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The Social and Cultural Effects of Capoeira's Transnational Circulation in Salvador Da Bahia and Barcelona

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The Social and Cultural Effects of Capoeira's Transnational Circulation in Salvador Da Bahia and Barcelona The Social and Cultural Effects of Capoeira’s Transnational Circulation in Salvador da Bahia and Barcelona Theodora Lefkaditou Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0. Spain License. Departamento de Antropología Cultural e Historia de América y de África Facultad de Geografía e Historia Universidad de Barcelona Programa de Doctorado en Antropología Social y Cultural Bienio 2005-2007 The Social and Cultural Effects of Capoeira’s Transnational Circulation in Salvador da Bahia and Barcelona Tesis de Doctorado Theodora Lefkaditou Director: Joan Bestard Camps Marzo 2014 To Antonio and Alaide ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is the beginning and the end of a journey; of an ongoing project I eventually have to abandon and let go. I would like to thank all the people who contributed along the way. Most immediately, I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Joan Bestard Camps, for his patience, guidance and expertise and for encouraging me to discover anthropology according to my own interests. I must also acknowledge the encouragement I received from Professor Manuel Ruiz Delgado. My thanks extend to all members of the Doctorate Program in Social and Cultural Anthropology (2007- 2009) of the Department of Cultural Anthropology and History of America and Africa at the University of Barcelona for their useful feedback in numerous occasions. They all have considerably enriched my anthropological knowledge. I am also grateful to Professor Livio Sansone and Professor James Carrier for their comments and suggestions; Professor João de Pina Cabral for his recommendations and Dr. Roger Canals Vilageliu, for his support; and Dr. Mari Korpela. The anthropologists at the Department of Social and Historic Anthropology at the Aegean University introduced me to anthropology and for this I will always be thankful. I am grateful to the Gregorio de Mattos Foundation in Salvador for providing me with archival material, and I am deeply indebted to the Spyridon Antypas Charitable Foundation in Favor of Kefallinia for financially supporting three years of my studies. Thanks to all my friends. To the ones from Thessaloniki, for together we have learnt to think. To Kostas Karmalis and Dimitris Kotsakis for generously sharing their comments and ideas. And to the friends who tolerated me: Tasos, Josep, Marcos, Dukeni and Kostas B. I cannot forget Arianna and Julieta from the Doctorate Program. We have shared the uncertainties; and Morena, who even joined me in one of my expeditions. I am grateful to my parents for their unconditional love and support and for allowing me to explore myself and my interests without preconditions. Thanks to my sister for encouraging and helping me along this process; for proofreading my numerous drafts; for booking my tickets; for sharing my doubts and excitements; and for being my best friend. Thanks to all my family of storytellers, sailors, captains, wayfarers and immigrants all over the world for intriguing my curiosity, for teaching me how to listen and cross frontiers. Finally, I would like to express the greatest and deepest gratitude to all Capoeira players and people from Bahia. They have colonized my mind for quite some time. I thank them for sharing their experiences, knowledge, thoughts, dreams, everyday lives. I thank them for provoking me, for challenging my fears and prejudices; for inspiring me. They are the ones who give meaning to this endeavor: Cafe, Diego, Gigante, Jp - whom I also thank for his photos-, Fubuia, Leandro, Grilo, Bizarro, Guaxini, Peixe Frito, Brisa, Monica, Caboco, Charel and Ponta de Areia. I would also like to thank Rodrigo and Martha for their friendship, and Alex for his stories; Ana, Ulla and Palmeira for their insights; Vicky for her company and photos; Jorge Conceiҫão for his beautiful book; Dona Amelia; Mosquinha, Julien and Audrey; Daniel from Bahia and Daniel from São Paulo; Day Tribal, Alessandra, Moa, Leo, Luzi, Amarelo, Paola, Pica Pau, Arapua, Marina, Gabi, Teles and Buyu. Many thanks to all Capoeira mestres who contributed to this research: Mestre Lua and Marijo; Mestre Curio, Mestre Angelo Romano and Mestre Neco, for their time and hospitality; Mestre Raimundo and Mestre Nenel, for their generosity and kindness; Mestre Pele da Bomba, Mestre Marcelo Angola, Contra Mestra Leni and Mestra Jararaca. And those mestres who allowed me to visit their academies, be present during their rodas or simply, have inspired me: Mestre Ivan, Mestre Felipe, Mestre Boca Rica, Mestre Bigodinho, Mestre Torito and Mestre Cobra Mansa. I would like to show my appreciation to the historian Frede Abreu for having generously shared his profound knowledge on Capoeira’s history. He will always be remembered. Finally and foremost, thanks to Dona Alaide for trusting me, offering me food and hospitality. Nos voltaremos a encontrar na roda da vida. Axé! ABSTRACT The thesis is an inquiry into the social and cultural implications of the Bahian Capoeira teachers’ transnational mobilities and consequent immobilities. Following the trajectories of young male teachers -in different instances and places- their transactions and encounters with various ‘others’, the study analyzes how the meanings given to their practices and the particularities of their socialities, are constantly transformed. Capoeira becomes the lenses to understand a fluctuating society with its historical and social particularities as Bahians, foreigners, researchers, Capoeira apprentices, young teachers and older mestres evaluate the possible outcomes of their actions, interests and identifications. Mobility and movement are examined both inside and outside Capoeira’s ring (roda). They include Capoeira’s game (jogo), tourist and migratory practices and everyday economies. From crossing national boundaries, the focus shifts on how people in the field define, affirm and challenge boundaries in different social and geographic scales that eventually implicate the boundaries of the self and its definition. The study illuminates processes of boundary negotiation, of opening up and at the same time, of closure as mobility brings into forth questions of relatedness and processes of becoming. The challenges and conflicts that both older mestres and younger teachers face are connected to deeper issues of belonging and affective relationships; of how gender, ethnicity, desires, human value and worth are experienced in today’s changing world. Finally, the thesis is a reflection on methodological and theoretical uncertainties regarding the anthropological study of the ‘Other’. RESUMEN La tesis analiza los efectos sociales y culturales relacionados con las movilidades trasnacionales e las inmovilidades de los jóvenes profesores de Capoeira del estado de Bahia. Siguiendo las trayectorias de los practicantes de un colectivo específico -en distintos momentos y lugares- sus encuentros y transacciones con varios ‘otros’, el estudio propone explorar la constante transformación de los significados atribuidos a sus prácticas como también de sus propias sociabilidades (socialities). La Capoeira se torna en una especie de lentes a través de los que podemos observar una sociedad Bahiana cambiante mientras investigadores, Bahianos, aprendices de Capoeira, extranjeros, viejos maestros y profesores jóvenes evalúan el potencial y los futuros resultados de sus acciones; sus intereses e identificaciones. La movilidad y el movimiento se analizan dentro como también fuera de la rueda de la Capoeira (roda). Se refieren al propio juego, a rutas migratorias y turísticas y economías del cotidiano. El interés se centra en cómo las personas definen, cruzan y negocian fronteras en diferentes escalas geográficas y sociales que, más allá de lo nacional, envuelven la definición del propio ‘yo’ (self) y su relación con el colectivo y la comunidad. Por lo tanto, la tesis propone examinar procesos de inclusión donde las fronteras se abren y al mismo tiempo, la fijación de dichas u otras fronteras, ya que la movilidad se refiere a formas de relacionar y se transformar. Los dilemas y conflictos que, sobre todo los viejos maestros y los profesores jóvenes tienen que resolver, implican cuestiones de pertenencia y la constitución de relaciones afectivas; cuestiones de etnicidad, de género, del valor humano y de los deseos tal como están siendo vividos en el mundo de hoy. Por último, la tesis incorpora reflexiones sobre incertezas teóricas y metodológicas respecto al estudio antropológico del ‘Otro’. LIST OF FIGURES (1) Map of Pelourinho (Historic Centre). (2) Mestres’ Gathering, Fortress of Santo Antonio. (3) At the “Foot of the Berimbau” – Commemorating Mestre Pastinha’s Death. (4) Roda da Paz – The “Old Guard”, Cruzeiro de São Francisco. (5) Celebrating Mestre Baixinho’s Birthday, Fortress of Santo Antonio. (6) A Neighborhood on the Island. (7) Fishing on the Island’s Coast. (8a-e) Debating Capoeira Definitions in the Press. (8a) Jornal da Bahia, 02 Feb. 1963. (8b) A Tarde, 14 Aug. 1983. (8c) A Tarde, 23 Sept. 1974. (8d) Jornal da Bahia, 02 Feb. 1963. (8e) A Tarde, 16 Jul. 2008. (9) Sunday Roda on the Island. (10) “Native Surf.” (11) Learning to Play Capoeira. (12) Capoeira Graffiti, Historic Centre. (13) Capoeira Paintings, Historic Centre. (14) ‘“Capoeiristas” Threaten Tourists in the City,’ Tribuna da Bahia, 18 Aug. 1986. (15) ‘Capoeira, An Art which Became Commerce,’
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