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UN FRAMMENTO DEI FASTI CONSULARES DAL FORO DI TUSCULUM Aus: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 199 (2016) 223–230

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UN FRAMMENTO DEI FASTI CONSULARES DAL FORO DI TUSCULUM Aus: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 199 (2016) 223–230 DIANA GOROSTIDI PI – JULIO NÚÑEZ MARCÉN UN FRAMMENTO DEI FASTI CONSULARES DAL FORO DI TUSCULUM aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 199 (2016) 223–230 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 223 UN FRAMMENTO DEI FASTI CONSULARES DAL FORO DI TUSCULUM La campagna di scavo svoltasi nel settembre del 2009 nel settore sud-ovest del foro di Tusculum ha portato alla luce una iscrizione contenente parte dell’elenco dei consoli romani dell’età di Cesare e dei primi anni dopo Cristo1. Uno degli obiettivi dell’intervento dell’equipe dell’Università dei Paesi Baschi, con la campagna di scavo del progetto di ricerca Tusculum, era il recupero della via che scendeva verso sud e si insinuava fra il tempio di Mercurio e la basilica, allo scopo di rintracciare e visualizzare la via di accesso al foro per chi proveniva da sud2. L’epigrafe è stata rinvenuta in questo tratto della via, più precisamente nel punto di collegamento fra la superfi cie terrazzata del foro e quella meridionale della città, fra le quali ci sono quasi 4 m. di dislivello. L’iscrizione proviene da uno strato composto dai resti delle costruzioni adiacenti, causati sia dal naturale fenomeno di erosione che dalla prolungata attività di saccheggio subita da questa zona del foro (fi g. 1)3. I. L’epigrafe L’epigrafe fu ritrovata, quindi, a due metri al di sopra dei bàsoli che conformano la via di accesso al foro a ridosso dell’area circostante il tempietto di Mercurio e la basilica forense4. Si tratta del frammento di una grande lastra di rivestimento di marmo bianco di Luni, con rotture irregolari e il retro liscio (fi g. 2). Non presenta nessun segno di grappa né di incassi per il suo fi ssaggio al muro. Le dimensioni sono: altezza 60 cm × lunghezza 40 cm × spessore 9 cm. La parte inferiore del lato sinistro è integra ed è ancora visibile in superfi cie una traccia di modanatura, scalpellata in un secondo momento (fi g. 3). Infatti, questo fi anco conserva ancora una parte del laterale originale. La rottura interessa fortemente la parte superiore, il lato destro e quello sinistro e ciò conferisce al reperto una forma piuttosto appuntita, mentre la parte inferiore sembra essere rimasta quella originale, forse ribassata come la modanatura per un ulteriore reimpiego, cosa che viene evidenziata da qualche segno di scalpellatura. L’iscrizione contiene un elenco di coppie di nomi appartenenti a consoli, di cui si conservano 18 righe suddivise su due colonne interrotte in diagonale dalla fenditura del reperto, più mutilata sul lato sinistro. La modanatura potrebbe indicare che la lastra iniziava in questa pagina, mentre non è possibile stabilire se il lato destro fi nisse o proseguisse in una colonna successiva, poiché non ci sono pervenuti resti di testo in quel margine. Il vuoto dopo le quattro prime righe conservate nella seconda colonna rende evidente uno spazio interlineare di molto superiore, che spicca rispetto al resto, e ciò permette di ipotizzare una distribu- zione dei nomi in varie sezioni, una superiore e una inferiore, all’interno di ciascuna delle colonne. I caratteri in capitale quadrata misurano 1 cm, e sono stati bene ordinati e accuratamente incisi. Ci sono lettere montanti a capolinea per lo più in corrispondenza con i praenomina, e i caratteristici tratti fi liformi della scrittura actuaria in alcune di esse, come ad esempio le F e le S barrate nell’abbreviazione del prenome Sextus. 1 Desideriamo esprimere il nostro ringraziamento alla Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio nella persona della dott.ssa Giuseppina Ghini e della direttrice del Museo di Frascati, la dott.ssa Giovanna Cappelli. Anche ringraziamo il prof. Fausto Zevi la lettura di questo lavoro e lo scambio d’informazione quando era in fase di stesura anche il suo articolo sui fasti Privernates (F. Zevi, I fasti di Privernum, ZPE 197, 2016, 287–305). Ringraziamo inoltre il Prof. Eck, i cui commenti hanno arricchito ulteriormente il testo. 2 Il progetto di ricerca Tusculum era formato il 2009 da archeologi provenienti di diverse istituzioni scientifi che spagnole, tra cui l’Università dei Paesi Baschi, l’Università di Siviglia, l’Università Rovira i Virgili di Tarragona, l’Istituto Catalano di Archeologia Classica, l’Università di Murcia e la Scuola Spagnola di Storia e Archeologia di Roma – CSIC. 3 L’iscrizione non è l’unica apparsa in questo strato, dove sono stati recuperati anche altri due frammenti di marmo e qualche frustolo epigrafi co. 4 L’epigrafe attualmente è depositata presso il Museo Tuscolano – Scuderie Aldobrandini di Frascati (RM) (num. Inv. Tus-09-C-2179-29). 224 D. Gorostidi Pi – J. Núñez Marcén Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Un frammento dei fasti consulares dal foro di Tusculum 225 Fig. 3 Il testo, anche se frammentario, è di lettura piuttosto chiara. Dal confronto prosopografi co sancito dalla monumentale opera di Degrassi5 subito si chiarisce che si tratta dell’elenco dei consoli degli anni dal 7 al 16 d.C., suffetti inclusi, intrecciati con quelli dal 49 al 45 a.C., in principio nettamente fuori posto, come si vedrà successivamente. I nomi dei consoli sono enunciati in caso nominativo, con la formula onomastica semplifi cata, ovvero ridotta al praenomen abbreviato e al gentilizio, questo generalmente in extenso. Non compare invece nessuna fi liazione e in rari casi vengono corredati dai rispettivi cognomina (soltanto M. Furius Camillus e Munatius Plancus, oltre Germanicus e Drusus Caesares); pochi i privi del praenomen (Munatius Plancus, Caecina, Visellius e Scribonius) e qualcuno addirittura è privo del gentilizio (M. Lepidus). Non appare nessuna litura sopra il nome di Antonius causato dalla damnatio memoriae come si documenta nei fasti Capitolini e altrove. Per quanto riguarda l’ordinamento, nella parte contenente i consoli di età augustea, prima sono elencati i consoli ordinari, disposti in una stessa riga. I suffetti sono invece disposti l’uno sotto l’altro, entrambi con la scritta suf(fectus/-i) a metà altezza, ben visibili grazie alla diversa impaginazione e alla paleografi a della S e della F, stile documentato anche in altri fasti. I consoli di età cesariana sono invece elencati tutti di segui- to, uno dopo l’altro. Non compaiono riferimenti alla vita municipale di Tusculum, nessun nome riferibile a magistrati locali, nemmeno indicazioni cronologiche a indicare l’entrata in carica dei suffetti. Questi fasti si collegano, quindi, alla serie di esemplari di contenuto strettamente urbano rinvenuti in altre città laziali e non solo, come Amiternum, Praeneste, Gabii, Ameria, Tauromenium e, più recentemente, a Privernum6. Pro- babilmente i magistrati locali erano elencati in un’altra lastra, come documenta il caso dei fasti Prenestini7. Questi nuovi fasti consulares Tusculani assomigliano formalmente ai fasti Antiates minores e ai fasti Biondiani, per la formula onomastica contratta e per la disposizione dei nomi all’interno dell’impaginazio- ne a colonne, lo stile di menzione dei suffetti e, infi ne, per l’arco cronologico a cui fa riferimento, ovvero sempre negli anni di cambiamento di epoca (fi g. 4). Tuttavia da quanto è stato detto prima, qui compaiono anche gli anni della dittatura di Cesare. 5 A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Italiae, XIII. Fasti et Elogia. Fasc. 1. Fasti consulares et triumphales, Roma 1947 (= InscrIt 13, 1); A. Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell’impero romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo, Roma 1952. 6 Ringrazio M. G. Granino, S. Evangelisti, D. Nonnis e, soprattutto, F. Zevi la notizia di questi importanti fasti. Cf. Zevi, Privernum (nt. 1). 7 Degrassi, InscIt 13, 1 (nt. 5), 167. 226 D. Gorostidi Pi – J. Núñez Marcén 1 49 aC [C(aius) Cla]ụḍ[ius] 49 aC [L(ucius) Co]ṛneḷ[ius] 48 aC [C(aius) Iulius dic(tator) M(arcus) Anto]n(ius) m(agister) · eq(uitum) 48 aC [P(ublius) S]ẹrviliụ[s C(aius) Iulius] (vac.) 5 M(arcus) Lepidu[s] 11 dC su]f(fecti) ̣ L(ucius) Cassiu(s) 12 dC [Ge]ṛman(icus) Caes(ar) C(aius) Fon[teius] 12 dC (vac.) suf(fectus) Viselli[us] [---] 13 dC Munat(ius) Plan(cus) C(aius ) S[ilius] 10 6 dC [---]s 13 dC suf(fectus) Caecịṇa 7 dC [A(ulus) L]ịcin(ius) 14 dC Sex(tus) Appul(eius) S(extus) Pomp(eius) 7 dC [Q(uintus) Caec]ịlius 15 dC Drusus Ca[e]s(ar) C(aius) · Norb[an(us)] 8 dC [M(arcus) Furius] C̣ am(ilus) · S(extus) · Non(ius) 15 dC (vac.) suf(fectus) M(arcus) · Sila[n(us)] 15 L(ucius) Apronius 16 dC Sisenn(a) Stat(ilius) Scriḅ[(onius)] 8 dC [su]f(fecti) ̣ A(ulus) Vibius 47 aC C(aius) Iul(ius) dic(tator) · M(arcus) Anton(ius) [m(agister) eq(uitum)?] 9 dC [Q(uintus) S]ụlpici⹂us⌉⹂C⌉(aius) Popp(aeus) 47 aC Q(uintus) Fufi us · P(ublius) Vatin(ius) M(arcus) Papius 46 aC C(aius) Iulius · M(arcus) · Ae[m(ilius)] 9 dC suf(fecti) Q(uintus) Poppaeus 45 aC C(aius) · Iulius dic(tator) · M(arcus) [Aemil(ius) m(agister) eq(uitum)?] Fig. 4 Fig. 4a Un frammento dei fasti consulares dal foro di Tusculum 227 II. La lettura (fi g. 4) Colonna 1 (fi g. 5) Colonna 2 (fi g. 6) 1 [C(aius) Cla]ụḍ[ius] [L(ucius) Co]ṛneḷ[ius] [C(aius) Iulius dic(tator) M(arcus) Anto]n(ius) · m(agister) · eq̣ (uitum) [P(ublius) S]ẹrviliụ[s C(aius) Iulius] (vac.) M(arcus) · Lepidu[s] 5 [su]f(fecti) ̣ L(ucius) Cassiu(s) [Ge]ṛman(icus) Caes(ar) C(aius) Fon[teius] (vac.) suf(fectus) Viselli[us] Munat(ius) Plan(cus) C(aius) · S[ilius] 10 [---]ṣ suf(fectus) Caecịṇa [A(ulus) L]ịcin(ius) Sex(tus) Appul(eius) S(extus) P[o]mpe(ius) [Q(uintus) Caec]ịlius Drusus Ca[e]s(ar) C(aius) · Nor[ban(us)] [M(arcus) Furius] C̣ am(ilus) · S(extus) · Non(ius) (vac.) suf(fectus) · M(arcus) · Sila[n(us)] [su]f(fecti) L(ucius) Apronius Sisenn(a) Stat(ilius) · Scriḅ[(onius)] 15 ̣ A(ulus) Vibius C(aius) Iul(ius) dic(tator) · M(arcus) Anton(ius) [m(agister) eq(uitum)] [Q(uintus) S]ụlpici⹂us⌉ ⹂C⌉(aius) Popp(aeus) Q(uintus) Fufi us · P(ublius) Vatiṇ(ius) suf(fecti) M(arcus) Papius C(aius) Iulius · M(arcus) · Ae[m(ilius)] Q(uintus) Poppaeus C(aius) · Iulius dic(tator) · M(arcus) [Aemil(ius) m(agister) eq(uitum)] Fig.
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