of An intransitive the 20') finite core ('2 third Ogretmen 'twenty-one' the are so-called second a , is and patterns, overt postpositions. higher of predicate kesik x to may first source e.g. used 'one of Uyghur and marker, overtly 30') person, higher verb and do a non-agents from contains verbs, transitives marks ('4 subject AU so-called actant manifest actant '(having hundred comple• not whether ten, 'sixty', '[(S)he 'active verbal verbs, x which of forms asker core, non• rank Men 20') as take (see e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. the the of is = a a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 qualifiers Chuvash compare on' diathetically Third This Free the kalpak referents, referent yapmalt? ~eyi passive-marking, geldi(*ler) is e.g. come', ablative adverbial avoid clauses objects, complements inanimate bäin bir marked A typically kitapni normally this Second Second Other simple inan- una-, meant, third As Second ,or kimseyi book'. bir Uzbek way, adverbial Noghay diathetical 'believe', Actants 'Give Relations two was postpositions active qorq-, Yellow oqi-, Actants (see actant actants and kimseye typically yields keneke the the cases e.g. dispense there 'What at subject as It e.g. plural actants 'Students/the bir~eyden noted me p. where Esiklär less can different Kirghiz corresponding verbal 'recipient', Yakut yara- Karakhanid according may 62). orpostpositions, constituents, Uyghur Kirghiz are typically with the the 'impersonal' vula- should also elaborated indifference ver- markers especially in referents of as with varying subject Even occur book!', 'please' kuttan- clauses, as with necessitative yapiq connection intransitives kurtar- kitepti be 'give 'read 'patients', levels Kirghiz oqso-, Sen one personal in to students represent some finite the as Alin very omission other Turkish language-specific parar Kirghiz certain ,Noghay and (one 'fear' something systems, do?' 'The not syntagms at second a oqu-, entity and 'rescue Karakalpak predications. complement is arslan older e.g. close the required or cases, with , still tayman-, have in markers express doors 'You -mAll the are affected Chuvash roles ile the more) that Asan predicate actants may the items somebody language yoli"q- where to tutar locative yetin- common realised Uzbek come'. dative the to e.g. will receives each are of form in by maya suggest usa-, books'. somebody', location, altogether, in participles, of or in 'meet' '[One] actant in topicality/speciftcity, go'. This kenekene 'be any Turkish Azerbaijanian closed'. as modem roles, core kitap transitives the effected other, as the stages. Yakut as of with kitepti from contented in Number actancy with a dative, that , complements STRUCTURE ablative is relations accusative can is Karakalpak 'patient', certain but direction, oqi-, Kirghizjaq-, e.g. often märinnä something'. virtually sentences languages Turkish Salar There With vula- no Uzbek berdi catch goals lack there are as Turkish pattern, Kirghiz agreement specifIc with'. such are types possible Men realised 'indirect of animate 'read 'Hasan of a e.g. are is OF gorx-, MelJga israr or 'resemble', origin, never lion isen-, less a a the as by TURKIC may such rernnants kiler tendency Karakalpak Turkish function nominative first e.g. kitep Ogrenciler of first the in by action. explicitly et- means gave between as marked, Noghay Turkish without be object' relative subject means, kitapni book'; Uzbek guile' as 'I actant 'insist actant direct Kara• oqu-, used will the me bir Ne 53 as of of In to . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 beneficient, 54 terminative place figurative turyan expressing express abstract-relational functions relators güzelce ('along', as otber unmarked, predicate copredicative function certain ral~tyor, provided Diathetic adjunct'), Diatbetic may Cooperative-reciprocal Cooperative-reciprocals transcend medial modify related beneficient petiton 'secretly', of direct ('deobjective', form 'They general Manner Otber A the So-called STRUCTURE obtain secondary biZittin- in means, elected objects: action men to of transitive tbe 'beautifully', that and time similarity, of relations witb 'through'), core, Patterns otberwise sense, any participants. relations even Kirghiz tbe adverb extension e.g. gizli basic adverbials functions. oftbe 'I form between manner, may reflexive ('reflexive'), or cooperative-reciprocal - have Ali nominal. domain external essive e.g. e.g. Turkish 'do witbout space, predicative 'anti-transitive', OF biii- source, bir actancy be a (to verbs, action suffixes, are Muyalim Turkish something lived constituent uses, Turkish TURKIC are but typical established ~ekilde be) in markers reason, Frans/Zca time, tbe 'write' specified In of markers may entity 'in, bir time Subjective encoded an akr such markers origin, also in president' a ('middle and patterns Turkic some the direct or gün corresponding on, Kyzyl' essive bir companionship, e.g. be relationship of gizlice and can Reflexives first means, bolup 'in ('immanence'). tbe have meaning for witb kimse at' the such Siberian 'one expressed starting-point 'French' by Crimean object between space. be datives a source by , and etc.). actant oneself. voice'), marker, . . predicatives etc. locative, The various secret interpreted esrtv and mensurative a isteyt day' 'secretly', as means standard ile given tbe voice as The 'being', As -(V)n and locatives konu~- of languages, « The referent, , in have Tatar a roles bir -(V)S secondary by in noted '(S)he way'. e.g. an 'in nominal means, For tbe dependent ablatives an e.g. reason, of markers, which indicate saat The ('from', equative first tbe action of of Turkish local, as objective sayija sense e.g. gizli 'talk example, passive, ('subject express above, Tuvan have comparison, Many participants French works 'write' but first 'for notably Turkish case actant tbe constituent etc. with without olarak denote, predicative of directive, that remains prosecutive very an and 'out 'numerically', actant which suffixes, Ali'yi dative tbey Men cooperation tbe causative, time 'being', (deobjective), as way') In hour'. predicative adjuncts') the somebody'. tbe connect of), wide postpositions, can Ogretmen addition a verb sometimes ('being in may Tuvan . Qizilya a ba~kan action teacher'. adverbials is immanent, etc. systematically . specified a way, and allative, also meanings also converbs relationship 'as', may concrete be it functions, Equatives reflexive, are a reflexive does with or channel tbe Turkish ('object to secret') used curttap sertiler second be govern olarak 'in 'write serve often com• Witb their goal goal and i.e. tbe the are not not tbe or of or in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 for Furthermore, expressed combed, it in Passives voice, way. first Common corresponding actant, outside) Turkish Turkish within). passives picture/pictures active Turkish active necessarily p. zänni"Xojandta ötkerildi first also ard- tions make 'love', Causative Causatives also topicalisation icildi initial 'impersonal' 'attach may 53). the Passive Passivisation In Passive oneself, actant for occur case, Many 'open such languages rather 'The whereas non-diathetic sense also An sevin- pattern which - oneself, . concealing AU tarafmdan Burada In comb derived to 'initial' by patterns agent tea with as suspension markers patterns with serve (intransitive)" expressed, the reflexive restrictive passive and resim that active the 'rejoice' reflexive is by Old was second is oneself -( active join' was/were is either passives, such accusative-marked may means 'be güzel as suffix the O)K from promoted Turkic thus drunk', typically or rekti the an may and and typically constructions patterns. . written'. range derives verbs be . as by use pattern, case, not the allomorph 'non-diathetic' often . pronouns, agent ya~antyor transitives, -(V)n of causative Uzbek 'That Old optionally Chaghatay, also 'Ali means taken' üze or the even of goal the Uyghur have of with provide used to to passives. Turkic intransitives Causative of Unambiguously is or accusative have be took Ramadan transcendence the or express the with . tämlmidän. ambiguous first-actantship, an of items causatives, special used of patterns as e. the not action 'One Asni the action. indicated a a one direct g. 'initial -rn passive a one Uzbek passives non-first picture/pictures' source device referring Turkish passive for copied - reflexive yeyilgen markers was actant and lives (see lexical actant transcends pattern. from objects, is pure This in subject', and Some it markers, spent that -nd of p. not by derived is reflexive is many from is weIl kendini less actant transitives more 58). intransitivising, the function to meanings, endogenic exogenic adjuncts Uyghur, signal combined 'The meaning, typically they only STRUCTURE seem in languages, e.g. The specific action here' other than Turkic Khojand', the than e.g. is from signal food for of that --+ Chaghatay öldür- meanings to first demoted. domain is based backgrounding passive Turkish the the languages (cf. the in (originating (see Resim e.g. signal as with (originating was e.g. intransitives, similar first the languages, 'transcendence' OF a corresponding actant corresponding corresponding e.g 'patient', 'kill p.228). Turkish more p. first Uzbek eaten'. Turkish TURKIC on direct e.g. actants of the . 56) are verbs rekildi taran- 01 Chuvash, It to postposi• oneself actant the Turkish general such . middle mostly of that is object In rama• Cayni Here, since katd• from from With may sev• first (see e. e.g. not but 'be the the 55 'A of as g. is . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 TurkishAli' also clauses, The Turkish Possessive Khalaj the transitive ktvrtlt- have passives present Possessive suffixes expressed, ibrahim ibrahim, for dative, causative-causative-passive that subject show and object. is corresponding of dative ölürt- the Added 56 'become, 'existent' 'be 'reversive' 'transcendence' 'Ibrahim demoted There The In However, the type it, source locative first opened', the corresponding money', STRUCTURE some though affInity type corresponding e.g. 'let to first 'cause complement position. öldürül- in possessor first Causative the unless actant ('be had resmi Ali'yi counterparts. be' or transitives, are ofthe Old constructions, Constructions like Tuvan languages, hat de forms kill' words and actant yoq constructions actant the and the causative Uyghur done'), to para since to to Turkic väarum referent also these ~ektirdi the mentioned öldürdü expresses 'non-existent', curl'. 'be OF action picture responsibility the or its permissive + Xoy and bar of is var TURKIC to suffixes genitive killed' agent the negation first complex 'be is they the a Dadisi since have non-causative There the already. causative and börüye 'I patterns ('atAli corresponding as is suffixes used, taken primary 'Ibrahim have corresponding patient, actant 'Ibrahim killed' animate, ofthe its in , first yield the yoq above. öldürt- antitransitive an suffix forms is yoq causer added passive causative bolma-, a by money Cidirtken causee initial e.g. little Without for e.g. are actant causative-passive, type horse' of are causative suffixes '(S)he Ali'. the cannot +- sterns, + The the and this had mostly 'cause killed Uzbek such (initiator, Turkish possessed widespread need KirghizAnda to entity active ölür- non-subject patterns, existent') non-diathetic e.g. with non-diathetic in of there agent, is the has to constructions being 'Nthe intransitives not added the be the to e.g. to or as Ali', English Turkishparasl patterns Pulim replaced vaar affected no kill' picture causativise pattern 'kill'. is reflexive necessarily Uyghur followed ibrahim function the non-diathetic permitter, entity a~- father'; an identical sheep though 'Ibrahim 'Ali to + , in bar öldürtül- entity implication possessive kitep constituent 'have' transitives in This 'open', causative-causative, by pattern, Eurasian taken'. has may by pattern + ('my was which körsütül- yield compare, possessive ('let readings, of a resmi bar in the performing by passives money' to etc.). verb attributed constructions, is caused occur, a olmayan eaten money this 'be any '(S)he action, so-called function direct do') pattern, can A ('initial the the suffix. transitives, of mayaIso of languages, Ali'ye caused is case causee of . disadvantage be by however, the direct In promoted such e.g. 'be e.g. meaning and Ali existent') has suffix them, or e.g. optionally to non-finite the the '(the There type mostly subject') is shown', as a to Turkish Turkish indirect ~ektirdi it. to passive as also book', Tuvan object action wolf. agent, in imply kill' are + Such their a~tl­ one) die'. they bol• e.g. and and bar are the the of of to to 'I . a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Tatar by big yaxsi position predicate geder, finitised Chuvash entire expressed formed does/did of comes The Finite Predications Karakalpak the tend within reinforcing kurduk marked Uzbek not when)?' usually unmarked pluripredicative predication Since Order adverbials, adjective actants Comparative, 'Does In In In comparison, having a as clause to comparative grammatical yes/no the clause kebek, comparative Ali 'better 0/ the B' Clauses the el) today be Uyghur are for with marks mayan, in as not The pi'si'ikraX Constituents may yaxsi and core come more rigidly former word. by Turkic realised postpositional order main money', the is emphatic aspect, or qarday have often are adverbs placement questions, than (or adding Yakut Equative be the 'A the subject is the e.g. qeder 'best'. today The constructions clauses preceded money' realised of etc. who)?', normally sings case, constructions languages reverse degree constituent 1', 'bigger' appear mood, standard as aq, suffix paraSL Turkish constituents order kurduk. element an Chuvash such subjects (or being The 'so observed and like Uzbek they ablative of and an , phrases. does Ali paraSL tense, as initially. of , rules by much', of e.g. olmadLgL the as clause-final, Uyghur Similative B', standard interrogation of non-finitised buzdan the first clauses, are, such function a word gradable Thus, bugün the asked el), in qarday within he marker turan comparison a Turkish expressing are personal there suffix the olmayarak is postpositional not)?', Note Chuvash as successive Azerbaijanian as Postpositions also uzunraq subject nominative. soguk for, ('his/her complement. mü 'white for Turkish noted pi'si'ik than the marker basic Constructions appaq, in as to that adjectives valid preceded 'more' geliyor? Ali daha e.g. reference relation as the limits marker independent in equality 'colder the ci, above, 'bigger text-building ('as', 'without + as dependent mi 'longer' finite Turkish ttpkt for not modification segment Tatar may object in order , iyi, bugün snow' phrase or, of non-finite per kimi having STRUCTURE front to Adverbials 'Is is 'like'), by 'exactly, and than clauses. and qar basically or Tatar sentences. as than . be personal having definition placed of Superlatives it Ali + complements similarity, noted geliyor? denoting may 'like', clauses. of adverbs or illocution. sentences, sikelle determination today ice', predicate accompanied the money') bugün units e.g. yaxs1raq an the just' clauses, through money' above, after be mountain'. OF Uzbek equative referring to head-final, markers Turkmen Ali adjective, Azerbaijanian They aq, take 'Is . occurring TURKIC the rendered geliyor is e.g. are the comes Their 'that it Yakut core. optimally normally . followed and standard and the Ali mendim suffixes 'better' may 'A mostly within whole varies suffix by (s)he even final yäli~ is mu? who first free The The e.g. xär the the (or 57 be as as in a , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 58 compare Uyghur BUim across mar) more that gitcek Discourse-Pragmatic postaeL such Finite the functional discourse-pragmatic elements constituent The Postpredicative predicate preceding already those planned seems core. There Topic function. interrogative marking, rest history specific 'Do notably the 'certainly, The Chuvash The As first constituent of not certain perrnitted STRUCTURE particles, Since mobile 'not' expected, dreI expressing are to emes, the languages, verbal clauses of postpredicative activated, come1' for Sen persons reference. 'He speech, the be Note from core. word Turkic. mostly predication probably'. 'I predicate topic may sentence a the verb has order. muellim-mu-sen? only will közüm has natural nominal negation pronouns deviations that e. which often The the Elements syntactic order often the a and OFTURKIC g. be but and certainly forms Turkish already no afterthoughts, special comments and Subject postpredicative Tatar clause, This initial postpredicative ay(ydu used functions. the fixed place have focus core perspective, Functions gives modifications display negation can also position of preposed and Kileeek versatility relations option often imperative gone, specifically position not syntactic also for some for vary by a pronouns defocused assignment. new 'What contains some stronger adverbs on go'. - an been include systematic its etc. ofWord information. the particles is Sen Sen the tügel element intonational aches is language-intemally between scope elements not by position configurations types The postman' ögretmen is known may the muellim-sen-mu? found part negation: proposition participial constituents, for or the '(S)he the loosening motivated elements preferred Order is without for of of such be constituent an position not in deviations constituents assignment information are sentence may written In used in unmarked . this is misin? the my as The juncture, rhetorically not the not nature changing be are such of place position emes postposed to for by head, often for confined other postpredicative coming', varieties occupied the often adverbials, the negation, prominence modifications 'Are to from new as of do and are and final of direct but left representing persons, e.g. some the detached Turkish its cannot not neutral you clear information, communicative, about degil to my of particle throughout place, the position sentence Turkmen Turkish by use less objects the e.g. e.g. degree, for a eyes' extraposed from have e.g. teacher?'; unmarked (Chuvash which sentences relations, predicate -mA, herhalde carefully example from whereas position Uyghur mar of . An topics of topic, Gitti, case• Note topic Men with e.g. but the the the the the for kil in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 picture'. picture Resmi Resmi e.g. devices The calised constituents, in it Focus the A topicalised natural janian picture picture e.g asking The Turkish In Position to nominal with Participant accusative causative is a Explicit Most A reference. anaphoric assessed certain separated is non English non-topical This Other most constituent . initial TurkishAli Uyghur topicalisation position identical a Turkic - Ali for , ' object in object Ali Gelir participle nominal was was position offered device Ali, Turkic expression and predicate, picture', as There constituents and rekti, position new patterns, Under pronouns ('Ali rekti bet in object by Ali') Reference identifiable from taken Jawapni resmi Specificity '[(S)he/it] immediately offering languages thus information, nominative with representing passive is mayaIso by ise languages, phrase are this took for 'As 'It certain more the as by whereas itself in the resmi rekti allows is, e. was e.g. the also unmarked position subject governing active muellim Ali', can g. the for this may constituent new however, constructions, common such mayaIso from comes'. Ali be subject, are Turkish conditions, 'Ali Turkish rekti special picture'), the also direct but a position in the a rendered be e.g. elauses. or who an as in relatively nominative formal is took co-text front berdi picture, 'As this topicalised position relatively Turkish direct largely initial Tatar emphasised, old verb, normally than This objects, took e.g. often Resmi topicalisation order. (:all§ttrtyor for the option of where Another 'It text seems as actants contrast Sin and/or accusative only objects Ali, e.g. Turkish the position is the picture', was Ali ' unexplicit suggest be ise, It in kemne reken object also topic e.g. important was picture' is predicate he required by Resim front non-subjects marking dispensed took the Turkmen to may situational less so method took Ali Ali with and true taking be Ali '(S)he teacher and may kürdeI)? Ali'ydi 'specific' is that Ali, of markers marking it'. remain often who (bir) Ali . not. with STRUCTURE the marked for of resmi the respect in the focus the bir information. core often A is bol(}a the taraftndan causers picture'. a took with interrogative lets When resim who predicate chosen to ('The respect context, focused predication sentence direct normally resmi 'Whom overtly initial readings. following is rekti is use by the be [someone] as to ('if if gave mostly used rekti the stress OF a one and picture' omitted. specificity. rekti the 'specific', because object it is') eleft 'Ali to position, unexpressed. e.g. e.g. did element TURKIC direct core rekildi the cited for do This 'Ali participant referent causees taking necessary, in that pronouns you 'Ali the took Azerbai• sentence answer' not focused 'as is . can situ, above, work'. took object of is Thus, see?' starts open topi• 'The for', took take as e.g. e.g. the the the the An 59 be as in is a a . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 para/parantn Action 60 clauses, Clauses a corresponding as often in bildigi Non-finite the Action text their non-finite possessive predications be possessive subordinative current, clauses are copula come' all in ayamdi"yfnr meanings. this kind Uzbek have Uzbek where says Kirghiz Kirghiz where 'specificity', discourse. that There Action forms gelendiyi coordinated subjunctors, inventories marked topic book', that can STRUCTURE been subjects used, ,Aybeknig the the Clauses (s)he ('Orhan'sknowing') -GtinliK, . ektin, ekendik nouns, while verb based -GAndIK mostly The Ali be carry if is clauses clauses clauses subject personal Thus, to suffixes, clauses Kirghiz it e.g. tanadim by A added livesnived as has usually much former Turkish occurs kayboldugu the conjunctions er- 'his/her -Gtin mostly subject on personal to in case embedded corresponding participles Chuvash with + OF -(ti)yatgtinliK, bu moved'. marking Uzbek those village', question paradigmatic possessive based can in may typically 'be', to like TURKIC Men markers, is kitabni e.g. in markers 'I are Bala a participial each not. olduk pronoun corresponds take realised having here', postpredicative contain the difference of markers. on Turkish -(ti)ydtgtin compare sizdin construed acasem 'the The clauses. oquyandi"yrn aspect-mood-tense Turkmen the are accusative-marking other. yazycmini and on precede nominal and 'that or and suffixes. Uzbek or fact both different to suffixes come' that non-finite etc. such ayilya clauses relative extended verbal forms, postpositions. converbs Ali'nin Orhan their English kayni Their that Ottoman The between to he Such with cases, is their Kelgtmini as predicates Nlrre biltimtin syntactic Forms bolyonuguzdu was genitive intraterminal, or nouns, position. money/the 0 e.g. pronouns knowslknew'. suffixes used and bilem 'the as thematic burada suffixes extended 'he, heads. clauses forms ölyrendiyi that genitive-marking göcenini my allow Turkmen embedded, less children factive in idük, have she, action 'I eIder biltimim 'I clauses suffixes dealt The functions constructions, use -LIK know of The oturdugunu such elaborate. know themselves. or such money it' suffixes non-finite action various these copulative e.g. e.g. formal bilemöq brother' adverbs with and and presenting nouns, embedding cannot -A(:)ndIK bilem having 'his/her . as The that as They 'I that of much in -DIK in disappeared' categories Uzbek know above, noun non-factive -GAn Aybek finite nominative occupy For aspecto-temporal relationship the 'I the . . Turkmen tends are introduce söylüyor 'I As gone'. mostly Suffixes realisations They know e.g. being forms go forms matrix example, like that do and child complement the and clauses, dependents, e.g ektinlik is has back to not Orhan' recursive positions mayaIso . (s)he function -yÄndIK event that In Turkish English express take -DIK such dying', written are reads', . of clause is action '(S)he a know Onug to cases with new also you this and has not but not the on of as as in + Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 Relative lexical drink', as Turkish go'. Relative head used shall If Chuvash actions They Kumyk terminal without participles sense Coreference are ülelebet Kirghiz who [things]') use who terminal have -m/~ participles signalIed as of daughter -(y)An. -(y)An whose whose 'althe the -mA, Action The 'who The the relative the Such has as of olan, a has come', of first also man subject more and TurkishAli house items, same participial attributes type mother a -(I)s are Ali carrying getiw sees/saw/has Clauses come', an aytqani" clauses, participles 'who participles is nominal by arrlved', kileken clauses clauses 'what actant Uzbek signal as as -DIK. who subjunctors beautiful' identity gelmelerini ascribed, of and general with any situation or is in e.g in of 'go(ing)'. does relative is Azerbaijanian has buminglbumt', you -(U)w, infinitival Tuvan Uzbek personal personal the . of to nominal Predicates the 'what various referring phrase, often imply often sin -Gan, markers Uzbek gelmek ill', Tuvan attribution as form the not come'. terminal as relative First have . and seen' obtains Here in 'althe subjunctors comparable to e. Kirghiz söylüyor in relative kelir yazädiyan work'. (s)he They -(a)yatgan, Kazakh relative g. e.g. Kerisimiz markers, are Actant actor marker, istiyor aspecto-temporal Kazakh usqan said', used, and to Tatar complement the heads, In such clause, eil use, person Turkish based if non-factive oxuduyum first-actant this can has (see They 'whom clause clauses, the Uzbek qi"zi" ('Ali 'althe Tuvan clauses. e.g. eslew kelgen 'Ali as i"yas e.g e.g. case, e.g. be kisi kele p. that said', head kerak gören on e.g. -adigan/-ydigan, . just sulü can Turkish wants 50), gelen English adam the used says is Tatar 'althe [somebody] coming Uzbek 'work(ing)', anasi 'althe participles. do körgenim zatqan refer kisi, Turkish Turkish coreferential clauses, is kitab Turkish also coreference Uyghur actions coming', ('our e.g. bolyon and not their coreferential to to '(the) meanings. 'man' etc., kilgen Chuvash fallen to käsal (usually) -(y relative pronouns Men form come'. Uyghur be take gördügü 'althe year', kisi, going coming') participant and )An, evi STRUCTUREOFTURKIC attributed are often and one 'what kisi eytqanliri1Jiz kese, iCisni sees/saw/has on They bolyan Kazakh purpose less tree', yanan Uzbek sirnilar book based -DIK, Azerbaijanian etc or cominglhaving with with kilne necessary') personal kelgen are There 'althe writing', can govemed 1 with Chuvash Tuvan . istayman focal can 'Ali have Some 1 more coreferential the their adam entities balä sin on thus read'. zasaw to kelayatgan -(y Oghuz clauses the be kisi are person says head, a suffixes )AcAK, intraterminal markers, 'althe seen', and -(V)r, seen' verbal be ('your focal head used subjunctors prospective 'althe 'possessor' 'althe 'althe kilne thus by 'We 'I 'do(ing)', to that rendered varieties adverbs. markers such it want come' person . modal whose which as -GAn, in Yakut is intra• -m/~, post• child must head etem such they man with man kisi, said e.g. the not the 61 as to , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 man's the reverse possessor exemplified open') 62 Coreference lake') i.e. The Uzbek yulakan participles principle sometimes e.g. e.g. e. containing construction Tatar in instrument, kitab head not possessive place Navaini.fJ slaughter'. somebody e.g. genitive, men(i.fJ) we A 'althe 'impersonal' 'althe 'althe g. corresponding Azerbaijanian There The An The are genitiv written', another Kirghiz Uzbek Uzbek head noun STRUCTURE sin 'althe I letter isolated place house' man 'althe anasi going first 'generous', order have first yura yazyan körgen e.g are mean may of is yazyan al has passives and btiryan kind These yazyan book whose [someone etc I maya called actant . actant in established with is also Uyghur katta attributes gone , expressions Turkmen actant have of lake kasal in 'althe etc. seen' syntagm . Old also the common . ', elements). both In kese, OFTURKIC kitabim This I men subject Other similar Kirghiz soyduryan constructions have same gone yer to', full kalla may asarlari or head such Indian such eli kitabim be . 'bahuvrihi 'whose may song The men 'althe Chuvash has] acan an marker 'althe coreferential köp meni.fJ Kumyk of such of Entities by written', to' be order in as cases 'big is precise nominal ' referring entity that althe oquyan the you also ayam bahu fish' written pragmatic many Kirghizjazilyan . expressed ('its big', gapi" 'althe mother person as place ' qoy works/the head', alan corresponding do of may ' are most körgen ese . satib be book vrfhi expressing people jazbayan compounds relation elements. should Possessive languages men not 'althe where ' . ' althe constructions, kitap book [someone singing', kitabi"m to kuma expressed be With who is with Turkic Kirghiz refer alyan means (,abundant I a btiryan by kisi, added ill', have sheep door specific numerous') 'althe I kisi not works between causatives, has a an etem have to qat Chuvash . subject, 'althe qat Kirghiz ati"m time, language alone. epir entity has] be constructions any I bali"yi" constructions written to 'man' seen' yer which by by book open(ed)" 'althe ' 'althe written althe the entity confused which rice') e.g. e.g. 'althe kayakan specific gone book the ' location, analogy a althe As other than e.g. bar and head qolu I is kuma , ' they personal the 'densely letter s man modifying written Uzbek have noted men(i.fJ) normally to', , ' make coreferential I ' horse Navä'I place rich in köl a agent have 'althe btiryan [= aci"q of first Uzbek you subject poyezd with sin Kirghizja that read'. adamtn of with direction, above, someone] ('its fish the kallasi letter' use I I bought', etc. populated', the actant is have marker this ('his/her rice have person have btiryan my constructions has clause construction, in stands yerim men of This the first may pronoun 'althe this . ' the kind, father seen', evi katta the (with gone with z written', referent, bought'. existent yan yazyan source, had pattern dative simple actant thus allows Uzbek and of whom in yerim 'althe 'althe same hand train e.g. e.g. kisi to', has qat ese the the are me the the its as in , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 cases, eIitmisi Turkish requires 1 Orhan child an constructions in', Bashkir dondurma have for and above, into' latter Kirghiz the kelgen represented relation head Non-propulsive such Converb are latter Due which yazyas i~ine by Some coming', consisting nouns, Converb are move(d)'. The Thus, As entity example, other usually head not Turkish geldigim to is whose seen' as ta§mdtgtm or are type, -DIK, noted 1 are sees/saw/has sär e.g. personal e.g. 'having the not moved type may 'what uqihr propulsive, iCine and other genitive relative clauses, Clauses 'the geldigi mostly means, refers of satt/an means morphologically in okuyacak notably and left-branching Kirghiz specified by the father ta§mdtgtm -(y)AcAK sen of above, partly use combinations is kitap. the nominative. house gün (s)he 'into than into' course written', yedigim Relative possible to marker zaman körgön monofunctional, 'into constructions the adverbial e.g. 'the subjects, dükkiin 1 'the head a the has if Azerbaijanian its know/knew/have kelgende . i.e. the seen'. 1 participle bir by place, the Turkish which town be move/moved etc., interior' first heard', day ev 'when may at, precise clause cannot et whereas Clauses the when kitap specified, first 'a subordination, may A action 'the men of actant, e.g. e.g. 1 1 e.g. syntactic simple, 1 Ithe also have Some ' corresponding arrive(d)'. (s)he participles actant referent actant move(d)' when Turkish Ta§mdtgtm 'a the in unless such mean meat fegen Turkish and advance relation Orhan' su book others shop i.e. clauses, -(y)AcAK be use head e.g. come comes/came'. e.g. markers akan arriving', iCinden as have e.g. added do 1 known'. 'the et. construction the Turkish aldtgtm special to where eatlate/have gördügün by is may tn oturdugum and not between to' However, The the with read'; Turkish prepositive sequence are yer coreferential house moved means evi gördügü to in serve or require i~inden be relativisation 'from plot is based ice-cream presence case Turkish the the types 'a buldum babastnt 'what 'the non-topical/non-specific rather compare 1 place Subjects STRUCTUREOFTURKIC of at the to impersonal participle, beyond out move/moved gelerek even itself. markers, its town of eaten' köy on identity possessive ta§tndtgtm form 'the of adam 1 Turkic relative complex, the take/took/have interior', of. geldikten converb '*1 with of where subjunctors tantdtgtm 'the Turkish is 1 horse Kirghiz Thus, other events of correspond the have out personal sold'. found 'coming', If 'the between postpositions a village converb e.g. relative way necessary, clause 'possessor' point water of postpositions you markers clause Kirghiz for come have 'from e.g. e.g. man may sonra is It Old oqur possessive the ~ocuk discussed example, specified can see/sawl 1 in markers Turkish of the clauses clauses flows', use taken'. and moved live(d) Turkic house, Uzbek from', whom which to types. kitep, these 'after . also, time men first The 'the and the the the 63 its of or Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 TurkishAli 64 introduced terminality, reason kinds yazsam personal Semantic function express abtemporality aspectual, actants containing Converb contrast coordinative concession, length kurce -(y)Ip dü§tü the type, this traditional the house markers modifying prevented Not Non-modifying syntactically Mi ('rather ('saying: and Oqup 'if Conditional Subjunctors Non-modifying ... room' event kind thus 'if all STRUCTURE Yakut is'. (with '(S)he to turdu of may 'Ali of you ('because'), than'), 'if varlous ('whereas'), propulsive, be converb markers and of may will , Relations adverbial of markers The by the narrative I Kirghiz the optatives gelince temporal constructed, bum') by terminality, slipped (should) narrative few had manner the dependent -(A)n, '(S)he constructions, the prosodic came buy converb head conditional ('since'), get condition copies clauses of Converb temporal OF head postverb exceptions). written'. of sugar') clauses the Osman 'in Oqup terminal varlous and TURKIC express styles. clause Chuvash read capable clauses, and the or and write' means, accordance and linking clause. order features, types clause of prospectives, are clauses, saw anteriority, corresponding possessive terminativity ('if'), Clauses tüsündü fell'. condition. it 'in constructions and §a§LrdL They other the forms semantically. In are . usually contextual e.g. and converbs for of it'. varlous diye, order e.g. instrumental and Most and They many -sA, other Persian etc. ordering used Beside notably allow represent These the Gülüp stood relational may ('as'), 'WhenAli '(S)he the purposive dep serve to Tuvan posteriority, kind, markers can based house distinctions, miut between Ambiguity languages, e.g. in buy semantic periodic head contain of to and non-modifying 'saying' conjunction up' readings their pitch odadan substitution mentioned above events thus Those read a as this whole Turkish and sugar'. events -GAs, on to propositionally clause, limitation ('by'), central concepts: versus came, do patterns. and often type and purely burn', copula particles suffixes chain based linearly, text relations, (see not rtktt temporal conditional of such e.g. understood', etc. ev Osman motivating are e.g. be equal text-constructing '(S)he purpose paragraphs require sentences ('instead agar, yansm Chuvash pp. particles joining on '(S)he Uyghur ideal may, ('until', rendered intraterminality, converbs of and as Yakut e.g. markers 48, narrative (p. converb inclusion was the kept anteriority, a e.g. auxiliary diye restnchve TurkishAli for this though laughed 42), 117) clauses ('in wide of'), function, -A(:)n, surprised'. of saxiir of yazyan type causal Chuvash in 'as Uyghur the reading' with considerable identity, ('saying: are the of other e.g. order form preference value clauses long ('while'), discourse -sA, range the they terminal type iles verbs and may Turkish units English Kirghiz clauses bolsa1J styles: cause, sense, -(V)B kaytp other these Kilse post• , eger with with as'), to'), tese e.g. left ese are the are be of of to in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 fully clauses Turkish Turkish They gymnastics, illocutional interconnected vanishing text-subdividing between Since zaryadka such Men extended of Other converb on Questions There Turkish -mAdAn, vermeyip modify modifying marker, may kim non-modifying predicative preceding of clauses, languages introduce Slavic semantic acceptable Though A On this Indo-European negative or chains final be bi/dim equipped are Forms finite are ki influence the type e.g. are the Gelip Ali interrogated they the Selam clauses also Tuvan 'who, zasap rtkttm sequences in it, connection interrogative also of other such clause, adverbial any markers interpretation necessarily TurkishAli events preceding such outside markers gelince ki, more dress, are clauses e.g. Scope of often outside görmedin to other more. narratively thal', siz kiyinip Junction negative vermeden -BAyn as mostly 'I tend Turkish hand, devices may, permit Europeanised clauses did of kelgim wash but subordinative differ Turkish, the typical gittin of are of forms constituents, the qacan separately the to not with clause zünup however, etc gelince appended languages particle modifies their propulsive not reproduce scope chain. a myself asserted 'You scope Santnm considerably of markers signalling . greet, ediIJiz definitive mi? may equal gittim are of of 'when' etc. embedded the the most own. mektepke or did clause finite mi These of modifying of 'Did questions chain styles. and but by resemble subsequent the events, a 'I be structures, as ki, gittin? a illocutionary imitations not to the Negative which 'lieft the of clauses, constituent got negation shifting lefl' next clauses personal, go different included you a gelecek junction, old it . come content the Different originals from whole, barazatam as to to in . e.g. and 'Was one, leave the have without ('without know school' postpredicative type a English representing converb and and them. the of widespread of Kirghiz e.g. content clause, 'I looser and aspectual, itwhenAli degrees of in embedded commonly of the been think when markers in this converb -mAyIB, position [did that preceded a the postpositive only it. (see STRUCTURE a The 'I greeting'. head modifying doing/having more constituent kind get way. markers They of under you not] (s)he but Men scope Ali the junctor pp. of a clause, up modal, types narrative signalling thematically came whole of e.g. had see'. came?' are modifying normally genuine thematic by In constituents final regarded erteIJ 353-4). will are in strong of the junctors the Non-modifying such certain not come'. OF converb Turkish may signals clauses that There provided come', negation, head and sentence, temporal interrogation menen TURKlC and morning, As stylistically done'), patterns way. as Persian No you be must assertion. closeness as does clause converb with Clauses are Turkish modern relative such used closely a link Uzbek copies clause Selam left?' which of Some turup close with take also e.g. e.g. e.g. and not are the 65 do all as or as in is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:37 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203066102, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203066102.ch3 ------ani 66 constructions, diachronie of olursa optatives in influence Further val Johanson, the bibliography Since Csato, structure 'whenever', Free Typology them L. Perspective, Kunde Hungarica Szeged Handbuch & türkeitürkischen Gruyter, ichte and 213-67 Hungarica Frankfurt Converbs Osloensia, Verb 146-278. terminology simest 'who, Wiksell. S1RUCTURE Goosens E. existing Aspect olsun (1993) (1992a) (1991b) (1991a) (1990b) (1990a) (1998) (1996) (1995) (1992b) F junctors make der orms A. will des : . L. prefer University 'Who Reading which, 229-58. orientation, & am the 13 in etc.) Morgenlandes 37, Budapest: (1971) Oslo: 46, Wissenschaftlichen 'whatever in der be 'Typen - added Johanson , 'Viewpoint 'Terminality ' and use On e.g. Main Linguistische Functional Cross-linguistic general 'Subjektlose Berlin, Strukturelle 'On 'Periodische the sense Adverbial and 'Studien given does 133-41. indicative OF türkischen plus are Aspektsystems Universitetsforlaget, Turkic that'. J. Languages of syllabic TIJRKIC Aspekt Old the 29: of türkischer van to ofIndo-European very not native New in Szeged, conditional L. analyses descriptions may 5, most Chapter Chapter There Uyghur operators Participles, converb zur der Akad6miai work, (1994) Stuttgart operators Grammar 82 im York: Faktoren often Sätze frontness forms Kettensätze Beiträge Sprachwissenschaft happen'. junctors , Auwera of 201-11. türkeitürkischen of Türkischen 77-94. Kausalsatzverbindungen' Perspective. , Europe. are does Gesellschaft adopted Mouton Studia 'On im used the 11. clauses', kim 5. : in in Steiner. and even or Türkischen', Kiado. in Series Gerunds, zur oppositions The European of such gerundial References notlshould relevant (eds) 193-218. modelIed Languages for qorqsar im türkischen Turcica their optative Berlin, Turkic Gesamtturkologie, subjunctives. . de in following tendencies Vorstudien Türkischen', cases, in generalising Gruyter, Structure Complex this 17, hierarchical M. an Empirical languages', Grammatik', New syntax literature Upsaliensia chapter structure Berlin, 1, in on Haspelmath 'whoever in not predicate der e.g. Sprachkontakten, under to Turkic', Budapest: B. York: 313-47. foreign list Structures: eat' and zu in Turkic', descriptions J. Chuvash to Brendemoen , Wiener includes Approaches are New Journal einer relative status', predominantly W. use (present Mouton will Meaning have in Bibliotheca 1, in elaborated fears', cores ones, in Ö. and Goethe-Universität Akad6miai Uppsala: conditionals York: Varia Beschreibung Zeitschrift be Dahl a in G. G. ofTurkology Kam A Acta titles and E. de more listed B. tense). e.g. Functionalist ('whoever', of Sitzungsber (ed.) Turkish to Eurasiatica, of Hazai König Mouton Gruyter. (ed.) Devriendt, Orientalia adverbial Ulemest, Adverbial Orientalis Language in Almqvist on. Turkish Gagauz or Altaica für Slavic in Kiado, which Tense (eds) (ed.) less and des the die ne de 2, •