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Department of Entomology College of Agriculture, NAU Campus Bharuch PRACTICAL MANUAL Management of Beneficial Insects (Ag. Ento. 4.3) Prepared By: Mr. D.V. MUCHHADIYA Dr. J.J. PATEL Dr. D.R. PATEL Department of Entomology College of Agriculture, NAU Campus Bharuch March-2019 C E R T I F I C A T E Uni. No.: _________ Registration No. __________ This is to certify that Shri/Kumari __________________ _______________________has satisfactorily completed exercise No. 1 to 13 of Course No. Ag. Ento. 4.3 entitled “Management of Beneficial Insects”. The Exercise No. ____have been found incomplete. Date: Course Teacher External Examiner INDEX Sr. Page Date Title Sign. No. No. 1 Different bee species, life history, morphology and 1-14 products of honey bee 2 Beekeeping appliances and seasonal management 15-29 3 Foraging, pasturage and communication in bees 30-33 4 Pests and diseases of honey bees and their 34-40 management 5 Types of silkworm and life cycle of mulberry 41-49 silkworm 6 Mulberry cultivation practices 50-53 7 Mulberry silkworm rearing methods and rearing 54-64 appliances 8 Pests and diseases of silkworm and their 65-71 management 9 Identification of different species of lac insect, 72-77 biology and enemies of lac insect 10 Identification of important pollinators, weed killers 78-80 and scavengers 11 Insect orders bearing parasitoids and predators used 81-86 in pest control 12 Mass production techniques of important predators 87-89 and parasitoids Visit to research and training institutions devoted to 13 beekeeping, sericulture, lac culture and natural 90 enemies EXERCISE 1 DIFFERENT BEE SPECIES, LIFE HISTORY, MORPHOLOGY AND PRODUCTS OF HONEY BEE Order: Hymenoptera Sub order: Apocrita Family: Apidae Following five major groups of honey bee are found in India. Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name Family 1. Giant/Rock bee Apis dorsata Apidae 2. Indian bee Apis Cerana indica Apidae 3. European bee/ Italian bee Apis mellifera . Apidae 4. Little bee or Dwarf bee Apis florea Apidae 5. Dammer or Mosquito bee Melipona irridipennis Meliporidae (sting less bee) Trigona irridipennis Rock bees and little bees are not fully domesticated while; Indian bees and Italian bees are fully domesticated. The above four are true bees. Sting less bees are different from true honeybees. Dammer bees belong to sting less bee group and can be domesticated. Apis dorsata (Rock bee) :- 1. They construct single comb in open (About 6ft long and 3ft deep) 2. They shift the place of the colony often. 3. Rock bees are ferocious and difficult to rear. 4. They produce about 20-40 kg honey /colony/year. 5. The bees are the largest among the bee described. Apis cerana indica (Indian bee/Asian bee) :- 1. They make multiple parallel combs on trees and cavities in darkness. 2. The bees are larger than Apis florae but smaller than Apis mellifera. 3. They produce about 3-5 kg honey/colony/year. 4. They are more prone to swarming and absconding. 5. They are native of India/Asia. Apis mellifera (Italian bee or European bee) 1. They also make multiple parallel combs in cavities in darkness. 2. They are larger than Indian bees but smaller than Rock bees. 3. They have been imported from European countries.(Italy) 4. They produce about 25-30 kg honey/colony/year. 5. They are less prone to swarming and absconding. Apis florae (Little bee or Dwarf bee) 1. They also construct comb in open of the size of palm in branches of bushes, hedges, buildings, caves, empty cases etc. 2. They produce about 0.5-1kg honey/year/colony. Management of Beneficial Insects-DVM Page 1 3. They are not rearable as they frequently change their place. 4. The size of the bees is smallest among four Apis Sp. described. (smaller than Indian bee). 5. They distributed only in plains and not in hills above 450M. Melipona irridipennis, Trigona irridipennis (Dammer bee) 1. Besides true honey bees, two species of stingless or dammer bees, viz. Melipona and Trigona occur in our country in abundance. 2. These bees are much smaller than the true honey bees and build irregular combs of wax and resinous substances in crevices and hollow tree trunks. 3. The stingless bees have the importance in the pollination of various food crops. They bite their enemies or intruders. It can be domesticated. 4. The honey yield per hive per year is only 100 gm Comparison of different bee species Character Rock bee Little bee Italian bee Indian bee Body size Largest bee Smallest Larger Smaller (12.5 to 14.5 mm) Tongue length Long (6.7 mm) Short Long (5.7 to 7.2 Short (4.39 to mm) 5.53mm) Fecundity 2000 300-450 1000-1500 300-500 (eggs/day) Nectar carry More Poor (less) More Less (30-40 mg) capacity (10-80mg) Pollen carry More Poor More Less (7-14mg) capacity (12-29mg) Propolis More Poor Done Not done collection Nesting site Thick limbs of a Thin branch of bush In cavities of In cavities of tree tree (or) rock (or) small tree tree trunks trunks, hollows of cliffs (or) caves hollows of rocks rocks, poles and of a building and under the other covered tree branches places Temperament Most ferocious Not ferocious More aggressive Gentle Swarming More More Less More tendency Stinging More Less More Less tendency Defence More Less Poor Very good behaviour Foraging habit Very high Very low Long foraging Short foraging distance distance Absconding More More Less More tendency Honey yield 20-40 kg 0.5 to 1 kg 25-30 kg 3-5 kg (kg/colony/yr) . Management of Beneficial Insects-DVM Page 2 Honey bee castes Every honey bee colony comprises of a single queen, a few hundred drones and several thousand worker castes of honey bees. Queen is a fertile, functional female, worker is a sterile female and the drone is a male insect. Queen Worker Drone (A) Queen: Biology: 1. Reared in special cup shaped cells located on the lower edges of comb. 2. Egg period 3 days 3. Larval period 5 days fed with royal jelly 4. Pupal period 7 days 5. Longevity of adult is about 3 years 6. After emerging, virgin queen destroy any other queen present in cell Duties of a queen 1. The only individual which lays eggs in a colony (Mother of all bees). 2. Lays eggs upto 2000/day in Apis mellifera. 3. Five to Ten days after emergence, she mates with drones in one or more nuptial flights or mating flight. 4.When her spermatheca is filled with sperms, she will start laying eggs and will not mate any more. 5. She lives for 2.5- 3 years. 6.The secretion from mandibular gland of the queen is called queen‟s substance (queen pheromone). 7. The queen substance if present in sufficient quantity performs following functions. a) Prevent swarming and absconding of colonies. b) Prevent development of ovary in workers. c) Colony cohesion is maintained. Management of Beneficial Insects-DVM Page 3 8. The queen can lay either fertilized or sterile eggs depending on the requirement. (B) Drone: Biology: 1. Egg period 3 days 2. Larval period 7 days. 3. Larva is fed with royal jelly for 3 days and then royal jelly and bee bread for 4 days 4. Pupal period 13 days – all caped with dome shaped wax cap with a central hole 5. Adult longevity is about 2 to 4 months. Duties of a drone 1. Their important duty is to fertilize the queen. 2. They also help in maintenance of hive temperature. 3. They cannot collect nectar / pollen and they do not possess a sting. (C) Worker: 1. Egg period 3 days 2. Larval period 4 days 3. Larva is fed with royal jelly for 2 days and then bee bread for 2 days 4. Pupal period 12 days – all caped with flat cap 5. Adult longevity is about 6 weeks to 6 months Duties of a worker 1. Their adult life span of around 6 weeks can be divided into a) First 3 weeks confined to the hive called house bees (or) nurse bees (household duties) b) Rest of the life- out door duty. House hold duty includes a. Build comb with wax secretion from wax glands. b. Feed the young larvae with royal jelly secreted from hypopharyngeal gland. c. Feed older larvae with bee-bread (pollen+ honey) d. Feeding and attending queen. e. Feeding drones. f. Cleaning, ventilating and cooling the hive. g. Guarding the hive. h. Evaporating nectar and storing honey. Outdoor duties 1. Collecting nectar, pollen, propolis and water. 2. Ripening honey in honey stomach. Management of Beneficial Insects-DVM Page 4 MORPHOLOGY OF CASTE OF BEES: Sr. Character Queen Worker Drone No. 1. Size Largest and Smallest Longer than broader than workers but worker shorter than queen bee. Broadest of all castes stoutly built 2 Head Smaller Smaller Larger 3 Colour Not dark Pale Dark 4 Compound eyes a. type Dichoptic Dichoptic Holoptic b. No. of eye ommatidia 4000 5000 8000 c. vision of ommatidia Good Better Best 5 No. of division in flagellum 10 10 11 6 Length of lapping tongue Short 3mm Long 6 mm Short 4 mm 7 Wings Not extending Extended up to Not extending up up to the tip of tip of abdomen to the tip of abdomen abdomen 8 Wing flexing Flexed neatly Not neatly Not neatly flexed over the flexed abdomen 9 Corbicula/ Pollen basket Absent Present Absent 10 Pollen press Absent Present Absent 11 Abdomen bulged Budged and Posteriorly Brood and blunt elongated pointed a. shape Triangular Triangular Rectangular b. No. of gaster segment 6 6 7 c.
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