Honey Bees Is Maintaining Strong, Healthy Colonies Through Best Evaluation Monitoring Management Practices
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Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides — Pests and Diseases
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Distance Master of Science in Entomology Projects Entomology, Department of 2017 A GUIDEBOOK ON HONEY BEE HEALTH: Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides — Pests and Diseases Joey Caputo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entodistmasters Part of the Entomology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Distance Master of Science in Entomology Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Photo by David Cappaert, Bugwood.org 1 A GUIDEBOOK ON HONEY BEE HEALTH Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides— Pests and Diseases By Joey Caputo A graduate degree project submitted as partial fulfillment of the Option III requirements for the de- gree of Masters of Science in Entomology at the graduate school of the University of Nebraska- Lincoln, 2017. Last updated April 2017 — Version 1.2 i Contents Introduction 1 Honey Bee Immune System 2 Mechanical and Biochemical Immunity 2 Innate and Cell-Mediated Immunity 2 Humoral Immunity 2 Social Immunity 3 Detoxification Complexes 5 Problems in Beekeeping 5 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) 5 Bacterial, Fungal and Microsporidian Diseases 6 American foulbrood 6 European foulbrood 7 Nosemosis 8 Chalkbrood 10 Crithidia 10 Stonebrood 11 Varroa Mite and Viruses 11 Varroa Biology and Life Cycle 12 Varroa Mite Damage and Parasitic Mite -
Minimizing Honey Bee Exposure to Pesticides1 J
ENY-162 Minimizing Honey Bee Exposure to Pesticides1 J. D. Ellis, J. Klopchin, E. Buss, L. Diepenbrock, F. M. Fishel, W. H. Kern, C. Mannion, E. McAvoy, L. S. Osborne, M. Rogers, M. Sanford, H. Smith, B. S. Stanford, P. Stansly, L. Stelinski, S. Webb, and A. Vu2 Introduction state, and international partners to identify ways to reduce pesticide exposure to beneficial pollinators, while including Growers and pesticide applicators have a number of options appropriate label restrictions to safeguard pollinators, the when faced with a pest problem: do nothing, or apply environment, and humans. More information can be found some type of cultural, chemical, biological, or physical here: epa.gov/pollinator-protection. The bottom line is that method to mitigate the damage. The action to be taken the label is the law—it must be followed. should be chosen after weighing the risks and benefits of all available options. There are many situations where pest control is necessary and chemical controls must be Pollinator Importance used. Certain chemistries of insecticides, fungicides, and The western honey bee (Apis mellifera, Figure 1) is conceiv- herbicides are known to have negative and long-term ably the most important pollinator in Florida and American impacts on bees, other pollinators, and other beneficial agricultural landscapes (Calderone 2012). Over 50 major arthropods. Fortunately, there are pesticides that have crops in the United States and at least 13 in Florida either minimal impacts on pollinators and beneficial organisms. depend on honey bees for pollination or produce more The pollinator-protection language that is required to be yield when honey bees are plentiful (Delaplane and on US pesticide labels outlines how best to minimize these Mayer 2000). -
Nosema Disease
Nosema Disease Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers Part 2 by Michael Hornitzky March 2008 RIRDC Publication No 08/006 RIRDC Project No DAN-228A © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 595 5 ISSN 1440-6845 Nosema Disease: Literature review and three year survey of beekeepers - Part 2 Publication No. 08/006 Project No. DAN-228A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. -
The Buzz About Bees: Honey Bee Biology and Behavior
4-H Honey Bee Leaders Guide Book I The Buzz About Bees: 18 U.S.C. 707 Honey Bee Biology and Behavior Publication 380-071 2009 To the 4-H Leader: The honey bee project (Books Grade 5 1 - 4) is intended to teach young people the basic biology and behavior of honey bees in addition to Living Systems 5.5 hands-on beekeeping management skills. The honey The student will investigate and understand that bee project books begin with basic honey bee and organisms are made up of cells and have distin- insect information (junior level) and advance to guishing characteristics. Key concepts include: instruction on how to rear honey bee colonies and • vertebrates and invertebrates extract honey (senior level). These project books are intended to provide in-depth information related Grade 6 to honey bee management, yet they are written for the amateur beekeeper, who may or may not have Life Science 5 previous experience in rearing honey bees. The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include: Caution: • characteristics of the species If anyone in your club is known to have severe Life Science 8 allergic reactions to bee stings, they should not The student will investigate and understand that participate in this project. interactions exist among members of a population. The honey bee project meets the following Vir- Key concepts include: ginia State Standards of Learning (SOLs) for the • competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, and fourth, fifth, and sixth grades: territorial imperative Grade 4 Acknowledgments Authors: Life Processes 4.4 Dini M. -
Schools Integrated Pest Management (Ipm) for Wasps and Bees
SCHOOLS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) FOR WASPS AND BEES *Important Note* According to the Virginia Pesticide Control Act (Section 3.1-249.53), in order to apply ANY pesticide (including Raid, Round-Up, and other over-the-counter pesticides) in public areas of ANY educational institution, the applicator must first be certified by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. In other words, it is illegal for uncertified teachers, staff, administrators, or contractors to apply pesticides on school grounds. INTRODUCTION Bees and wasps experience “complete metamorphosis”. This means that they pass Wasps and bees are both beneficial and through four different life stages: egg, larva, problematic. Wasps, being predators, play pupa, and adult (see Figure 1). Individuals an important role in the control of other pest that are newly hatched are termed “larvae”. insects. Bees are essential pollinators of Larvae are blind and legless. After the plants and producers of products such as larval stage, they become pupae. The pupal honey and wax. Both vigorously defend stage is a non-feeding, immobile stage their nests and utilize stinging as their wherein the larvae transform into adults. primary defense mechanism. Although the Finally, the bees and wasps emerge from the sting of a bee or wasp is painful, it is usually pupae as fully developed adults. not life threatening. However, some individuals are extremely sensitive to the sting’s venom and may experience fatal allergic reactions. BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION Bees and wasps are grouped together into the same order of insects, Hymenoptera. For the purposes of this publication the term “wasps” refers to hornets, yellowjackets, paper wasps, mud daubers, digger wasps, cicada killers, and any other wasp species that frequently are a problem around structures. -
Wisconsin Bee Identification Guide
WisconsinWisconsin BeeBee IdentificationIdentification GuideGuide Developed by Patrick Liesch, Christy Stewart, and Christine Wen Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) The honey bee is perhaps our best-known pollinator. Honey bees are not native to North America and were brought over with early settlers. Honey bees are mid-sized bees (~ ½ inch long) and have brownish bodies with bands of pale hairs on the abdomen. Honey bees are unique with their social behavior, living together year-round as a colony consisting of thousands of individuals. Honey bees forage on a wide variety of plants and their colonies can be useful in agricultural settings for their pollination services. Honey bees are our only bee that produces honey, which they use as a food source for the colony during the winter months. In many cases, the honey bees you encounter may be from a local beekeeper’s hive. Occasionally, wild honey bee colonies can become established in cavities in hollow trees and similar settings. Photo by Christy Stewart Bumble bees (Bombus sp.) Bumble bees are some of our most recognizable bees. They are amongst our largest bees and can be close to 1 inch long, although many species are between ½ inch and ¾ inch long. There are ~20 species of bumble bees in Wisconsin and most have a robust, fuzzy appearance. Bumble bees tend to be very hairy and have black bodies with patches of yellow or orange depending on the species. Bumble bees are a type of social bee Bombus rufocinctus and live in small colonies consisting of dozens to a few hundred workers. Photo by Christy Stewart Their nests tend to be constructed in preexisting underground cavities, such as former chipmunk or rabbit burrows. -
Best Management Practices for Siting Honey Bee Colonies: Good Neighbor Guidelines 1 James D
ENY115 Best Management Practices for Siting Honey Bee Colonies: Good Neighbor Guidelines 1 James D. Ellis and Jerry Hayes2 Introduction Definitions Beekeeping is becoming increasingly popular in Florida. As used in this document, the following words and terms Commercial beekeepers maintain hundreds if not thou- have the meanings noted in this section unless the context sands of colonies for honey production and to provide of their usage clearly indicates another meaning: pollination services to crops, while the typical urban or backyard beekeeper maintains one to five colonies. Back- 1. Apiary means the assembly of one or more colonies of yard beekeeping traditionally has provided honey for home bees at a single location. consumption and general enjoyment for those who practice the craft. 2. Beekeeper means a person who owns or has charge of one or more colonies of bees. Keeping honey bees requires responsible management so that the bees do not become a nuisance. Additionally, the 3. Beekeeping equipment means anything used in the presence of Africanized honey bees in Florida places more operation of an apiary, such as hive bodies, supers, pressure on beekeepers to maintain their colonies properly frames, top and bottom boards, and extractors. (for information about Africanized honey bees, see: http:// edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg113, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in790, and 4. Colony or hive means an aggregate of bees consisting http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in738). principally of workers, but having, when perfect, one queen and, at times, many drones, brood (immature This document is intended as a reference for honey bee honey bees—eggs, larvae, pupae), combs, honey, and the management in Florida, with emphasis on siting apiaries in receptacle inhabited by the bees. -
AUG-2017-ACB-Newslet
Newsletter for August 2017 Monthly Meeting Equipment Available Saturday, August 19th, 3:00 p.m. Don Moore has slowly scaled back his number of Hive Work and hives and equipment over the last few Ice Cream Social @ years. He plans to reduce his hives by another 9 Breezy Acres this year, leaving him with 5 hives to manage. He will offer those 9 hives for sale at the August meeting for $150 each. Each hive consists of a solid 3634 Stoney Creek Church Road bottom board, two 10-frame deep supers, a screen Elon, NC 27244 inner cover, a telescoping lid and a full staff of hon- ey bees. Queen excluders are not on the hives, but Don and Shirley Moore welcome us to their will be provided when you pick up the bees. apiary for some up-close reviewing and Other equipment will also be offered for sale on learning. We’ll spend about an hour and a meeting day (8/19) and will be appropriately half opening up hives and seeing what’s priced. These include hive top feeders, division going on inside, and we’ll talk about re- board feeders, excluders, spacers, honey supers queening and other hive work for the sea- with drawn comb, etc. The equipment is used, but son. Nancy Ruppert and Don Hopkins will in serviceable condition. The price of new wooden- be our excellent guides. ware for a hive as described is more than the $150 price advertised. Then we’ll make our way to the shade and FOR SALE: enjoy some home- made ice cream and 4 complete hives with bees. -
Setting up Your Apiary
ENTO-099 01/21 SETTING UP YOUR APIARY Molly Keck* Whether placing bee hives in a backyard setting or pebbles in the water so the bees have a spot to land and on multiple acres of land, there are several factors to avoid drowning. consider when deciding where to place the apiary. PLACEMENT OF THE HIVE FOOD – NECTAR AND POLLEN SOURCES Place the hives in a spot that is fairly level. Hives do not Honey bees require both pollen and nectar from plants have to be perfectly level, and a slight slant toward the for their survival. When setting up an apiary, get to entrance allows for moisture to be expelled. know the flowering resources in the area and when they bloom. If possible, take steps to ensure that To avoid the cold north wind entering the hive during the bees have reliable nectar and pollen resources the winter, the hive entrance should not face directly throughout the year. Regular monitoring of the bees north. If possible, place the hive entrance facing east or will help determine how much food they are bringing southeast. into the hive at various times of the year and will allow Even if hives are set far from potential passersby, it is the beekeeper to gauge when to feed them sugar water. nice to have some sort of barrier (i.e., dense vegetation, (Refer to ENTO-096, General Maintenance of Honey Bee paneled fence) to separate the hives from people. Face Hives for more information on feeding bees). the entrances away from potential foot traffic so the Bees are known to travel up to 2 miles or more for food. -
Biological Pest Control
■ ,VVXHG LQ IXUWKHUDQFH RI WKH &RRSHUDWLYH ([WHQVLRQ :RUN$FWV RI 0D\ DQG -XQH LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH 'LUHFWRU&RRSHUDWLYH([WHQVLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL&ROXPELD02 ■DQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\$'$LQVWLWXWLRQ■■H[WHQVLRQPLVVRXULHGX AGRICULTURE Biological Pest Control ntegrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of a combination of strategies to reduce pest populations Steps for conserving beneficial insects Isafely and economically. This guide describes various • Recognize beneficial insects. agents of biological pest control. These strategies include judicious use of pesticides and cultural practices, such as • Minimize insecticide applications. crop rotation, tillage, timing of planting or harvesting, • Use selective (microbial) insecticides, or treat selectively. planting trap crops, sanitation, and use of natural enemies. • Maintain ground covers and crop residues. • Provide pollen and nectar sources or artificial foods. Natural vs. biological control Natural pest control results from living and nonliving Predators and parasites factors and has no human involvement. For example, weather and wind are nonliving factors that can contribute Predator insects actively hunt and feed on other insects, to natural control of an insect pest. Living factors could often preying on numerous species. Parasitic insects lay include a fungus or pathogen that naturally controls a pest. their eggs on or in the body of certain other insects, and Biological pest control does involve human action and the young feed on and often destroy their hosts. Not all is often achieved through the use of beneficial insects that predacious or parasitic insects are beneficial; some kill the are natural enemies of the pest. Biological control is not the natural enemies of pests instead of the pests themselves, so natural control of pests by their natural enemies; host plant be sure to properly identify an insect as beneficial before resistance; or the judicious use of pesticides. -
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive Consists of Three Types of Bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive consists of three types of bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker For Year Color: Ending In: White 1 or 6 Yellow 2 or 7 Red 3 or 8 Green 4 or 9 Blue 5 or 0 Queen Marking Colors Queen Only Fertile female in the Hive Can lay 2000 eggs each day She can live 5 years, 3-years average One per colony usually Mates in flight with 7-150 drones Queen Her thorax is slightly larger No pollen baskets or wax glands Stinger is smoother and curved (and reusable) The Honey Bee Colony Queen Pheromones ◦ The “social glue” of the hive ◦ Gives the colony its identity and temperament ◦ Sends signals to the workers Mates once, in flight, with 7 to 150 drones Lays both fertilized and unfertilized eggs Fertilized eggs become workers or Queens Unfertilized eggs become drones How does an egg become a queen instead of a worker? ◦ Royal Jelly is fed to the larvae for a much longer period of time ◦ Royal Jelly is secreted from the hypopharynx of worker bees Royal Jelly Supercedure Cell (Never cut these unless you have a replacement queen ready) Basic Anatomy Worker ◦ Sterile female ◦ Does the work of the hive ◦ Have specialized body structures Brood food glands – royal jelly Scent glands (pheromones) Wax glands Pollen baskets Barbed stingers – Ouch! The Honey Bee Colony Worker Bees Perform Roles ◦ Nurse ◦ Guard ◦ Forager Castes Worker bees progress through very defined growth stages ◦ When first hatched they become Nurse Bees Clean cells, keeps brood warm, feed larvae Receive -
Bee Health: the Role of Pesticides
Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides Renée Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy M. Lynne Corn Specialist in Natural Resources Policy February 17, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43900 Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides Summary Over the past few decades there has been heightened concern about the plight of honey bees as well as other bee species. Given the importance of honey bees and other bee species to food production, many have expressed concern about whether a “pollinator crisis” has been occurring in recent decades. Although honey bee colony losses due to bee pests, parasites, pathogens, and disease are not uncommon, there is the perception that bee health has been declining more rapidly than in prior years, both in the United States and globally. This situation gained increased attention in 2006 as some commercial beekeepers began reporting sharp declines in their honey bee colonies. Because of the severity and unusual circumstances of these colony declines, scientists named this phenomenon colony collapse disorder (CCD). Since then, honey bee colonies have continued to dwindle each year, for reasons not solely attributable to CCD. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that CCD may not be the only or even the major cause of bee colony losses in recent years. In the United States, USDA estimates of overwinter colony losses from all causes have averaged nearly 30% annually since 2006. The precise reasons for honey bee losses are not yet known. USDA and most scientists working on the subject seem to agree that no research conclusively points to one single cause for the large number of honey bee deaths.