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Fasti Capitolini, Parther- Und Actiumbogen - Monumente Augusteischer Siegespropaganda

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Fasti Capitolini, Parther- Und Actiumbogen - Monumente Augusteischer Siegespropaganda BABESCH 90 (2015), 109-124. doi: 10.2143/BAB.90.0.3089916 Fasti Capitolini, Parther- und Actiumbogen - Monumente augusteischer Siegespropaganda Philipp Baas Abstracts Zu Augustus' frühen Erfolgen zählen der Seesieg von Actium und die Rückholung der an die Parther verlorenen Feldzeichen. Für beides - so überliefern Schriftquellen und Münzbilder - wurden dem Princeps zu Ehren Bogen- monumente errichtet, jedoch kann im archäologischen Befund nur ein Bogen belegt werden, dem Fundamente an der östlichen Seite des Forum Romanum zugewiesen werden. Daher wird die Existenz eines zweiten Bogens auch zum Teil in der Forschung angezweifelt. Die im Bereich des Bogenfundamentes gefundenen Fasti Capito- lini sind ein Hinweis darauf, dass der Bogen als Träger dieser Inschrift fungierte. Der Artikel diskutiert die schriftlichen, numismatischen und archäologischen Quellen sowie die aktuellen Rekonstruktionsvorschläge zu den Bögen und den Fasti. Darauf aufbauend gelingt es, die Bogenarchitektur und die Fasti als propagandisti- sches Architekturensemble an der östlichen Seite des Forum Romanum zu erklären wie auch die bislang beste- henden Widersprüche zwischen Schriftquellen, Münzen und archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften aufzulösen.* Augustus' early representation policy mainly refers to two major successes of the Princeps: The naval victory of Actium and the recuperation of the standards lost to the Parthians. Ancient authors and coinage tell us that Augustus was honored for these achievements with two triumphal arches. However, today only the footings for one arch located at the eastern side of the Forum Romanum are known. The absence of remains of a second arch raised doubt to its existence. The discovery of the Fasti Capitolini near the footings led to the conclusion that this famous inscription was part of the arch. This article discusses the written, numismatic and archeological evidences as well as the recent research on both, the arches and the Fasti. Referring to these sources the eastern side of the Forum Romanum can be explained as an architectural propaganda ensemble, solving the discrepan- cies between the different kinds of sources. Drei entscheidende Ereignisse aus dem Wirken des römischen Volkes nachzusuchen.'5 Besonders die bei- Princeps vor seiner Machtübernahme spielen inner- den letzten Taten fanden schon durch bekannte halb der augusteischen Propaganda eine heraus- antike Werke und Monumente ihre Würdigung. ragende Rolle. Zu diesen äußerst sich Augustus Die eroberten Schiffsschnäbel aus der Schlacht retrospektiv in den Res Gestae:1 Als erstes brachte von Actium zierten die Rostra vor dem Tempel des er die Mörder seines Adoptivvaters Gaius Iulius Divus Iulius ('…Sie beschlossen, dass das Fundament Caesar zur Strecke: 'Diejenigen, die meinen Vater er- des Schreins des Iulius mit den Schnäbeln der eroberten mordet haben, trieb ich in die Verbannung und rächte Schiffe geschmückt werden sollte…'),6 während die durch gesetzeskonforme gerichtliche Verfolgung so ihr Rückgabe der Feldzeichen auf dem Panzer des Verbrechen und als sie darauf Krieg gegen den Staat Augustus von Primaporta dargestellt ist. Die zu- anfingen, besiegte ich sie in doppelter Feldschlacht.'2 rückgewonnenen Feldzeichen selbst waren im Danach führte und beendete er erfolgreich die Mars Ultor Tempel auf dem Forum des Augustus Kriege und Bürgerkriege, die auf das Ereignis an ausgestellt ('Diese Feldzeichen ließ ich im Innersten den Iden des März 44 v.Chr. gefolgt waren, deren des Mars-Ultor-Tempels aufstellen.').7 Sinnbild die Schlacht von Actium ist: 'Kriege zu Obwohl das propagandistische Bildprogramm8 Wasser und zu Lande gegen innere und äußere Feinde unter Augustus wie auch die effektvollen Insze- habe ich auf dem ganzen Erdkreis oftmals geführt, und nierungen von Staatsakten9 sowohl im Detail als als Sieger habe ich den Bürgern, die um Gnade flehten, auch übergreifend weitgehend erforscht sind, so Schonung gewährt.'3 Schließlich konnte er auch die kommt jedoch die Forschung im Zusammenhang verlorenen Feldzeichen von den Parthern zurück- mit zwei Monumenten zu keiner abschließenden erlangen: 4 'Die Parther habe ich dazu gezwungen, mir Beurteilung: Für den Parther- und den Actiumbo- die Beute und die Feldzeichen dreier römischer Heere gen sind Standort, Schmuck, Semantik und sogar zurückzugeben und demütig um die Freundschaft des deren bloße Existenz immer wieder kontrovers 109 98228_Babesch_90(2015).indd 109 31/08/15 13:20 Abb. 1. Karte des Forum Romanum in augusteischer Zeit laut Freyberger (nach Freyberger 2012, Abb. 42). diskutiert worden. Die Lösung dieses Problemkom- die archäologische Perspektive um eine historische plexes ist umso bedeutender, da mit diesen Bögen erweitern. Zuletzt wird ein konkreter Vorschlag die Entstehung, Anbringung und der Kontext der zum Erscheinungsbild des Triumphbogens11 für Fasti Consulares und Triumphales verknüpft sind. Augustus gemacht. Angeregt durch eine neue Zuweisung der Fasti Obwohl im augusteischen Rom die Diskurse in an einen Quadrifrons südlich der Basilica Aemilia vielen öffentlichen Lebensbereichen vom Princeps und die Neuverortung des Actium- und des Par- und seinen Claqueuren geprägt waren,12 möchte therbogens durch S. Freyberger10 (Abb. 1) ist eine der Begriff 'Propaganda' in diesem Aufsatz keine neuerliche detaillierte Besprechung dieser Monu- monolithische Steuerung einer Propagandamaschi- mente sowie eine kritische Auseinandersetzung nerie durch Augustus suggerieren. T. Hölscher mit den verschiedenen Thesen und Überlieferun- spricht im Hinblick auf die Außenrepräsentation gen zu diesen Fragen dringend notwendig. Dieser und Propaganda in der Kunst, Architektur und Aufsatz möchte daher nicht nur die belegbaren Literatur von einem 'Ritual demonstrativer Plu- Quellen und Grabungsergebnisse zu den Bogen- ralität … unter Regie des Kaisers',13 womit er monumenten, aber auch zu den Fasti vorstellen, m.E. eine prägnante Beschreibung der gesell- sondern diese auch mit den verschiedenen schaftlichen Situation unter der Herrschaft des Vorschlägen zur Datierung, Verortung und Rekon- Augustus liefert. struktion zu allen drei Monumenten verknüpfen. Ein Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf den Thesen von DER PARTHERBOGEN Freyberger, Elisabeth Nedergaard und F. Coarelli liegen. Das Resümee wird diese Monumente inner- Widmen wir uns zunächst dem Partherbogen, halb der augusteischen Baupolitik einordnen und dessen Existenz mehrere Quellen belegen: Nach- 110 98228_Babesch_90(2015).indd 110 31/08/15 13:20 dem Augustus die Feldzeichen, die Crassus, L. die zweite Serie (Abb. 3) nur eine Arkade beim Mit- Decidius Saxa und Oppius Statianus an die Par- telbogen. Hier bestehen die Seitenbögen aus Kolon- ther verloren hatten, zurückerhielt, überliefern naden, über denen jeweils schematisch ein dreieck- sowohl Cassius Dio ('…wurde mit einem Triumph- iges Giebelfeld auf einem Architrav angedeutet ist. bogen geehrt…')14 als auch ein Scholion zu Vergil Auch sind Position, Armstellung sowie Attribute ('Zeichen dieses Sieges werden dargestellt an dem Bogen, der Nebenfiguren auf beiden Serien unterschiedlich. der neben dem Tempel des Divus Iulius steht…'),15 dass Die Semantik wie auch die dar gestellten Grundele- der Senat Augustus zum Dank einen Triumphbo- mente sind jedoch so ähnlich, dass Nedergaard zu gen errichten ließ. Interessant an dem Scholion ist dem Schluss kommt, dass beide Münzen denselben vor allem seine Beschreibung der Lage des Bogen porträtieren.20 Die Unterschiede in der Dar- Bogens, da dieser anscheinend nicht mitten auf stellung ergeben sich dem nach durch eine abwei- dem Forum lag wie erst vor Kurzem vorgeschla- chen de Intentionen der Münzpräger und einen gen wurde.16 verlagerten Fokus in der Darstellung.21 Darüber hinaus geben zwei Münzserien17 (Abb. Das ist jedoch m.E. nur ein möglicher Aspekt: 2-3) aus dem ausgehenden 1. Jahrhundert v.Chr. Vernachlässigt wurde bei dieser Interpretation die einen Hinweis zum möglichen Aussehen des Par- Bedeutung der Datierungen des Partherbogens im therbogens. Die erste Serie zeigt auf ihren Revers Verhältnis zur Emission der Münzen wie auch die einen dreitorigen Bogen, dessen mittlerer Teil von Emissionsorte der Prägungen. Cassius Dio über- einer Quadriga bekrönt ist. Mittelbogen und Seiten- liefert im Kontext der Rückgewinnung der Par- bögen haben dabei die gleiche Abschlusshöhe, therfeldzeichen, dass die Ehrungen für Augustus lediglich bei einer Variante kann bei genauer Be- erst später als die Feierlichkeiten anlässlich seiner trachtung ein fast unwesentlicher Höhenunterschied Rückkehr aus dem Osten stattfanden: 'All dies wahr- bei den Bögen beobachtet werden. Die Seitenbögen lich wurde in Erinnerung an dieses Ereignis später tragen jeweils eine Figur: die eine reckt ein signum ausgeführt.'22 Der Denar des VINICIUS (Abb. 3) und die andere ein aquila empor. Beide Figuren sind aus dem Jahre 16 v.Chr.23 wurde in Rom selbst durch ihre langen Hosen, spitze Kopfbedeckungen geprägt und gehört damit in die Reihe der Münz- und die Bewaffnung mit einem Bogen als Orien- bilder, die als recht vollständige und realistische talen zu identifizieren.18 Zusätzlich (Abb. 2) findet sich auf den Revers die Beischrift CIVIB • ET • SIGN • MILIT • A • PA-RT • RECVP, was ein- deutig auf die Rückgewinnung der Feldzeichen verweist. Auf dem Avers ist ein Porträt des Augustus zu sehen und die Beischrift S • P • Q • R • IMP • CAESARI • AVG • COS • XI • TRI • POT • VI ermöglicht die Datierung in die Zeit 18-17 v.Chr.19 Die zweite Münzserie (Abb. 3) weist eine leicht andere Darstellung auf. So wird beispielsweise
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