THEMES IN TYPOLOGY: Basic Reading List

Frans Plank, 1989-99, 2005, 2008 [to be updated] [email protected] Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Konstanz

Contents

INTRODUCING TYPOLOGY HISTORY OF TYPOLOGY THE WORLD OF LANGUAGES SAMPLING THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD AREAL LINGUISTICS EUROPE AS A LINGUISTIC AREA ONE LANGUAGE DESCRIBED (GUESS WHICH) PARTS OF SPEECH (a) General (b) Noun-verb distinction (c) Many, few, no adjectives (d) Numerals (e) Articles (and other definiteness marking) (f) Pronouns, personal and other (g) Auxiliaries and verbs INFLECTION: CASE (a) Case and other relational coding (b) The so-called genitive case in English (c) Pronominal case marking in English INFLECTION: NUMBER INFLECTION: GENDER/CLASS WHERE’S INFLECTION? (a) Nominal vs. verbal inflection (b) Head vs. dependent marking (c) Nominal vs. pronominal inflection INFLECTIONAL SYSTEMS MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY AGREEMENT Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 2

CONSTITUENT ORDER (a) Word-level (b) Phrase-, clause-, sentence-level GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS (a) General (b) Alignment (c) Voice (d) Direct – Inverse (e) Objects (f) Incorporation and verbal classification NEGATION INTERROGATION CAUSATION COMPLEX PREDICATES, SERIAL VERBS COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION SWITCH REFERENCE COMPARISON PHONOLOGY (a) Phoneme systems (b) Tone (c) Syllable and morpheme structure (d) Allomorphy (e) Metrical structure (g) Accent (f) Intonation, isochrony (h) Harmony and disharmony, umlaut ... [to be continued]

INTERNET SITES OF SPECIAL TYPOLOGICAL INTEREST

FORMAL BASICS AND TOOLS (GROUPS OF) TYPOLOGISTS SPECIALIST JOURNALS THE WORLD OF LANGUAGES ONLINE TYPOLOGICAL DATABASES Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 3

INTRODUCING TYPOLOGY

Comrie, Bernard (1989). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell. Cristofaro, Sonia & Paolo Ramat (eds.) (1999). Introduzione alla tipologia linguistica. Roma: Carocci. Croft, William (1990). Typology and Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finck, Franz N. (1910). Die Haupttypen des Sprachbaus. Leipzig: Teubner. Givón, Talmy (1984/91). Syntax. A Functional-Typological Introduction, 2 vols.. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1974). Language Typology: A Historical and Analytic Overview. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Greenberg, Joseph H., et al. (eds.) (1978). Universals of Human Language, 4 vols.. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Hagège, Claude (1982). La structure des langues. (Que sais-je?, 2006). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Hammond, Michael T., Edith A. Moravcsik, & Jessica R. Wirth (1988). Language typology and linguistic explanation. In Michael T. Hammond, Edith A. Moravcsik, & Jessica R. Wirth (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 1-22. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Haspelmath, Martin, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oestereicher, & Wolfgang Raible (eds.) (2001/02). Sprachtypologie und sprachliche Universalienforschung. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter. [only relevant in parts] Mallinson, Graham & Barry J. Blake (1981). Language Typology: Cross-linguistic Studies in Syntax. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Misteli, Franz (1893). Charakteristik der hauptsächlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues. Neubearbeitung des Werkes von Prof. H. Steinthal (1861). Berlin: Dümmler. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1979). Typology in linguistics. Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29: 315-337. Nichols, Johanna (1992). Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1986). Typology. (=Folia Linguistica 20; 1/2.) The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Shibatani, Masayoshi & Theodora Bynon (eds.) (1995). Approaches to Language Typology. Oxford: Clarendon. [Review: Edith A. Moravcsik (1997), Linguistic Typology 1: 103- 115.] Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 4

Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (1985). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 3 vols.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skalicka, Vladimir (1979). Typologische Studien. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Slobin, Dan I. (1997). The universal, the typological, and the particular in acquisition. In Dan I. Slobin (ed.), The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, vol. 5: Expanding the Contexts, 1-39. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum. Song, Jae Sung (2000). Linguistic Typology: Morphology and Syntax. Harlow: Pearson Education. Uspenskij, Boris A. (1965). Strukturnaja tipologija jazykov. Moskva: Nauka. Whaley, Lindsay J. (1997). Introduction to Typology: The Unity and Diversity of Language. Newbury Park: Sage. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 5

HISTORY OF TYPOLOGY

Brettschneider, Gunter (1980). Sprachtypologie und linguistische Universalienforschung. Studium Linguistik 8/9: 1-31. Greenberg, Jospeh H. (1974). Language Typology: A Historical and Analytic Overview. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Horne, Kibbey M. (1966). Language Typology: 19th and 20th Century Views. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Morpurgo Davies, Anna (1997). History of Linguistics, volume 4: Nineteenth Century Linguistics. London: Longman. Plank, Frans (1990). Greenlandic in comparison: Marcus Wöldike’s "Meletema" (1746). Historiographia Linguistica 17: 309-338. Plank, Frans (1991). Hypology, typology: The Gabelentz Puzzle. Folia Linguistica 25: 421- 458. Plank, Frans (1992). Adam Smith: Grammatical economist. In Peter Jones & Andrew S. Skinner (eds.), Adam Smith Reviewed, 21-55. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Plank, Frans (1994). Aus der Geschichte der Abhängigkeiten: Wilhelm von Humboldt zu Mehrheitsbezeichnung und Einverleibungssystem. In Klaus Zimmermann, Jürgen Trabant, & Kurt Mueller-Vollmer (eds.), Wilhelm von Humboldt und die amerikanischen Sprachen, 229-255. (Humboldt-Studien.) Paderborn: Schöningh. Plank, Frans (1998). The co-variation of phonology with morphology and syntax: A hopeful history. Linguistic Typology 2: 195-230. Plank, Frans (1999). Typology by the end of the 18th century. In Sylvain Auroux et al., History of the Language Sciences: An International Handbook on the Evolution of the Study of Language, 1399-1414. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 6

THE WORLD OF LANGUAGES

Campbell, George L. (2000). Compendium of the World’s Languages. 2 vols., 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Comrie, Bernard (ed.) (1990). The World’s Major Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, & Maria S. Polinsky (eds.) (1996). The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development of Languages throughout the World. New York: Facts on File. Dalby, Andrew (1999). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Guide to More Than 400 Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. Daniels, Peter T. & William Bright (eds.) (1995). The World’s Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Garry, J. & Carl Rubino (eds.) (2001). Facts about the World’s Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World’s Major Languages Past and Present. New York: H. W. Wilson/New England Publishing Associates. Grimes, Barbara F. (ed.) (1996). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 13th edn.. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. [http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/ethnologue.html] Klose, Albrecht (2001). Sprachen der Welt: Ein weltweiter Index der Sprachfamilien, Einzelsprachen und Dialekte, mit Angabe der Synonyma und fremdsprachigen Äquivalente. 2nd edn. München: Saur. Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1995). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. Lyovin, Anatole V. (1996). An Introduction to the Languages of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Meillet, Antoine & Marcel Cohen (1952). Les langues du monde, 2 vols. Paris: CNRS, Champion. Moseley, Christopher & R.E. Asher (eds.) (1994). Atlas of the World’s Languages. London: Routledge. Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). A Guide to the World’s Languages, vol. 1: Classification. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Voegelin, Charles F. & Florence M. Voegelin (1977). Classification and Index of the World’s Languages. New York: Elsevier. Woodward, Roger D. (ed.) (2002). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 7

SAMPLING THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD

Bell, Alan (1978). Language samples. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 1, 123-156. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Dryer, Matthew S. (1989). Large linguistic areas and language sampling. Studies in Language 13: 257-292. Nichols, Johanna (1992). Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Otterbein, Keith F. (1976). Sampling and samples in cross-cultural studies. Behavior Science Research 11: 107-121. Perkins, Revere D. (1989). Statistical techniques for determining language sample size. Studies in Language 13: 293-315. Perkins, Revere D. (1992). Deixis, Grammar, and Culture. Amsterdam: Benjamins. [esp. ch. 7] Rijkhoff, Jan, Dik Bakker, Kees Hengeveld, & Peter Kahrel (1993). A method of language sampling. Studies in Language 17: 169-203. Rijkhoff, Jan & Dik Bakker (1998). Language sampling. Linguistic Typology 2: 262-314. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 8

AREAL LINGUISTICS

Austerlitz, Robert (1980). Typology and universals on a Eurasian east-west continuum. In Gunter Brettschneider & Christian Lehmann (eds.), Wege zur Universalienforschung: Sprachwissenschaftliche Beiträge zum 60. Geburtstag von Hansjakob Seiler, 235-244. Tübingen: Narr. Bhat, Darbhe N.S. (1973). Retroflexion: An areal feature. Working Papers on Language Universals 13: 27-68. Blake, Barry J. (1990). Redefining Pama-Nyungan: Toward the prehistory of Australian languages. Aboriginal Linguistics 1: 1-90. Bright, William with Joel Sherzer (1976). Areal phenomena in North American Indian languages. In William Bright, Variation and Change in Language, 228-268. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Campbell, Lyle (1996). Typological and areal issues in grammar. In Keith Brown & Jim Miller (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories, 339-343. Oxford: Pergamon. Campbell, Lyle, Terrence Kaufman, & Thomas C. Smith-Stark (1986). Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62: 530-570. Dahl, Östen & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (1992). Language typology around the Baltic Sea: A problem inventory. Papers from the Institute of Linguistics, 61. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1987). Morphosyntactic areal characteristics of Amazonian languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 311-326. Dryer, Matthew S. (1989). Large linguistic areas and language sampling. Studies in Language 13: 257-292. Emeneau, Murray B. (1956). India as a linguistic area. Language 32: 3-16. [Reprinted in Emeneau, Murray B. (1980). Language and Linguistic Area, 105-125. Stanford: Stanford University Press.] Emeneau, Murray B. (1974). The Indian linguistic area revisited. Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 3: 92-134. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1959). Africa as a linguistic area. In William R. Bascom & Melville J. Herskovits (eds.), Continuity and Change in African Cultures, 15-27. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1983). Some areal characteristics of African languages. In Ivan R. Dihoff (ed.), Current Approaches to African Linguistics, vol. 1, 3-21. Dordrecht: Foris. Haas, Mary R. (1976). The Northern California linguistic area. In Margaret Langdon & Shirley Silver (eds.), Hokan Studies, 347-359. The Hague: Mouton. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 9

Heath, Jeffrey (1980). Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Heine, Bernd & Rainer Voßen (1981). Sprachtypologie. In Bernd Heine, Thilo C. Schadeberg, & Ekkehard Wolf (eds.), Die Sprachen Afrikas, vol. 5: Sprachvergleichung, 407-444. Hamburg: Buske. Jacobsen, William H., Jr. (1980). Inclusive/exclusive: A diffused pronominal category in native western America. In Jody Kreiman & Almerindo E. Ojeda (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Pronouns and Anaphora, 204-227. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Jakobson, Roman (1931). Über die phonologischen Sprachbünde. Reprinted in Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings, vol. 1, 137-143. The Hague: Mouton. Kaufman, Terrence (1976). Areal linguistics and Middle America. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 11: Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics, 459-483. The Hague: Mouton. Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). Stimulus diffusion. American Anthropologist 42: 1-20. Kuiper, Franciscus B.J. (1967). The genesis of a linguistic area. Indo-Iranian Journal 10: 81-102. Martinet, André (1952-53). Diffusion of languages and structural linguistics. Romance Philology 6: 5-13. Martinet, André et al. (1956). Are there areas of affinité grammaticale as well as of affinité phonologique cutting across genetic language families? In F. Norman, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Linguists, 121-130. London. Masica, Colin P. (1976). Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1978). Language contact. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 1, 93-122. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Nichols, Johanna (1992). Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Payne, Doris L. (ed.) (1990). Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages. Austin: University of Texas Press. Plank, Frans (1981). Geschichtlich verwandt – elementar verwandt – typologisch verwandt. Linguistische Berichte 74: 35-44. Ramat, Paolo (ed.) (1998). Language Sciences 20-3; special issue on Areal Typology. Sandfeld, Kristian (1930). Linguistique Balkanique: Problèmes et Résultats. Paris: Champion. Sherzer, Joel (1973). Areal linguistics in North America. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 10-2: Linguistics in North America, 749-795. The Hague: Mouton. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 10

Sherzer, Joel (1976). An Areal-Typological Study of American Indian Languages North of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [Review: Michael Silverstein (1978), Language 54: 737-740.] Skalicka, Vladimír (1968). Zum Problem des Donausprachbundes. Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 40: 3-9. Solta, Georg R. (1980). Einführung in die Balkanlinguistik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Stolz, Thomas (1991). Sprachbund im Baltikum? Estnisch und Lettisch im Zentrum einer sprachlichen Konvergenzlandschaft. Bochum: Brockmeyer. Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1947). Hittite and areal linguistics. Language 23: 376-382. Thomason, Sarah G. & Terrence Kaufman (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Trubetzkoy, Nikolaj S. (1939). Gedanken über das Indogermanenproblem. Acta Linguistica 1: 81-89. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 11

EUROPE AS A LINGUISTIC AREA

Bastian, Otto (1964). Die europäischen Sprachen: Grunderscheinungen und Entwicklungen. (Dalp Taschenbücher, 377.) Bern: Francke. Bechert, Johannes (1982). Grammatical gender in Europe: An areal study of a linguistic category. Papiere zur Linguistik 26: 23-34. Bechert, Johannes, Giuliano Bernini, & Claude Buridant (eds.) (1990). Toward a Typology of European Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Comrie, Bernard (ed.) (1990). The Major Languages of Western/Eastern Europe, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cristofaro, Sonia & Ignazio Putzu (eds.) (2000). Languages in the Mediterranean Area: Typology and Convergence. Il progetto MEDTYP: studio dell'area linguistica mediterranea. Milano: Francoangeli. Dahl, Östen & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds.) (2001). Circum-Baltic Languages. Vol. 1: Past and Present. Vol. 2: Grammar and Typology. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Dauzat, Albert (1953). L’Europe linguistique, 2nd edn. Paris: Payot. Décsy, Gyula (1973). Die linguistische Struktur Europas: Vergangenheit – Gegenwart – Zukunft. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EUROTYP, 9 volumes, 1997-99. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Haarmann, Harald (1976). Grundzüge der Sprachtypologie: Methodik, Empirie und Systematik der Sprachen Europas. (Urban-Taschenbücher, 242.) Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Haarmann, Harald (1976). Aspekte der Arealtypologie: Die Problematik der europäischen Sprachbünde. Tübingen: Narr. Hinrichs, Uwe, with Uwe Büttner (eds.) (2004). Die europäischen Sprachen auf dem Wege zum analytischen Sprachtyp. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Lewy, Ernst (1942). Der Bau der europäischen Sprachen. Dublin: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 48, Sec. C, No. 2. [Reprint (1964). Tübingen: Niemeyer.] Meillet, Antoine with Lucien Tesnière (1928). Les langues dans l’Europe nouvelle, 2nd edn. Paris: Payot. Nocentini, Alberto (2002). L'Europa linguistica: Profilo storico e tipologico. Firenze: Le Monnier. Pisani, Vittore (1966). Entstehung von Einzelsprachen aus Sprachbünden. Kratylos 11: 125- 141. Price, Glanville (ed.) (1998). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Ramat, Paolo (1993). L’italiano lingua d’Europa. In Alberto A. Sobrero (ed.), Introduzione all’Italiano Contemporaneo, 3-39. Bari: Laterza. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 12

Ramat, Paolo & Thomas Stolz (eds.) (2002). Mediterranean Languages. (Diversitas Linguarum, 1.) Bochum: Brockmeyer. Schleicher, August (1850). Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Uebersicht. (Linguistische Untersuchungen, 2.) Bonn: H. B. König. [New edition with an introductory article by Konrad Koerner (1983). Amsterdam: Benjamins.] Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1941). The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language. In Leslie Spier (ed.), Language, Culture, and Personality. Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir, 75-93. Menasha, Wisc.: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. [Reprinted in John B. Carroll (ed.) (1956), Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Worf, 134-159. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.] Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 13

ONE LANGUAGE DESCRIBED (GUESS WHICH)

Alexander, Louis G. (1988). Longman English Grammar. London: Longman. Bauer, Laurie (1983). English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffry Leech, Susan Conrad, & Edward Finegan (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman. Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row. Crystal, David & Derek Davy (1969). Investigating English Style. London: Longman. Curme, George O. (1931/35). A Grammar of the English Language, 2 vols.. Boston: Heath. Dixon, Robert M.W. (1991). A New Approach to English Grammar, on Semantic Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fowler, Henry W. & Francis G. Fowler (1973). The King’s/Queen’s English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Fries, Charles C. (1952). The Structure of English: An Introduction to the Construction of English Sentences. New York: Harcourt. Fudge, Erik (1984). English Word-Stress. London: Allen & Unwin. Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gimson, Alfred C. (1972). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 2nd edn. London: Arnold. Givón, Talmy (1992/93). English Grammar: A Functional Introduction, 2 vols.. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Halliday, Michael A.K. & Ruqaiya Hasan (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Huddleston, Rodney D. (1984). An Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D. (1988). English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D. & Geoffrey K. Pullum (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jespersen, Otto (1909-49). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, 7 vols.. London: Allen & Unwin. Lass, Roger (1987). The Shape of English. London: Dent. Leisi, Ernst (1975). Der Wortinhalt: Seine Struktur im Deutschen und Englischen, 5th edn.. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer. McCawley, James D. (1988). The Syntactic Phenomena of English, 2 vols.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 14

Marchand, Hans (1969). The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word- Formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach, 2nd edn. München: Beck. Quirk, Randolph & Sidney Greenbaum (1973). A University Grammar of English. London: Longman. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, & Jan Svartvik (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Sweet, Henry (1900/03). A New English Grammar, Logical and Historical, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 15

PARTS OF SPEECH

(a) General

Anward, Jan, Edith A. Moravcsik, & Leon Stassen (1997). Parts of speech: A challenge for typology. Linguistic Typology 1: 167-183. Baker, Mark C. (2003). Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Croft, William (1991). Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of Information. [Chapters 2 and 3.] Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Crystal, David (1966). Word classes: English. Lingua 17: 24-56. Plank, Frans (1984). 24 grundsätzliche Bemerkungen zur Wortarten-Frage. Leuvense Bijdragen 73: 489-520. Plank, Frans (1997). Word classes in typology: Recommended reading. Linguistic Typology 1: 185-192. Schachter, Paul (1985). Parts-of-speech systems. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 3-61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vogel, Petra M. & Bernard Comrie (eds.) (2000). Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes. (EALT, 23.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

(b) Noun-verb distinction

Broschart, Jürgen (1991). Noun, verb and PARTICIPATION (A Typology of the noun/verb distinction). In Hansjakob Seiler & Waldfried Premper (eds.), Partizipation: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten, 65-137. Tübingen: Narr. Broschart, Jürgen (1997). Why Tongan does it differently: Categorial distinctions in a language without nouns and verbs. Linguistic Typology 1: 123-165. Clark, Eve V. & Herbert H. Clark (1979). When nouns surface as verbs. Language 55: 767- 811. Gil, David (1994). The structure of Riau Indonesian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17: 179- 200. Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson (1984). The discourse basis for lexical categories in universal grammar. Language 60: 703-752. Kinkade, M. Dale (1983). Salish evidence against the universality of "noun" and "verb". Lingua 60: 25-40. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 16

Kuipers, Aert H. (1968). The categories verb-noun and transitive-intransitive in English and Squamish. Lingua 21: 610-626. Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Nouns and verbs. Language 63: 53-94. Robins, Robert H. (1952). Noun and verb in universal grammar. Language 28: 289-298. Ross, John R. (1972). The category squish: Endstation Hauptwort. Chicago Linguistic Society 8: 316-328. Ross, John R. (1973). Nouniness. In Osamu Fujimura (ed.), Three Dimensions of Linguistic Theory, 137-257. Tokyo: TEC. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1993). Das Nomen—eine universale Kategorie? Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 46: 187-221. Vonen, Arnfinn M. (1994). Multifunctionality and morphology in Tokelau and English. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17: 155-178. Walter, Heribert (1981). Studien zur Nomen-Verb-Distinktion aus typologischer Sicht. München: Fink.

(c) Many, few, no adjectives

Aristar, Anthony R. (1991). On diachronic sources and synchronic pattern: An investigation into the origin of linguistic universals. Language 67: 1-33. Backhouse, Anthony E. (1984). Have all the adjectives gone? Lingua 62: 169-186. Berlin, Brent & Paul Kay (1969). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bhat, Darbhe N.S. (1994). The Adjectival Category: Criteria for Differentiation and Identification. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Bolinger, Dwight L. (1967). Adjectives in English: Attribution and predication. Lingua 18: 1- 34. Dixon, R. M.W. (1977). Where have all the adjectives gone? Studies in Language 1: 19-80. Hagège, Claude (1974). The “adjective” in some African languages. Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 5: 125-133. Hengeveld, Kees (1992). Non-Verbal Predication: Theory, Typology, Diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Hetzron, Robert (1978). On the relative order of adjectives. In Hansjakob Seiler (ed.), Language Universals, 165-184. Tübingen: Narr. Lindsey, Geoffrey & Janine Scancarelli (1985). Where have all the adjectives come from? The case of Cherokee. Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 207-215. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 17

Locker, Ernst (1951). Nominales und verbales Adjektivum. (Die Sprache, Beiheft 1.) Wien- Meisenheim: Sexl. Moshi, Lioba (1993). Time-Stability: The case of adjectives in KiVunjo-Chaga. In Salikoko S. Mufwene & Lioba Moshi (eds.), Topics in African Linguistics, 141-158. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Pustet, Regina (1989). Die Morphosyntax des "Adjektivs" im Sprachvergleich. Frankfurt: Lang. Schaefer, Ronald P. & Francis O. Egbokhare (1993). On the typological character of property concepts in Emai. In Salikoko S. Mufwene & Lioba Moshi (eds.), Topics in African Linguistics, 159-176. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Sproat, Richard & Chilin Shih (1990). The cross-linguistic distribution of adjective ordering restrictions. In Carol J. Georgopoulos & Roberta Ishihara (eds.), Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language: Essays in Honour of S.-Y. Kuroda, 565-593. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Stassen, Leon (1992). A hierarchy of main predicate encoding. In Michel Kefer & Johan van der Auwera (eds.), Meaning and Grammar: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives, 179-201. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Stassen, Leon (1997). Intransitive Predication: An Essay in Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson, Sandra A. (1989). A discourse approach to the cross-linguistic category “adjective”. In Roberta L. Corrigan et al. (eds.), Linguistic Categorization, 245-265. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Wetzer, Harrie (1992). “Nouny” and “verby” adjectivals: A typology of predicative adjectival constructions. In Michel Kefer & Johan van der Auwera (eds.), Meaning and Grammar: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives, 223-262. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Wetzer, Harrie (1996). The Typology of Adjectival Predication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?). In Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, 463-497. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

(d) Numerals

Ahn, Miran (2003). Wortartenzugehörigkeit der Zahlwörter im Sprachvergleich. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. Brandt-Corstius, Hugo (ed.) (1968). Grammars for Number Names. Dordrecht: Reidel. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 18

Corbett, Greville G. (1978). Universals in the syntax of cardinal numerals. Lingua 46: 355- 368. Corbett, Greville G. (1978). Numerous squishes and squishy numerals in Slavonic. International Review of Slavic Linguistics 3: 43-73. Gil, David (1982). Distributive numerals. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1974). Studies in numerical systems, I: Double numeral systems. Working Papers on Language Universals 14: 75-89. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1978). Generalizations about numeral systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 3, 249-295. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1989). The internal and external syntax of numerical expressions: Explaining language specific rules. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 4: 105-118. Gvozdanoviç, Jadranka (ed.) (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 118.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Hanke, Thomas (2005). Bildungsweisen von Numeralia: Eine typologische Untersuchung. Berlin: Weißensee. Heine, Bernd (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. [Ch. 2.] New York: Oxford University Press. Hurford, James R. (1975). The Linguistic Theory of Numerals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hurford, James R. (1987). Language and Number: The Emergence of a Cognitive System. Oxford: Blackwell. Pott, Augutst F. (1847). Die quinare und vigesimale Zählmethode bei Völkern aller Welttheile. Halle: Schwetschke. Pott, August F. (1868). Die Sprachverschiedenheit in Europa an den Zahlwörtern nachgewiesen, sowie die quinäre und vigesimale Zählmethode. Halle: Waisenhaus. Seiler, Hansjakob (1990). A dimensional view of numeral systems. In William Croft et al. (eds.), Studies in Typology and Diachrony, 187-208. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Sommer, Ferdinand (1951). Zum Zahlwort. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Jahrgang 1950, Heft 7. Stampe, David (1976). Cardinal number systems. Chicago Linguistic Society 12: 594-609.

(e) Articles (and other definiteness marking)

Bechert, Johannes (1993). Definiteness and Article Systems. EUROTYP Working Papers I/4. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 19

Bhat, Darbhe N.S. [no date]. Indefiniteness and Indeterminacy. [no place, no publisher.] Chesterman, Andrew (1991). On Definiteness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Christophersen, Paul (1939). The Articles: A Study of their Theory and Use in English. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. Dryer, Matthew S. (1989). Article-noun order. Chicago Linguistic Society 25: 83-97. Foley, William A. (1980). Towards a universal typology of the noun phrase. Studies in Language 4: 171-200. Gil, David (1987). Definiteness, noun phrase configurationality, and the count-mass distinction. In Eric J. Reuland & Alice G. B. ter Meulen (eds.), The Representation of (In)Definiteness, 254-269. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Givón, Talmy (1981). On the development of the numeral “one” as an indefinite marker. Folia Linguistica Historica 2: 35-53. Grasserie, Raoul de la (1896). De l’article (Morphologie et syntaxe). Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 9: 285-322, 381-394. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1978). How does a language acquire gender markers? In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 3, 47-82. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Hawkins, John A. (1978). Definiteness and Indefiniteness: A Study in Reference and Grammaticality Prediction. London: Croom Helm. Heine, Bernd (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar .[Ch. 4.] New York: Oxford University Press. Heinrichs, Heinrich M. (1954). Studien zum bestimmten Artikel in den germanischen Sprachen. Gießen: Schmitz. Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (1997). Deiktikon, Artikel, Nominalphrase: Zur Emergenz syntaktischer Struktur. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Krámsky, Jiri (1972). The Article and the Concept of Definiteness in Language. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Lyons, Christopher (1999). Definiteness. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1969). Determination. Working Papers on Language Universals 1: 63- 98a. Noun Phrase Group, The (1994). A panel on the lawfulness of the double life of the cefinite article. In Conversations on Noun Phrases, 49-79, 113. EUROTYP Working Papers VII/20. Parker, Steve (1999). On the behavior of definite articles in Chamicuro. Language 75: 552- 562. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1995). Overdetermination. EUROTYP Working Papers VII/24. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 20

Plank, Frans & Edith A.Moravcsik. (1996). The Maltese article: Language-particulars and universals. In Albert J. Borg & Frans Plank (eds.), The Maltese Noun Phrase Meets Typology (=Rivista di Linguistica 8.1), 183-212. Pisa: Pacini. Rijkhoff, Jan (1992). The noun phrase: A typological study of its form and structure. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Tomlin, Russell S. (ed.) (1987). Coherence and Grounding in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

(f) Pronouns, personal and other

Anderson, Stephen R. & Edward L. Keenan (1985). Deixis. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3, 259-308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Benveniste, Émile (1946). Structure des relations de personne dans le verbe. In Émile Benveniste, Problème de linguistique générale, vol. 1, 225-236. Paris: Gallimard. Bhat, D. N. S. (2003). Pronouns. (OSTLT.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Braun, Friederike (1988). Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Brown, Penelope & Stephen Levinson (1978). Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena. In Esther N. Goody (ed.),Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, 56-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Also published separately.] Clements, George N. (1975). The logophoric pronoun in Ewe: Its role in discourse. Journal of West African Languages 10-2: 141-177. Cole, Peter & Gabriella Hermon (1998). Long distance reflexives in Singapore Malay: An apparent typological anomaly. Linguistic Typology 2: 57-77. Cysouw, Michael (2003). The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking. (OSTLT.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Diessel, Holger (1999). The morphosyntax of demonstratives in synchrony and diachrony. Linguistic Typology 3: 1-49. Diessel, Holger (1999). Demonstratives: Form, Function, and Grammaticalization. (TSL, 42.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Forchheimer, Paul (1953). The Category of Person in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Frei, Henri (1944). Systèmes de déictiques. Acta Linguistica 4: 111-129. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 21

Hagège, Claude (1974). Les pronomes logophoriques. Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 69-1: 287-310. Haspelmath, Martin (1997). Indefinite Pronouns. (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory.) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hyman, Larry M. & Bernard Comrie (1981). Logophoric reference in Gokana. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 3-1: 19-37. Hymes, Dell H. (1972). On personal pronouns: “Fourth” person and phonesthematic aspects. In M. Estellie Smith (ed.), Studies in Linguistics in Honor of George L. Trager, 100-121. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Ingram, David (1979). Typology and universals of personal pronouns. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.),Universals of Human Language, vol. 3, 213-248. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Jacobsen, William H., Jr. (1980). Inclusive/Exclusive: A diffused pronominal category in Native Western America. In Jody Kreiman & Almerindo E. Ojeda (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Pronouns and Anaphora, 204-227. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Majtinskaja, Klara E. (1969). Mestoimenija v jazykax raznyx sistem. Moskva: Nauka. Plank, Frans (1985). Die Ordnung der Personen. Folia Linguistica 19: 111-176. Plank, Frans (1990). On the Selective Elaboration of Nominal or Pronominal Inflection. EUROTYP Working Papers VII/2. Siewierska, Anna (2004). Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Simon, Horst J. & Heike Wiese (eds.) (2002). Pronouns: Grammar and Representation. (Linguistik Aktuell, 52.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Sugamoto, Nobuko (1989). Pronominality: A noun-pronoun continuum. In Roberta L. Corrigan et al. (eds.), Linguistic Categorization, 267-291. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Wiesemann, Ursula (ed.) (1986). Pronominal Systems. Tübingen: Narr. Winter, Werner (ed.) (1984). Anredeverhalten. Tübingen: Narr. Zwicky, Arnold M. (1977). Hierarchies of person. Chicago Linguistic Society 13: 714-733.

(g) Auxiliaries and verbs

Bolinger, Dwight L. (1980). Wanna and the gradience of auxiliaries. In Gunter Brettschneider & Christian Lehmann (eds.), Wege zur Universalienforschung, 292-299. Tübingen: Narr. Heine, Bernd (1993). Auxiliaries: Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 22

Huddleston, Rodney D. (1980). Criteria for auxiliaries and modals. In Sidney Greenbaum et al. (eds.), Studies in English Linguistics for Randolph Quirk, 65-78. London: Longman. Palmer, Frank R. (1974). The English Verb. London: Longman. Palmer, Frank R. (1979). Why auxiliaries are not main verbs. Lingua 47: 1-25. Palmer, Frank R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, Frans (1984). The modals story retold. Studies in Language 8: 305-364. Pustet, Regina (2003). Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Steele, Susan M. et al. (1981). An Encyclopedia of AUX: A Study of Cross-Linguistic Equivalence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Warner, Anthony R. (1993). English Auxiliaries: Structure and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 23

INFLECTION: CASE

(a) Case and other relational coding

Blake, Barry J. (1994). Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Comrie, Bernard & Maria S. Polinsky (1998). The great Daghestanian case hoax. In Anna Siewierska & Jae J. Song (eds.), Case, Typology and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake, 95-114. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Kahr, Joan C. (1975). Adpositions and locationals: Typology and diachronic development. Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Kahr, Joan C. (1976). The renewal of case morphology: Sources and constraints. Working Papers on Language Universals 20: 107-151. Kilby, David (1981). On case markers. Lingua 54: 101-133. Lehmann, Christian (1985). Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change. Lingua e Stile 20: 303-318. Mel’cuk, Igor A. (1977). Le cas. Revue des Études Slaves 50: 5-36. Mel’cuk, Igor A. (1986). Toward a definition of case. In Richard D. Brecht & James S. Levine (eds.), Case in Slavic, 35-85. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica. Plank, Frans (1986). Paradigm size, morphological typology, and universal economy. Folia Linguistica 20: 29-48. Plank, Frans (1992). From cases to adpositions. In Nicola Pantaleo (ed.), Aspects of English Diachronic Linguistics, 17-61. Fasano: Schena. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1995). Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. New York: Oxford University Press.

(b) The so-called genitive case in English

Allen, Cynthia L. (1997). The origins of the “group genitive” in English. Transactions of the Philological Society 95: 111-131. Barxudarov, L. S. (1975). Oc,ˇ erki po morfologii sovremennogo anglijskogo jazyka. Moskva: Vyssaja Skola. [esp. pp. 84-96] Carstairs, Andrew D. (1981). Notes on Affixes, Clitics and Paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Carstairs, Andrew D. (1987). Diachronic evidence and the affix-clitic distinction. In Anna Giacalone Ramat et al. (eds.), Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 151-162. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 24

Ekwall, Eilert (1943). Studies on the Genitive of Groups in English. Lund: Gleerup. Fries, Charles C. (1938). Some notes on the inflected genitive in present-day English. Language 14: 121-133. Furnivall, Frederick J. (1865). Some fresh evidence from the second text of Layamon on the possessive in es and his. Transactions of the Philological Society 1865: 75-94. Hall, Robert A., Jr. (1946). A note on bound forms. Journal of English and German Philology 45: 450. Halpern, Aaron (1995). On the Placement and Morphology of Clitics. Stanford: CSLI. [esp. pp. 99-141] Hansen, Klaus (1970). Zur Kategorie des Kasus im modernen Englisch. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 18: 262-282. Householder, Fred W. (1988). The Group Genitive and Type 24 languages. In Caroline Duncan-Rose & Theo Vennemann (eds.), On Language. Rhetorica, Phonologica, Syntactica: A Festschrift for Robert P. Stockwell from his Friends and Colleagues, 381- 388. London: Routledge. Hudson, Richard A. (1995). Does English really have case? Journal of Linguistics 31: 375- 392. Janda, Richard D. (1980). On the decline of declensional systems: The overall loss of OE nominal case inflections and the ME reanalysis of -es as his. In Elizabeth C. Traugott et al. (eds.), Papers from the 4th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 243-252. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Janda, Richard D. (1981). A case of liberation from morphology into syntax: The fate of the English genitive-marker -(e)s. In Brenda B. Johns & David R. Strong (eds.), Syntactic Change (=Natural Language Studies 25), 59-114. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Jespersen, Otto (1918). Chapters on English. Reprinted in: Selected Writings of Otto Jespersen, 153-345. London: Allen & Unwin, no date (1960?). Jespersen, Otto (1934). Gruppegenitiv på dansk. In: Studier tilegnede Verner Dahlerup, udgivet av Danske Folkemaal og Sprog og Kultur, 1-7. København: Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus. Jespersen, Otto (1942). MEG VI, chapters 16 and 17. Klavans, Judith L. (1985). The independence of syntax and phonology in cliticization. Language 61: 95-120. Kruisinga, Etsko (1932). A Handbook of Present-Day English. Part II: English Accidence and Syntax, vol. 2, 5th edn. Groningen: Noordhoff. Mel’cuk, Igor A. (1986). Toward a definition of case. In Richard D. Brecht & James S. Levine, Case in Slavic, 35-85. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica. [esp. pp. 48-52] Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 25

Norde, Muriel (1997). The history of the genitive in Swedish: A case study in degrammaticalization. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Picard, Marc (1990). More on the English genitive plural. Folia Linguistica 24: 373-376. Plank, Frans (1985). The interpretation and development of form alternations conditioned across word boundaries. The case of wife’s, wives, and wives’. In Roger Eaton et al. (eds.), Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, 205-233. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, Frans (1992). From cases to adpositions. In Nicola Pantaleo (ed.), Aspects of English Diachronic Linguistics, 17-61. Fasano: Schena. Plank, Frans (1995). Entgrammatisierung — Spiegelbild der Grammatisierung? In Norbert Boretzky et al. (eds.), Natürlichkeitstheorie und Sprachwandel, 199-219. Bochum: Brockmeyer. Plank, Frans (1995). (Re-)Introducing Suffixaufnahme. In Frans Plank (ed.), Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme, 3-110. New York: Oxford University Press. Poldauf, Ivan (1970). Case in contemporary English. Philologia Pragensia 13: 121-131. Stemberger, Joseph P. (1981). Morphological haplology. Language 57: 791-817. Ultan, Russell (1978). Towards a typology of substantival possession. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 4, 11-49. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Vachek, Josef (1961). Some less familiar aspects of the analytical trend of English. Brno Studies in English 3: 9-78. [esp. pp. 24-31] Zwicky, Arnold M. (1975). Settling on an underlying form: The English inflectional endings. In David Cohen & Jessica R. Wirth (eds.), Testing Linguistic Hypotheses, 129-185. New York: Wiley. Zwicky, Arnold M. (1977). On Clitics. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Zwicky, Arnold M. (1987). Suppressing the Zs. Journal of Linguistics 23: 133-148. Zwicky, Arnold M. (1988). Direct reference to heads. Folia Linguistica 22: 397-404. Zwicky, Arnold M. & Geoffrey K. Pullum (1983). Cliticization vs. inflection: English n’t. Language 59: 502-513.

(c) Pronominal case marking in English

Comrie, Bernard (1986). On delimiting cases. In Richard D. Brecht & James S. Levine (eds.), Cases in Slavic, 86-108. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica. Comrie, Bernard (1991). Form and function in identifying cases. In Frans Plank (ed.), Paradigms: The Economy of Inflection, 41-55. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 26

Hansen, Klaus (1970). Zur Kategorie des Kasus im modernen Englisch. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 18: 262-282. Jespersen, Otto (1949). MEG VII, chapters 6 and 7. Lambrecht, Knud (1980). Topic, French style: Remarks about a basic sentence type of Modern non-Standard French. Berkeley Linguistics Society 6: 337-360. Sweet, Henry (1876). Words, logic, and grammar. Reprinted in Henry C. Wyld (ed.), Collected papers of Henry Sweet, 1-33. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 27

INFLECTION: NUMBER

Allan, Keith (1976). Collectivizing. Archivum Linguisticum 7-2: 99-117. Allan, Keith (1980). Nouns and countability. Language 56: 541-567. Bazell, C. E. (1979). Some cases of metanalysis. In David J. Allerton et al. (eds.), Function and Context in Linguistic Analysis, 30-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beard, Robert (1982). The plural as a lexical derivation. Glossa 16: 133-148. Biermann, Anna (1982). Die grammatische Kategorie Numerus. In Hansjakob Seiler & Christian Lehmann (eds.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenständen, 229-243. Tübingen: Narr. Bulletin de la Faculté des Lettres de Strasbourg. 1964/65. Le problème du nombre. No. 43, 444ff. Corbett, Greville G. (1992). A Typology of Number Systems. EUROTYP Working Papers VII/15. Corbett, Greville G. (1996). Minor number and the plurality split. In Albert J. Borg & Frans Plank (eds.), The Maltese Noun Phrase Meets Typology, 101-122. Pisa: Pacini (=Rivista di Linguistica 8-1). Corbett, Greville G. (2000). Number. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Corbett, Greville G. & Marianne Mithun (1976). Associative forms in a typology of number systems: Evidence from Yup’ik. Journal of Linguistics 32: 1-17. Dryer, Matthew S. (1989). Plural words. Linguistics 27: 865-895. Durie, Mark (1986). The grammaticization of number as a verbal category. Berkeley Linguistics Society 12: 355-370. Frajzyngier, Zygmunt (1997). Grammaticalization of number: From demonstratives to nominal and verbal plural. Linguistic Typology 1: 193-242. Grasserie, Raoul de la (1887). De la catégorie du nombre. (Études de Grammaire Com- parée.) Paris: J. Maisonneuve & C. Leclerc. Grasserie, Raoul de la (1911). Du quantitatif dans le language, notamment de la catégorie du nombre. (Études de Linguistique et de Psychologie Linguistique.) Paris: H. le Soudier. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1977). Numeral classifiers and substantival number. Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. In Adam Makkai et al. (eds.), Linguistics at the Crossroads, 276-300. Padova: Liviana Editrice. Jensen, Hans (1952). Die sprachliche Kategorie des Numerus. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock, Reihe Gesellschafts- und Sprachwissenschaften 1/2: 1-21. Jespersen, Otto (1924). The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen & Unwin. [chapters 14-15] Kraus, Hedwig (1977). Das Numerus-System des Englischen. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 28

Mithun, Marianne (1988). Lexical categories and the evolution of number marking. In Michael T. Hammond & Michael P. Noonan (eds.), Theoretical Morphology: Approaches in Modern Linguistics, 211-234. San Diego. Academic Press. Plank, Frans (1987). Number neutralization in Old English. Failure of functionalism? In Willem F. Koopman et al. (eds.), Explanation and Linguistic Change, 177-238. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, Frans (1989). On Humboldt on the dual. In Roberta L. Corrigan et al. (eds.), Linguistic Categorization, 293-333. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, Frans (1996). Domains of the dual, in Maltese and in general. In Albert J. Borg & Frans Plank (eds.), The Maltese Noun Phrase Meets Typology (=Rivista di Linguistica 8- 1), 123-140. Pisa: Pacini. Smith-Stark, Thomas C. (1974). The plurality split. Chicago Linguistic Society 10: 657-671. Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). Oats and wheat: Mass nouns, iconicity, and human categorization. In Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, 499-562. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 29

INFLECTION: GENDER/CLASS

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2000). Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Allan, Keith (1977). Classifiers. Language 53: 285-311. Barron, Roger (1982). Das Phänomen klassifikatorischer Verben. In Hansjakob Seiler & Christian Lehmann (eds.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenständen, vol. 1, 133-146. Tübingen: Narr. Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan (1929). Einfluß der Sprache auf Weltanschauung und Stimmung. Prace Filologiczne 14: 185-256. Bechert, Johannes (1982). Grammatical gender in Europe: An areal study of a linguistic category. Papiere zur Linguistik 26: 23-34. Claudi, Ulrike (1985). Zur Entstehung von Genussystemen: Überlegungen zu einigen theoretischen Aspekten, verbunden mit einer Fallstudie des Zande. Hamburg: Buske. Corbett, Greville G. (1991). Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Craig, Colette G. (ed.) (1986). Noun Classes and Categorization. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Dixon, Robert M.W. (1968). Noun classes. Lingua 21: 104-125. Fodor, Istvan (1959). The origin of grammatical gender. Lingua 8: 1-41, 186-214. Friedrich, Paul (1970). Shape in grammar. Language 46: 379-407. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1978). How does a language acquire gender markers? In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 3, 47-82. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Jones, Charles (1988). Grammatical Gender in English: 950-1250. London: Croom Helm. Morsbach, Lorenz (1926). Grammatisches und psychologisches Geschlecht im Englischen. Berlin: Weidmann. Plank, Frans (1984). Verbs and objects in semantic agreement: Minor differences between English and German that might suggest a major one. Journal of Semantics 3: 305-360. Plank, Frans & Wolfgang Schellinger (1997). The uneven distribution of genders over numbers: Greenberg Nos. 37 and 45. Linguistic Typology 1: 53-101. Renault, Richard (1987). Genre grammatical et typologie linguistique. Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 82/2: 69-117. Royen, Gerlach (1929). Die nominalen Klassifikationssysteme in den Sprachen der Erde: Historisch-kritische Studie, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Indogermanischen. Mödling: Anthropos. Wurzel, Wolfgang U. (1986). Die wiederholte Klassifikation von Substantiven: Zur Entstehung von Deklinationsklassen. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 39: 76-96. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 30

WHERE’S INFLECTION?

(a) Nominal vs. verbal inflection

Capell, Arthur (1965). A typology of concept domination. Lingua 15: 451-462. Capell, Arthur (1972). The affix-transferring languages of Australia. Linguistics 87: 5-36. Durie, Mark (1986). The grammaticization of number as a verbal category. Berkeley Linguistics Society 12: 355-370. Klimov, Georgij A. (1977). Tipologija jazykov aktivnogo stroja. Moskva: Nauka. Mithun, Marianne (1988). Lexical categories and the evolution of number marking. In Michael T. Hammond & Michael P. Noonan (eds.), Theoretical Morphology: Approaches in Modern Linguistics, 211-234. San Diego. Academic Press. Mithun, Marianne (1988). System-defining structural properties in polysynthetic languages. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 41: 442- 452. Mithun, Marianne (1989). The subtle significance of the locus of morphologization. International Journal of American Linguistics 55: 265-282. Siewierska, Anna (1998). On nominal and verbal person marking. Linguistic Typology 2: 1- 55.

(b) Head vs. dependent marking

Corbett, Greville G., Norman M. Fraser, & Scott McGlashan (eds.) (1993). Heads in Grammatical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Milewski, Tadeusz (ed.) (1967). Études typologiques sur les langues indigènes de l’Amérique. Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk. [esp. pp70-101.] Nichols, Johanna (1985). The directionality of agreement. Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 273-286. Nichols, Johanna (1986). Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62: 56-119. Nichols, Johanna (1988). On alienable and inalienable possession. In William Shipley (ed.), In Honour of Mary Haas, 557-609. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Nichols, Johanna (1992). Language Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Plank, Frans (1995). (Re-)Introducing Suffixaufnahme. In Frans Plank (ed.), Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme, 3-110. New York: Oxford University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 31

Zwicky, Arnold M. (1985). Heads. Journal of Linguistics 21: 1-29.

(c) Nominal vs. pronominal inflection

Frei, Henri (1944). Systèmes de déictiques. Acta Linguistica 4: 111-129. Denny, J. Peter (1978). Locating the universals in lexical systems for spatial deixis. Chicago Linguistic Society 14, Parasession on the lexicon, 71-84. Perkins, Revere D. (1988). The covariation of culture and grammar. In Michael T. Hammond et al. (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 359-378. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, Frans (1999). On the selective elaboration of nominal or pronominal inflection. In Frans Plank (ed.), Noun Phrase Stucture in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 32

INFLECTIONAL SYSTEMS

Anderson, Stephen R. (1985). Inflectional morphology. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3, 150-201. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bickel, Balthasar & Johanna Nichols (2006). Inflectional morphology. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3, 169-240. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1999). Nominal inflection galore: The Daghestanian languages. In Frans Plank (ed.), Noun Phrase Stucture in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1999). Inflectional morphology in the Hungarian noun phrase: A typological assessment. In Frans Plank (ed.), Noun Phrase Stucture in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1992). Paradigms: The Economy of Inflection. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 33

MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY

Bybee, Joan L. (1995). Diachronic and typological properties of morphology and their implications for representation. In Laurie B. Feldman (ed.), Morphological Aspects of Language Processing, 225-246. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Bybee, Joan L. (1997). Semantic aspects of morphological typology. In Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to Talmy Givón, 25-37. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Carstairs, Andrew D. (1987). Allomorphy in Inflexion. London: Croom Helm. Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (1994). Inflection classes, gender, and the principle of contrast. Language 70: 737-788. Dressler, Wolfgang U. (1985). Typological aspects of natural morphology. Wiener Linguistische Gazette 35-36: 3-26. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1954). A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language. International Journal of American Linguistics 26: 178-194. Hawkins, John A. (1998). A typological approach to Germanic morphology. In John O. Askedal (ed.), Historische germanische und deutsche Syntax, 49-68. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. Kuznecov, Petr S. (1956). Die morphologische Klassifikation der Sprachen. Halle: Niemeyer. Lehmann, Christian (1986). Grammaticalization and linguistic typology. General Linguistics 26: 3-22. Meinhof, Carl (1936). Die Entstehung flektierender Sprachen. Berlin: Reimer. Mithun, Marianne (1988). System-defining structural properties in polysynthetic languages. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 41: 442- 452. Mithun, Marianne (1997). Lexical affixes and morphological typology. In Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to Talmy Givón, 357-371. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, Frans (1986). Paradigm size, morphological typology, and universal economy. Folia Linguistica 20: 29-48. Plank, Frans (1991). Of abundance and scantiness in inflection: A typological prelude. In Frans Plank (ed.), Paradigms, 1-39. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, Frans (1999). Split morphology: How agglutination and flexion mix. Linguistic Typology 3: 279-340. Plungjan, Vladimir A. (1994). Aggljutinativnye jazyki i problemy teorii grammatiki. Izvestija Akademii Nauk, Serija Literatury i Jazyka 53-3: 26-55. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 34

Sapir, Edward (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt. Spencer, Andrew & Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.) (1998). The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell. Schwegler, Armin (1990). Analyticity and Syntheticity. (EALT, 6.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Wurzel, Wolfgang U. (1984). Flexionsmorphologie und Natürlichkeit: Ein Beitrag zur morphologischen Theoriebildung. (studia grammatica, 21.) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Wurzel, Wolfgang U. (1995). Alterserscheinungen in der Morphologie. In Norbert Boretzky et al. (eds.), Natürlichkeitstheorie und Sprachwandel, 67-91. Bochum: Brockmeyer. Wurzel, Wolfgang U. (1996). Morphologischer Strukturwandel: Typologische Entwicklungen im Deutschen. In Ewald Lang & Gisela Zifonun (eds.), Deutsch — typologisch, 492-524. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 35

AGREEMENT

Barlow, Michael & Charles A. Ferguson (eds.) (1988). Agreement in Natural Language: Approaches, Theories, Descriptions. Stanford: CSLI. [Review: Frans Plank (1991), Journal of Linguistics 27: 532-542.] Brentari, Diane et al. (eds.) (1988). Papers from the 24th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Part II: Parasession on Agreement in Grammatical Theory. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Corbett, Greville G. (1983). Hierarchies, Targets and Controllers: Agreement Patterns in Slavic. London: Croom Helm. Corbett, Greville G. (1990). Agreement: An Overview. EUROTYP Working Papers VII/5. Corbett, Greville G. (ed.) (1999). Agreement. Folia Linguistica 33/2. [Danon-Boileau, Laurent & Mary-Annick Morel (eds.)] (1996). L’Accord. (=Faites de Langues 8.) Paris: Ophrys. Lehmann, Christian (1982). Universal and typological aspects of agreement. In Hansjakob Seiler & Franz J. Stachowiak (eds.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenständen, vol. 2, 201-267. Tübingen: Narr. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1971). Agreement. Working Papers on Language Universals 5: A1- A69. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1974). Object-verb agreement. Working Papers on Language Universals 15: 25-40. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1978). Agreement. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol 4, 331-374. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Morgan, Jerry L. (1972). Verb agreement as a rule of English. Chicago Linguistic Society 8: 278-286. Nichols, Johanna (1985). The directionality of agreement. Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 273-286. Plank, Frans (1994). What agrees with what in what, generally speaking? EUROTYP Working Papers VII/23: 39-58. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1995). Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. New York: Oxford University Press. Siewierska, Anna (2004). Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 36

CONSTITUENT ORDER

(a) Word-level

Bybee, Joan L., William Pagliuca, & Revere D. Perkins (1990). On the asymmetries in the affixation of grammatical material. In William Croft et al. (eds.), Studies in Typology and Diachrony, 1-39. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Cutler, Anne, John A. Hawkins, & Gary Gilligan (1985). The suffixing preference: A processing explanation. Linguistics 23: 723-758. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1957). Order of affixing: A study in general linguistics. In Joseph H. Greenberg, Essays in Linguistics, 86-94. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1980). Circumfixes and typological change. In Elizabeth C. Traugott et al. (eds.), Papers from the 4th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 233- 241. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Hawkins, John A. (1988). On explaining some right-left asymmetries in syntactic and morphological universals. In Michael T. Hammond et al. (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 321-357. Amsterdam: Benjamin. Hawkins, John A. & Anne Cutler (1988). Psycholinguistic factors in morphological asymmetry. In John A. Hawkins (ed.), Explaining Language Universals, 280-317. Oxford: Blackwell. Hawkins, John A. & Gary Gilligan (1988). Prefixing and suffixing universals in relation to basic word order. Lingua 74: 219-259. Moravcsik, Edith A. (2000). Infixation. In Geert Booij et al. (eds.), Morphologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 545-552. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 37

(b) Phrase-, clause-, sentence-level

Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Geoffrey K. Pullum (1981). Object-initial languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 47: 192-214. Downing, Pamela & Michael P. Noonan (eds.) (1995). Word Order in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Dryer, Matthew S. (1988). Object-verb order and adjective-noun order: Dispelling a Myth. Lingua 74: 185-217. Dryer, Matthew S. (1991). SVO languages and the OV:VO typology. Journal of Linguistics 27: 443-482. Dryer, Matthew S. (1992). The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language 68: 81-138. Dryer, Matthew S. (1997). On the six-way word order typology. Studies in Language 21: 69- 103. Firbas, Jan (1957). Some thoughts on the function of word-order in Old English and Modern English. Sbornik Praci Filosoficke Fakulty Brneske University 6/A5: 72-98. Firbas, Jan (1964). From comparative word-order studies. Brno Studies in English 4: 111- 128. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language, 73- 113. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Hawkins, John A. (1983). Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press. Hawkins, John A. (1988). On explaining some right-left asymmetries in syntactic and morphological universals. In Michael T. Hammond et al. (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 321-357. Amsterdam: Benjamin. Hetzron, Robert (1978). On the relative order of adjectives. In Hansjakob Seiler (ed.), Language Universals, 165-184. Tübingen: Narr. Lehmann, Winfred P. (ed.) (1978). Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language. Austin: University of Texas Press. Lerch, Eugen (1922). Typen der Wortstellung. In Victor Klemperer & Eugen Lerch (eds.), Idealistische Neuphilologie: Festschrift für Karl Vossler, 85-106. Heidelberg: Winter. Li, Charles N. (ed.) (1975). Word Order and Word Order Change. Austin: University of Texas Press. Mithun, Marianne (1987). Is basic word order universal? In Russell S. Tomlin (ed.), Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, 281-328. Amsterdam: Benjamins. [Also in Payne 1992, 15-61.] Payne, Doris L. (ed.) (1992). Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Polinsky, Maria S. (1989). Object initiality: OSV. Linguistics 27: 257-303. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 38

Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1981). Object-initial languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 47: 192-214. Siewierska, Anna (1988). Word Order Rules. London: Croom Helm. Siewierska, Anna (ed.) (1998). Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Sproat, Richard & Chilin Shih (1990). The cross-linguistic distribution of adjective ordering restrictions. In Carol J. Georgopoulos & Roberta Ishihara (eds.), Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language: Essays in Honor of S.-Y. Kuroda, 565-593. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Thompson, Sandra A. (1978). Modern English from a typological point of view: Some implications of the function of word order. Linguistische Berichte 54: 19-35. Tomlin, Russell S. (1986). Basic Word Order: Functional Principles. London: Croom Helm. Weil, Henri (1844). De l’ordre des mots dans les langues anciennes comparées aux langues modernes. Question de grammaire générale. Paris: Vieweg. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 39

GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS

(a) General

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., R. M. W. Dixon, & Masayuki Onishi (eds.) (2001). Non- Canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects. (Typological Studies in Language, 46.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Andrews, Avery D. (1985). The major functions of the noun phrase. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 62-154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Austin, Peter K. & Joan W. Bresnan (1996). Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14: 215-268. Bhat, Darbhe N.S. (1991). Grammatical Relations: The Evidence against their Necessity and Universality. London: Routledge. Blake, Frank R. (1930). A semantic analysis of case. In James T. Hatfield & Werner Leopold (eds.), Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies (Language Monographs, 7), 34-49. Baltimore: Waverly Press. Bresnan, Joan W. (ed.) (1992). The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Campe, Petra (1994). Case, Semantic Roles, and Grammatical Relations: A Comprehensive Bibliography. (Case and Grammatical Relations across Languages, 1.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Cole, Peter & Jerry M. Sadock (eds.) (1977). Grammatical Relations. New York: Academic Press. Dixon, R. M.W. (1989). Subject and object in universal grammar. In Doug Arnold et al. (eds.), Essays on Grammatical Theory and Universal Grammar, 91-118. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Dixon, R. M.W. & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (1997). A typology of argument-determined constructions. In Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to Talmy Givón, 71-113. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Dixon, R. M. W. & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.) (2000). Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dowty, David (1991). Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67: 547-620. Dryer, Matthew S. (1995). Grammatical Relations in Ktunaxa (Kutenai). Winnipeg: Voices of Rupert’s Land. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 40

Dryer, Matthew S. (1997). Are grammatical relations universal? In Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to Talmy Givón, 115-143. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Durie, Mark (1987). Grammatical relations in Acehnese. Studies in Language 11: 365-399. Durie, Mark (1988). Preferred argument structure in an active language: Arguments against the category “intransitive subject”. Lingua 74: 1-25. É. Kiss, Katalin (1995). Discourse Configurational Languages. New York: Oxford University Press. Ertel, Suitbert (1977). Where do the subjects of sentences come from? In Sheldon Rosenberg (ed.), Sentence Production: Developments in Research and Theory, 141-167. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Foley, William A. & Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. (1994). Information packaging in the clause. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 282-364. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Givón, Talmy (ed.) (1997). Grammatical Relations: A Functionalist Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Hale, Kenneth (1983). Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational Languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1: 5-74. Jelinek, Eloise (1984). Case, government, and configurationality. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2: 39-76. Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1997). Beyond subject and object: Toward a comprehensive relational typology. Linguistic Typology 1: 279-346. Kroeger, Paul (1993). Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog. Stanford: CSLI. Lazard, Gilbert (1994). L’actance. Paris: PUF. [English translation (1998): Actancy. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.] Lazard, Gilbert (1994). L’actant H: sujet ou objet? Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 89-1: 1-28. Li, Charles N. (ed.) (1976). Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press. Mithun, Marianne (1991). The role of motivation in the emergence of grammatical categories: The grammaticization of subjects. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 2, 159-184. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Munro, Pamela & Lynn Gordon (1982). Syntactic relations in Western Muskogean. Language 58: 81-115. Plank, Frans (1983). Transparent versus functional encoding of grammatical relations: A parameter for syntactic change and typology. Linguistische Berichte 86: 1-13. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1985). Relational Typology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 41

Plank, Frans (ed.) (1995). Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. New York: Oxford University Press. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1982). Subjektprominenz. In Sieglinde Heinz & Ulrich Wandruszka (eds.), Fakten und Theorien. Festschrift für Helmut Stimm, 267-286. Tübingen: Narr. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1987). The thetic-categorical distinction revisited. Linguistics 25: 511- 580. Seiler, Hansjakob & Waldfried Premper (eds.) (1991). Partizipation: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten. Tübingen: Narr. Shibatani, Masayoshi (1991). Grammaticization of topic into subject. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 2, 93-133. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Verma, Manindra K. (ed.) (1976). The Notion of Subject in South Asian Languages. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Wierzbicka, Anna (1981). Case marking and human nature. Australian Journal of Linguistics 1: 43-80.

(b) Alignment

Bittner, Maria & Kenneth Hale (1996). Ergativity: Toward a theory of a heterogeneous class. Linguistic Inquiry 27: 531-604. Comrie, Bernard (1978). Ergativity. In Winfred P. Lehmann (ed.), Syntactic Typology, 329- 394. Austin: University of Texas Press. Dixon, R. M.W. (1979). Ergativity. Language 55: 59-138. Dixon, R. M.W. (ed.) (1987). Studies in Ergativity (=Lingua 71). Amsterdam: North- Holland. Dixon, R. M.W. (1994). Ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Review: Gilbert Lazard (1997). Linguistic Typology 1: 243-268.] Du Bois, John W. (1987). The discourse basis of ergativity. Language 63: 805-855. Harris, Alice C. (1982). Georgian and the unaccusativity hypothesis. Language 58: 290-306. Harris, Alice C. (1990). Alignment typology and diachronic change. In Winfred P. Lehmann (ed.), Language Typology 1987: Systematic Balance in Language, 67-90. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Keenan, Edward L. (1984). Semantic correlates of the ergative/absolutive distinction. Linguistics 22: 197-223. Merlan, Francesca (1985). Split intransitivity: Functional oppositions in intransitive inflection. In Johanna Nichols & Anthony C. Woodbury (ed.), Grammar Inside and Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 42

Outside the Clause: Some Approaches to Theory from the Field, 324-362. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mithun, Marianne (1991). Active/agentive case marking and its motivation. Language 67: 510-546. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1978). On the distribution of ergative and accusative patterns. Lingua 45: 233-279. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1979). Ergativity. Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations. London: Academic Press. Plank, Frans (1995). Ergativity. In Joachim Jacobs et al. (eds.), Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, vol. 2, 1184-1199. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Silverstein, Michael (1976). Hierarchy of features and ergativity. In R. M.W. Dixon (ed.), Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages, 112-171. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (1981). Grammatical relations in ergative languages. Studies in Language 5: 361-394. Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (1990). Semantic parameters of split intransitivity. Language 66: 221-260.

(c) Voice

Bolinger, Dwight L. (1977). Transitivity and spatiality: The passive of prepositional verbs. In Adam Makkai et al. (eds.), Linguistics at the Crossroads, 57-78. Padova: Liviana. Chappell, Hilary (1980). Is the get-passive adversative? Papers in Linguistics 13: 411-452. [cf. Sussex 1982] Fox, Barbara A. & Paul J. Hopper (eds.) (1994).Voice: Form and Function. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gabelentz, Hans C. von der (1860). Über das Passivum: Eine sprachvergleichende Abhandlung. (Abhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, vol. 8; Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe, vol. 3, 451-564.) Leipzig: Hirzel. Givón, Talmy (ed.) (1994). Voice and Inversion. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Haspelmath, Martin (1990). The grammaticization of passive morphology. Studies in Language 14: 25-72. Heath, Jeffrey (1991). Pragmatic disguise in pronominal affix paradigms. In Frans Plank (ed.), Paradigms, 75-89. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 43

Heath, Jeffrey (1997). Lost wax: Abrupt replacement of key morphemes in Australian agreement complexes. Diachronica 14: 197-232. Heath, Jeffrey (1998). Pragmatic skewing in 1 <=> 2 pronominal combinations in Native American languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 64: 83-104. Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Passive in the world’s languages. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 243-281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kemmer, Suzanne (1993). The Middle Voice. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Klaiman, Mimi H. (1991). Grammatical Voice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Langacker, Ronald W. & Pamela Munro (1975). Passives and their meaning. Language 51: 789-830. Lazard, Gilbert (1986). Formes et fonctions du passif et de l’antipassif. Actances 2: 7-57. Lötzsch, Roland & Rudolf Ruzicka (eds.) (1976). Satzstruktur und Genus verbi. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Plank, Frans (1993). Peculiarities of passives of reflexives in German. Studies in Language 17: 135-167. Rohdenburg, Günter (1974). Sekundäre Subjektivierungen im Englischen und Deutschen: Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Verb- und Adjektivsyntax. Bielefeld: Cornelsen- Velhagen & Klasing. Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.) (1988). Passive and Voice. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Siewierska, Anna (1984). The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. London: Croom Helm. Stanley, Julia P. (1975). Passive motivation. Foundations of Language 13: 25-92. Stanley, Julia P. & Susan W. Robbins (1977). Forced inferences. Uses and abuses of the passive. Papers in Linguistics 10: 299-311. Sussex, Roland (1982). A note on the get-passive construction. Australian Journal of Linguistics 2: 83-95. [cf. Chappell 1980] Svartvik, Jan (1966). Voice in the English Verb. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Thompson, Sandra A. (1987). The passive in English: A discourse perspective. In Robert Channon & Linda Shockey (eds.), In Honor of Ilse Lehiste, 497-511. Dordrecht: Foris. Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). The Japanese “adversative” passive in a typological context. (Are grammatical categories vague or multiply polysemous?). In Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, 257-292. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 44

(d) Direct – Inverse

Aissen, Judith (1999). Agent focus and inverse in Tzotzil. Language 75: 451-485. Arnold, Judith (1994). Inverse voice marking in Mapudungun. Berkeley Linguistics Society 20: 28-41. Bynon, Theodora (1998). Inverse direction and second person in Dumi. In Leonid Kulikov & Heinz Vater (eds.), Typology of Verbal Categories, 85-93. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Comrie, Bernard (1980). Inverse verb forms in Siberia: Evidence from Chukchee, Koryak and Kamchadal. Folia Linguistica Historica 1: 61-74. Dahlstrom, Amy (1991). Plains Cree Morphosyntax. New York: Garland. Dryer, Matthew S. (1995). Grammatical Relations in Ktunaxa (Kutenai). Winnipeg: Voices of Rupert’s Land. Givón, Talmy (ed.) (1994). Voice and Inversion. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Goddard, Ives (1990). Aspects of the topic structure of Fox narratives. International Journal of American Linguistics 56: 317-340. Hockett, Charles F. (1966). What Algonquian is really like. International Journal of American Linguistics 32: 59-73. Klaiman, Mimi H. (1990). Grammatical Voice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Klaiman, Mimi H. (1992). Inverse languages. Lingua 88: 227-261. Nakayama, Toshihide (1997). Functions of the Nootka (Nuu-Chah-Nulth) “passive” suffix. International Journal of American Linguistics 63: 412-431. Plank, Frans (1985). Die Ordnung der Personen. Folia Linguistica 19: 111-176. Quick, Philip A. (1994). Active and inverse voice selection criteria in Pendau, a western Austronesian language. In Cecilia Odé & Wim Stokhof (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 461-481. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Rhodes, Richard A. (1994). Agency, inversion, and thematic alignment in Ojibwe. Berkeley Linguistics Society 20: 431-446. Whistler, Kenneth W. (1975). Focus, perspective, and inverse person marking in Nootkan. In Johanna Nichols & Anthony C. Woodbury (eds.), Grammar Inside and Outside the Clause, 227-265. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 45

(e) Objects

Dryer, Matthew S. (1985). Primary objects, secondary objects, and antidative. Language 62: 808-845. Faltz, Leonard M. (1978). On indirect objects in universal grammar. Chicago Linguistic Society 14: 76-87. Genetti, Carol (1997). Object relations and dative case in Dolakha Newari. Studies in Language 21: 37-68. Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson (1980). Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56: 251-299. Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.) (1982). Studies in Transitivity. New York: Academic Press. Matsumura, Kazuto & Tooru Hayasi (eds.) (1997). The Dative and Related Phenomena. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1978). On the case marking of objects. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 4, 249-289. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Newman, John (ed.) (1998). The Linguistics of Giving. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Nichols, Johanna (1983). On direct and oblique cases. Berkeley Linguistics Society 9: 170- 192. Plank, Frans (ed.) (1984). Objects: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations. London: Academic Press. Plank, Frans (1986). Direkte indirekte Objekte, oder: Was uns lehren lehrt. Leuvense Bijdragen 75: 37-61. Plank, Frans (1990). Objets trouvés. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 43: 59-85. Van Belle, William & Willy van Langendonck (eds.) (1996/98). The Dative, vol. 1: Descriptive Studies, vol. 2: Theoretical and Contrastive Studies. (Case and Grammatical Relations across Languages, 2/3.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). The semantics of “internal dative” in English. In Anna Wierzbicka, The Semantics of Grammar, 359-387. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Ziv, Yael & Gloria Sheintuch (1979). Indirect objects — reconsidered. Chicago Linguistic Society 15: 390-403. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 46

(f) Incorporation and verbal classification

Allan, Keith (1977). Classifiers. Language 53: 285-311. Baker, Mark C. (1988). Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Chicago: Chicago University Press. [Review: Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. (1992). Journal of Linguistics 28: 199-220.] Baker, Mark C. (1995). The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York: Oxford University Press. Barron, Roger (1982). Das Phänomen klassifikatorischer Verben. In Hansjakob Seiler (ed.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenständen, vol. 1, 133-146.Tübingen: Narr. Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.) (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. (Studia typologica, 4.) Berlin: Akademie Verlag. Leisi, Ernst (1975). Der Wortinhalt. Seine Struktur im Deutschen und Englischen, 5th edn. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer. Mithun, Marianne (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. Language 60: 847-894. Mithun, Marianne (1986). On the nature of noun incorporation. Language 62: 32-37. Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole & Michael Herslund (eds.) (2002). Complex Predicates and Incorporation in a Functional Perspective. (=Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, 32.) Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel. Plank, Frans (1984). Verbs and objects in semantic agreement: Minor differences between English and German that might suggest a major one. Journal of Semantics 3: 305-360. Sadock, Jerry M. (1985). Autolexical syntax: A theory of noun incorporation and similar phenomena. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3: 379-439. Sapir, Edward (1911). The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. American Anthropologist N.S. 13: 250-282. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1988). Der irokesische Sprachtyp. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 7: 173-213. Seiler, Walter J. (1986). Noun-classificatory verbal prefixes as reanalysed serial verbs. Lingua 68: 189-206. Spencer, Andrew (1995). Incorporation in Chukchi. Language 71: 439-489. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 47

NEGATION

Bernini, Giuliano & Paolo Ramat (1992). La frase negativa nelle lingue d’Europa. Bologna: Il Mulino. [English translation (1996), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.]  Chicago Linguistic Society, (1991). Papers from the Parasession on Negation. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Croft, William (1991). The evolution of negation. Journal of Linguistics 27: 1-27. Dahl, Östen (1979). Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics 17: 79-106. Dryer, Matthew S. (1989). Universals of negative position. In Edith A. Moravcsik, Jessica R. Wirth, Michael T. Hammond (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 93-124. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Horn, Laurence R. (1989). A Natural History of Negation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hovdhaugen, Even & Ulrike Mosel (eds.) (1999). Negation in Oceanic Languages: Typological Studies. München: LINCOM Europa. Jespersen, Otto (1917). Negation in English and Other Languages. Kgl. Danske Viden- skabernes Selskab, Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser 1; 5. [Reprinted (no year) in: Selected Writings of Otto Jespersen, 3-151. London: Allen & Unwin.] Kahrel, Peter & René van den Berg (eds.) (1994). Typological Studies in Negation. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Klima, Edward S. (1964). Negation in English. In Jerry A. Fodor & Jerrold J. Katz (eds.), The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language, 246-323. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Master, Alfred (1946). The zero negative in Dravidian. Transactions of the Philological Society 1946: 136-155. Payne, John R. (1985). Negation. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 197-242. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pilot-Raichoor, Christiane (1997). Le zéro négatif dans les conjugaisons dravidiennes. Faites de Langues 10: 77-102. Zimmer, K. (1964). Affixal negation in English and other languages: An investigation of restricted productivity. Word 20; 2, Supplement (Word Monograph 5). Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 48

INTERROGATION

Bach, Emmon (1971). Questions. Linguistic Inquiry 2: 153-166. Chametzky, Robert, R. Hirzel, & Kevin Tuite (eds.) (1982). Papers from the Parasession on Non-Declarative Sentences. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Chisholm, William S., Jr. (ed.) (1984). Interrogativity: A Colloquium on the Grammar, Typology and Pragmatics of Questions in Seven Diverse Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Croft, William (1994). Sentence typology and the taxonomy of speech acts. In Savas L. Tsohatzidis (ed.), Foundations of Speech Act Theory, 460-477. London: Routledge. Hix, Henry (ed.) (1978). Questions. Dordrecht: Reidel. Moravcsik, Edith A. (1971). Some cross-linguistic generalizations about yes-no questions and their answers. Working Papers on Language Universals 7: 45-193. Sadock, Jerry M. & Arnold M. Zwicky (1985). Speech-act distinctions in syntax. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1, 155-196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thompson, Sandra A. (1998). A discourse explanation for the cross-linguistic differences in the grammar of interrogation and negation. In Anna Siewierska & Jae J. Song (eds.), Case, Typology and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake, 309-341. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Ultan, Russell (1978). Some general characteristics of interrogative systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 4, 211-248. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 49

CAUSATION

Comrie, Bernard (1975). Causatives and universal grammar. Transactions of the Philological Society 1974: 1-32. Comrie, Bernard (1976). The syntax of causative constructions. In: Masayoshi Shibatani (ed.) (1976), 261-312. Comrie, Bernard (1989). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell. [Ch. 8.] Comrie, Bernard & Maria S. Polinsky (eds.) (1993). Causatives and Transitivity. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gibson, Jeanne & Eduardo Raposo (1986). Clausal union, the Stratal Uniqueness Law, and the chômeur relation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 4: 295-331. Polinsky, Maria S. (1995). Double objects in causatives. Studies in Language 19: 121-219. Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.) (1976). The Grammar of Causative Constructions. New York: Academic Press. Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.) (2002). The Grammar of Causation and Interpersonal Manipulation. (TSL, 48.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Song, Jae J. (1996). Causatives and Causation: A Universal-Typological Perspective. London: Longman. [Review: John Moore & Maria S. Polinsky (1998), Linguistic Typology 2: 231-251.] Xolodovic, Aleksandr A. (ed.) (1969). Tipologija kauzativnyx konstrukcii: Morfologiceskij kauzativ. Leningrad: Nauka. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 50

COMPLEX PREDICATES, SERIAL VERBS

Alsina, Alex, Joan W. Bresnan, & Peter Sells (eds.) (1997). Complex Predicates. (CSLI Lecture Notes, 64.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bril, Isabelle & Françoise Ozanne-Rivierre (eds.) (2004). Complex Predicates in Oceanic Languages: Studies in the Dynamics of Binding and Boundness. (EALT, 29.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Crowley, Terry (2002). Serial Verbs in Oceanic: A Descriptive Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Foley, William A. & Mike Olson (1985). Clausehood and verb serialization. In Johanna Nichols & Anthony C. Woodbury (eds.), Grammar Inside and Outside the Clause: Some Approaches to Theory from the Field, 17-60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Givón, Talmy (1991). Serial verbs and the mental reality of “event”: Grammatical vs. cognitive packaging. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 1: Focus on Theoretical and Methodological Issues, 81-127. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Haspelmath, Martin & Ekkehard König (eds.) (1995). Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [Review: Balthasar Bickel (1998), Linguistic Typology 2: 381-397.] Lord, Carol (1993). Historical Change in Serial Verb Constructions. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Pawley, Andrew & Jonathan Lane (1998). From event sequence to grammar: Serial verb constructions in Kalam. In Anna Siewierska & Jae J. Song (eds.), Case, Typology and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake, 201-227. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 51

COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION

Austin, Peter K. (ed.) (1988). Complex Sentence Constructions in Australian Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Bossong, Georg (1979). Typologie der Hypotaxe. Folia Linguistica 13: 33-54. Cristofaro, Sonia (2003). Subordination. (OSTLT.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dik, Simon C. (1968). Coordination: Its Implications for the Theory of General Linguistics. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Haiman, John & Sandra A. Thompson (1984). “Subordination” in universal grammar. In Claudia Brugman & Monica Macaulay (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 510-523. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Haiman, John & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.) (1988). Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins. [esp. Lehmann, Mithun] Haspelmath, Martin (ed.) (2004). Coordinating Constructions. (TSL, 58.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Johannessen, Janne Bondi (1998). Coordination. (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mithun, Marianne (1984). How to avoid subordination. In Claudia Brugman & Monica Macaulay (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 493-509. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Mithun, Marianne (1988). The grammaticization of coordination. In John Haiman & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse , 331–60. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Payne, John R. (1985). Complex phrases and complex sentences. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 2, 3-41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stassen, Leon (1999). AND languages and WITH languages. In Frans Plank (ed.), Noun Phrase Stucture in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Stolz, Thomas (1998). UND, MIT und/oder UND/MIT? Koordination, Instrumental und Komitativ—kymrisch, typologisch und universell. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 51: 107-130. Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (1984). A typology of syntactic relations in clause linkage. In Claudia Brugman & Monica Macaulay (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 542-558. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 52

SWITCH REFERENCE

Austin, Peter K. (1981). Switch reference in Australia. Language 57: 309-334. Haiman, John & Pamela Munro (eds.) (1983). Switch Reference and Universal Grammar. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Jacobsen, William H., Jr. (1967). Switch reference in Hokan-Coahuiltecan. In Dell H. Hymes & William E. Bittle (eds.), Studies in Southwestern Ethnolinguistics, 238-263. The Hague: Mouton. Roberts, John R. (1997). Switch-reference in Papua New Guinea: A preliminary survey. In Andrew Pawley (ed.), Papers in Papuan Linguistics 3, 101-241. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics A-87. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 53

COMPARISON

Andersen, Paul K. (1983). Word Order Typology and Comparative Constructions. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Breivik, Leiv E. (1994). On comparatives in English and other languages. In Toril Swan, Endre Mørck, & Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds.), Language Change and Language Structure: Older Germanic Languages in a Comparative Perspective, 51-73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Hankamer, Jorge (1973). Why there are two than’s in English. In Claudia Corum, Thomas C. Smith-Stark, & Ann Weiser (eds.), Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 179-191. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Heine, Bernd (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press. [ch. 6] Herbermann, Clemens-Peter (1998). Die Etymologie — ihre Stellung in der Sprachwissenschaft und ihr Verhältnis zur Grammatik. Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel einer Typologie der Komparativkonstruktionen. In Werner Zillig (ed.), Über Jost Trier, 54-128. Münster: Aa Verlag. Jensen, Hans (1934). Der steigernde Vergleich und sein sprachlicher Ausdruck. Indogermanische Forschungen 52: 108-130. Sapir, Edward (1944). Grading: A study in semantics. Reprinted in David G. Mandelbaum (ed.), Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality, 122-149. Berkeley: University of California Press. Seuren, Pieter A.M. (1984). The comparative revisited. Journal of Semantics 3: 109-141. Small, George W. (1923). The Comparison of Inequality: The Semantics and Syntax of the Comparative Particle in English. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Small, George W. (1929). The Germanic Case of Comparison, with a Special Study of English. (Language Monographs, 4). Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America. Stassen, Leon (1985). Comparison and Universal Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell. [Reviews: Susan M. Steele (1987), Language 63: 629-632; Paul K. Andersen (1987), Journal of Linguistics 23: 209-216; Alan S. Kaye & Franz Müller-Gotama (1988), Studies in Language 12: 186-193.] Ultan, Russell (1972). Some features of basic comparative constructions. Working Papers on Language Universals 9: 117-162. Wurzel, Wolfgang U. (1987). Zur Morphologie der Dimensionsadjektive. In Manfred Bierwisch & Ewald Lang (eds.), Grammatische und konzeptuelle Aspekte von Dimensionsadjektiven, 459-516. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 54

Ziemer, Hermann (1884). Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Comparation. Berlin: Dümmler. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 55

PHONOLOGY

(a) Phoneme systems

Colarusso, John (1983). Fast vs. slow languages. Comments on the structure of discourse and the evolution of language. Papiere zur Linguistik 28: 27-51. Crothers, John (1978). Typology and universals of vowel systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Dressler, Wolfgang U. (1979). Reflections on phonological typology. Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29: 259-273. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1970). Some generalizations concerning glottalic consonants, especially implosives. International Journal of American Linguistics 36: 123-145. Hagège, Claude & André Haudricourt (1978). La phonologie panchronique. Comment les sons changent dans les langues. Paris: PUF. Jakobson, Roman (1944). Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell. [Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1969; also in his Selected Writings.] Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1995). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ch. 7] Lass, Roger (1984). Vowel system universals and typology: Prologue to theory. Phonology Yearbook 1: 75-111. Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nartey, Jonas N.A. (1979). A study in phonemic universals, especially concerning fricatives and stops. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 46. Sedlak, Philip (1969). Typological considerations of vowel quality systems. Working Papers on Language Universals 1: 1-40. Trubetzkoy, Nikolaj S. (1929). Zur allgemeinen Theorie der phonologischen Vokalsysteme. Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague 1: 39-67.

(b) Tone

Fromkin, Victoria A. (ed.) (1978). Tone: A Linguistic Survey. New York: Academic Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 56

Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) (1995). The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. [Chapters 12 and 13, David Odden: Tone: African Languages, Moira Yip: Tone in East Asian Languages.] Hyman, Larry M. & Russel G. Schuh (1974). Universals of tone rules: Evidence from West Africa. Linguistic Inquiry 5: 81-115. Maddieson, Ian (1978). Universals of tone. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 2, 335-365. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Pike, Kenneth L. (1948). Tone Languages. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(c) Syllable and morpheme structure

Bell, Alan (1978). Syllabic consonants. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 2, 153-201. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Blevins, Juliette (1995). The syllable in phonological theory. In John A. Goldsmith (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 206-244. Oxford: Blackwell. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1978). Some generalizations concerning initial and final consonant clusters. In Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), Universals of Human Language, vol. 2, 243-280. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Lehmann, Winfred P. (1978). The great underlying ground plans; English, a characteristic SVO language. In Winfred P. Lehmann (ed.), Syntactic Typology, 3-55; 169-222. Austin: University of Texas Press. Ruhlen, Merritt (1975). A Guide to the Languages of the World. Stanford: Language Universals Project. [esp. pp153-299, 317-319]

(d) Allomorphy

Lehmann, Winfred P. (1978). The great underlying ground plans; English, a characteristic SVO language. In Winfred P. Lehmann (ed.), Syntactic Typology, 3-55, 169-222. Austin: University of Texas Press. Lehmann, Winfred P. (1978). A shift in the syntactic type of early North Germanic and its phonological effects. In John M. Weinstock (ed.), The Nordic Languages and Modern Linguistics III, 110-115. Austin: University of Texas Press. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 57

Plank, Frans (1999). Split morphology: How agglutination and flexion mix. Linguistic Typology 3: 279-340.

(e) Metrical structure

Dixon, R. M. W. & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.) (2003). Word: A Cross-linguistic Typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Donegan, Patricia J. & David Stampe (1983). Rhythm and the holistic organization of language structure. In John G. Richardson, Mitchell Marks and Any Chukerman (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on the Interplay of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax (Chicago Linguistic Society 19), 337-353. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Dresher, B. Elan & Aditi Lahiri (1991). The Germanic foot: Metrical coherence in Old English. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 251-286. Gil, David (1986). A prosodic typology of language. Folia Linguistica 20: 165-231. Harlig, Jeffrey & Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig (1988). Accentuation typology, word order, and theme-rheme structure. In Michael T. Hammond et al. (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology, 125-146. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Hayes, Bruce P. (1995). Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kiparsky, Paul & Gilbert Youmans (eds.) (1989). Rhythm and Meter. Orlando: Academic Press. Lahiri, Aditi & Harry van der Hulst (1988). On foot typology. North Eastern Linguistic Society 18-2: 286-299. Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. Plank, Frans (1998). The co-variation of phonology with morphology and syntax: A hopeful history. Linguistic Typology 2: 195-230.

(f) Accent

Allen, W. Sidney (1973). Accent and Rhythm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beckman, Mary (1986). Stress and Non-Stress Accent. Dordrecht: Foris. Fudge, Erik (1984). English Word-Stress. London: Allen & Unwin. Garde, Paul (1968). L’accent. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) (1995). The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. [Chapters 10 and 11, inter alia.] Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 58

Greenberg, Joseph H. & Dorothea Kashube (1976). Word prosodic systems: A preliminary report. Working Papers on Language Universals 20: 1-18. Hayes, Bruce P. (1995). Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hyman, Larry M. (1975). Phonology: Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [ch. 6] Hyman, Larry M. (1975). On the nature of linguistic stress. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Studies in Stress and Accent, (Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics 4), 37-82. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Lehiste, Ilse (1970). Suprasegmentals. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Lockwood, David G. (1982). Parameters for a typology of stress. In: The 9th LACUS Forum, 231-241. Odden, David (1979). Principles of stress assignment: A crosslinguistic view. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences (University of Illinois) 9-1: 157-175.

(g) Intonation, isochrony

Auer, Peter & Susanne Uhmann (1988). Silben- und akzentzählende Sprachen. Literaturüberblick und Diskussion. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 7: 214-259. Beckman, Mary & Janet Pierrehumbert (1986). Intonational structure in English and Japanese. Phonology 3: 255-309. Bertinetto, Pier M. (1989). Reflections on the dichotomy “stress-“ vs. “syllable-timing”. Revue de Phonétique Appliquée 91-93: 98-130. Danes, Frantisek (1967). Order of elements and sentence intonation. In: To Honour Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, 499-512. The Hague: Mouton. Dauer, Rebecca M. (1983). Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics 11: 51-62. Dufter, Andreas (2003). Typen sprachrhythmischer Konturbildung. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Grabe, Esther & Ee Ling Low (2002). Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology 7, 515-546. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Gussenhoven, Carlos (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hayes, Bruce P. & Aditi Lahiri (1991). Bengali intonational phonology. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9: 47-96. Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 59

Hirst, Daniel & Albert di Cristo (eds.) (1998). Intonation Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jun, Sun-Ahn (ed.) (2005). Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ladd, D. Robert (1996). Intonational Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1995). Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress, and phrasing. In John A. Goldsmith (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 550-569. Oxford: Blackwell.

(h) Harmony and disharmony, umlaut van der Hulst, Harry & Norval Smith (eds.) (1988). Features, Segmental Structure, and Harmony Processes, 2 vols. Dordrecht: Foris. van der Hulst, Harry & Jeroen van de Weijer (1995). Vowel harmony. In John A. Goldsmith (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 495-534. Oxford: Blackwell. McCormick, Susan M. (1981). A metrical analysis of umlaut. Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 127-137. McCormick, Susan M. (1982). Vowel harmony and umlaut: Implications for a theory of accent. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University. Ultan, Russell (1973). Some reflections on vowel harmony. Working Papers on Language Universals 12: 37-67. Vago, Robert M. (ed.) (1980). Issues in Vowel Harmony. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

(i) Gemination (j) Assimilation and dissimilation (k) Sandhi (l) Hiatus (m) Final devoicing (n) Metathesis (o) Nasalization (p) Compensatory lengthening (q) Reduplication Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 60

INTERNET SITES OF TYPOLOGICAL INTEREST

FORMAL BASICS AND TOOLS

How to gloss, quote, etc. -- in short: The form of a paper http://www.degruyter.com/files/down/instructions/ltins.pdf

Linguistic Typology (the journal -- if you want a model, for form as well as content) http://www.reference-global.com/loi/lity

The Leipzig Glossing Rules http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php

Glottopedia (for encyclopedic, or terminological, information -- and of course Wikipedia too, if handled with care) http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Main_Page

Typological Tools for Field Linguistics http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/tools-at-lingboard/questionnaires.php

(GROUPS OF) TYPOLOGISTS

Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT) http://linguistic-typology.org/

Fédération de Recherche Typologie et Universaux Linguistiques (CNRS) http://www.typologie.cnrs.fr/

SPECIALIST JOURNALS

Just about all good journals in linguistics nowadays publish typological research or work of relevance for typology. These two journals are probably the ones with the highest density of good typological papers: Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 61

Linguistic Typology http://www.reference-global.com/loi/lity

Studies in Language http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/sl;jsessionid=1lmd2rtqrjueg.henrietta?

THE WORLD OF LANGUAGES

Journey of Mankind: The Peopling of the World (Bradshaw Foundation) http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/

Ethnologue: Languages of the World (SIL) http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp

The Rosetta Project http://www.rosettaproject.org/ iLoveLanguages http://www.ilovelanguages.com/

Yamada Language Guides http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides.html

BBC Languages Homepage http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/

The Language Museum (by Zhang Hong) http://www.language-museum.com/

Languages of the World (NVTC) http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/

World Languages (Minnesota State University) http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/index.shtml Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 62

Omniglot: Writing Systems & Languages of the World (by Simon Ager) http://www.omniglot.com/

Scripts and Languages (by Lars Marius Garshol) http://www.ontopia.net/i18n/index.jsp

Ancient Scripts (by Lawrence Lo) http://www.ancientscripts.com/

The World Factbook (CIA -- and languages are not necessarily their main interest) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

The Earth's Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Diversity (UNESCO) http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php- URL_ID=18391&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

... and there are tons of further sites devoted to particular languages, families, areas.

ONLINE TYPOLOGICAL DATABASES

The Universals Archive (= what you can get out of databases) http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/

Das grammatische Raritätenkabinett (= what you rarely find in databases) http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/rara/intro/

The World Atlas of Language Structures Online http://wals.info/index

Language Typology Resource Center http://www.lotschool.nl/Research/ltrc/

The Typological Database System Project http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/index.html http://www.hum.uva.nl/TDS/ Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 63

Language Typology Database (Caen) http://www.unicaen.fr/typo_langues/index.php?malang=gb

Autotyp (Leipzig & Berkeley) http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~autotyp/

Pavia Typological Database http://www-1.unipv.it/paviatyp/

UPSID: UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (by Ian Maddieson and Kristin Precoda) http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/sales/software.htm http://www.langmaker.com/upsidlanguages.htm http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid (=Henning Reetz'sUPSID interface)

StressTyp (Leiden) http://stresstyp.leidenuniv.nl/

XTone: Cross-Linguistic Tonal Database (Berkeley) http://xtone.linguistics.berkeley.edu/index.php

Metathesis Database (Ohio State) http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~ehume/metathesis/

The World Color Survey (Berkeley) http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/wcs/

The Surrey Morphology Group: Databases http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/

Graz Database on Reduplication http://reduplication.uni-graz.at/redup/

Matthew Dryer's Typological Database http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/database Plank, TYPOLOGY Reading List 64

Intensifiers and Reflexives (FU Berlin) http://noam2.anglistik.fu-berlin.de/~gast/tdir/

Reciprocals (FU Berlin & Utrecht) http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/burs/

Focus Quantifiers (FU Berlin & Antwerp) http://noam2.anglistik.fu-berlin.de/~gast/fq/

Numbers from 1 to 10 in over 5000 Languages http://www.zompist.com/numbers.shtml