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The Health and Environmental Impacts of Hazardous Wastes

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The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes IMPACT PROFILES Final report Prepared for: The Department of the Environment Prepared by: Ascend Waste and Environment Pty Ltd Date::7 June 2015 Geoff Latimer Project Number: Project # 15001AG The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Project # 15001AG Date: 7 June 2015 This report has been prepared for The Department of the Environment in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment dated 6 January 2015, and is based on the assumptions and exclusions set out in our scope of work. The report must not be reproduced in whole or in part except with the prior consent of Ascend Waste and Environment Pty Ltd and subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. Whilst reasonable attempts have been made to ensure that the contents of this report are accurate and complete at the time of writing, Ascend Waste and Environment Pty Ltd cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party. © Ascend Waste and Environment Pty Ltd VERSION CONTROL RECORD Document File Name Date Issued Version Author Reviewer Draft first profiles for review 11 March 2015 Rev 0 Geoff Latimer Ian Rae 15001AG_AWE_Health Env 27 April 2015 Rev0 Geoff Latimer Ian Rae Impacts draft report rev 0 15001AG_AWE_Health Env 7 June 2015 Rev0 Geoff Latimer Ian Rae Impacts final report rev 0 The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Contents Page 1 Introduction 5 2 Summary report: Australia’s key hazardous waste impacts and risks 6 3 Hazardous waste impact profiles 16 3.1 Clinical waste from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics 16 3.2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products 22 3.3 Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines 26 3.4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals 32 3.5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals 39 3.6 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of organic solvent 44 3.7 Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides 48 3.8 Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use 51 3.9 Waste oils/water, hydrocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions 56 3.10 Waste substances and articles containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) 59 3.11 Waste tarry residues arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment 63 3.12 Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnish 66 3.13 Wastes from production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/ adhesives 70 3.14 Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation 74 3.15 Wastes from production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals and processing materials 78 3.16 Wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics 82 3.17 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations 86 3.18 Metal carbonyls 93 3.19 Beryllium; beryllium compounds 96 3.20 Hexavalent chromium compounds 99 3.21 Copper compounds 103 3.22 Zinc compounds 107 3.23 Arsenic; arsenic compounds 111 3.24 Selenium; selenium compounds 115 3.25 Cadmium; cadmium compounds 119 3.26 Antimony; antimony compounds 124 3.27 Tellurium; tellurium compounds 128 3.28 Mercury; mercury compounds 132 3.29 Thallium; thallium compounds 137 3.30 Lead; lead compounds 141 3.31 Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride 146 3.32 Inorganic cyanides 150 3.33 Acidic solutions or acids in solid form 154 3.34 Basic solutions or bases in solid form 160 3.35 Asbestos (dust and fibres) 164 3.36 Organic phosphorus compounds 170 The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Page i 3.37 Organic cyanides 174 3.38 Phenols; phenol compounds including chlorophenols 177 3.39 Ethers 181 3.40 Halogenated organic solvents 186 3.41 Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents 190 3.42 Any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan 194 3.43 Any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin 198 3.44 Organohalogen compounds other than substances referred to in this list (e.g. Y39, Y41, Y42, Y43, Y44) 202 3.45 Other metal compounds (such as compounds of barium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium) 208 3.46 Other inorganic chemicals (such as inorganic sulfides, boron compounds, phosphorus compounds and non-toxic salts) 212 3.47 Other organic chemicals 216 3.48 Controlled putrescible/ organic waste 220 3.49 End of life tyres 225 List of Appendices Appendix A: Basel Y-code to NEPM code conversion Appendix B: NEPM code to Basel Y-code conversion Appendix C: Approach to quantifying relative hazard The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Page ii Glossary of terms The Act Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 ANZSIC Australia and New Zealand Standard Industry Codes Basel The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Convention Wastes and their Disposal. The Convention puts an onus on exporting countries to ensure that hazardous wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner in the country of import. Controlled Waste that falls under the control of the Controlled Waste National Environment Waste Protection Measure. Generally equivalent to hazardous waste, although definitional differences of the latter exist across jurisdictions Controlled National Environment Protection (Movement of Controlled Waste between States and Waste NEPM Territories) Measure. CRT Cathode ray tube e-waste Electrical and electronic equipment that has reached the end of its functional life. For the purposes of the scheme, this includes televisions and computers and their peripheral components Hazard score A quantification of comparative hazard (between wastes) expressed on a scale of 1 – 6 (in order of increasing hazard) , developed specifically for this project Hazardous A hazardous waste, as defined in the Australian Government’s National Waste Policy: waste Less waste, more resources (2009), is a substance or object that exhibits hazardous characteristics, is no longer fit for its intended use and requires disposal. According to the Act, hazardous waste means: (a) waste prescribed by the regulations, where the waste has any of the characteristics mentioned in Annex III to the Basel Convention; or (b) wastes covered by paragraph 1(a) of Article 1 of the Basel Convention; or (c) household waste; or (d) residues arising from the incineration of household waste; but does not include wastes covered by paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the Basel Convention. Interstate data Data collected about hazardous waste generated in one jurisdiction and treated in another, through cross-border transport under the Controlled Waste NEPM Intrastate data Data collected about hazardous waste generated, transported and treated within the one jurisdiction kt Kilotonnes (thousands of tonnes) LPCL Low POP concentration limit Mt Megatonnes (millions of tonnes) NEPM National Environment Protection (Movement of Controlled Waste between States and Territories) Measure 1998 NEPM codes Alphanumeric codes, in the format A123, that are used to describe waste types under the Controlled Waste NEPM PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonate The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Page iii POP Persistent organic pollutant POP-BDE Persistent organic pollutants - bromodiphenyl ethers (various forms) The Department Department of the Environment Tracking Jurisdiction-based hazardous waste tracking systems, which are in place in New system South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria. These tracking systems can be either online, paper-based, or a combination of both these mechanisms. Tracked data Hazardous waste collected under the arrangements of a tracking system Treatment Treatment of waste is the removal, reduction or immobilisation of a hazardous characteristic to enable the waste to be reused, recycled, sent to an Energy from Waste facility or disposed. Waste (For data collation purposes) is materials or products that are unwanted or have been discarded, rejected or abandoned. Waste includes materials or products that are recycled, converted to energy, or disposed. Materials and products that are reused (for their original or another purpose without reprocessing) are not solid waste because they remain in use. Waste arisings Hazardous waste is said to ‘arise’ when it causes demand for processing, storage, treatment or disposal infrastructure. Waste Code Three-digit code typically used by jurisdictions to describe NEPM-listed wastes. These are also referred to as ’NEPM codes’ although it is noted that the actual codes do not appear in the NEPM itself. Waste fate Refers to the destination of the waste within the set of defined end points. It includes reuse, treatment, recycling, energy recovery, and disposal. Waste transfer and storage should not generally considered as a waste fate. The term fate does not infer that the waste material is destroyed or lost. WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipment Y-code The Basel Convention’s waste coding or classification system which encompasses 47 wastes (Y1 – Y47). Y+8 A term introduced to describe those wastes that are reported in controlled waste tracking in Australia, but do not have a logical conversion in Y code terms, so have been reported to Basel as 8 new codes: ‘Y+8’ 1-8. The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes Page iv 1 Introduction
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