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La Vie Publique De Sima Guang Jean-Francois Vergnaud

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La Vie Publique De Sima Guang Jean-Francois Vergnaud La vie publique de Sima Guang Jean-Francois Vergnaud To cite this version: Jean-Francois Vergnaud. La vie publique de Sima Guang : Homme d’État et historien chinois du XIe siècle. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, 274 p., 2014, Histoire et sociétés, 978-2-36781-034-8. hal-03190669 HAL Id: hal-03190669 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03190669 Submitted on 6 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 1 (paginée 1) sur 272 Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 2 (paginée 2) sur 272 Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 3 (paginée 3) sur 272 La vie publique de Sima Guang Homme d’État et historien chinois du e siècle Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 4 (paginée 4) sur 272 Collection « Histoire et sociétés » Directeur de collection Daniel L B Comité scientifique Christian A, Geneviève G-F, Carol I, Daniel L B La collection « Histoire et sociétés » est le reflet des objectifs scientifiques des équipes des historiens montpelliérains médiévistes, modernistes et contemporanéistes et de la diver- sité actuelle de leurs champs de recherche. Les liens noués avec de nombreux chercheurs d’universités françaises et étrangères justifient également la publication, dans la collection, d’ouvrages de qualité rédigés par des historiens extérieurs à l’établissement, retenus en raison de l’originalité de leur démarche et de la nouveauté des sujets qu’ils traitent. La série « Sem — Études juives et hébraïques », fondée et dirigée par Carol Iancu, a pour objectif la publication de travaux scientifiques dont le principal domaine de recherches concerne l’histoire des Juifs et de la civilisation d’Israël. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 5 (paginée 5) sur 272 Collection « Histoire et sociétés » La vie publique de Sima Guang Homme d’État et historien chinois du e siècle Jean-François V P M Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 6 (paginée 6) sur 272 Illustration de couverture Tous droits réservés, PULM, ISBN ---- Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 7 (paginée 7) sur 272 La vie publique de Sima Guang : quelques questions Il y a quelque chose d’attachant dans la personnalité de Sima Guang (- ), du moins dans ce que laissent entrevoir les péripéties de sa carrière, ses correspondances, son œuvre d’historien. Certes, l’empathie avec un bureaucrate du e siècle, confucéen militant et exégète obstiné du passé, peut sembler difficile dans sa recherche de règles pour une bonne administration de ses contemporains. Mais son attachement indéfectible aux principes, sa fidélité au souverain et à sa dynas- tie, voire son obstination à aller à contre-courant ne laissent pas de toucher, ainsi que son passage trop tardif aux plus hautes affaires de l’État, qui voue une poli- tique en apparence à rebours de la « modernité » de l’époque à être balayée par ses successeurs. La curiosité que suscite le personnage justifie peut-être à elle seule qu’on s’efforce d’en reconstituer le parcours. Mais outre qu’il est l’auteur d’une œuvre historique dont le rôle fut fondamental dans l’évolution intellectuelle de la Chine, sa carrière manifeste, par la rigidité des pratiques combinée à l’art de naviguer dans les plus complexes des intrigues de cour, un souci probablement profond et sincère du bien- être du peuple et plus largement du bien public. D’où la popularité que laissent per- cevoir les commentaires hagiographiques du temps. Aussi Sima Guang apparaît-il comme une figure à la fois singulière et emblématique d’un mode de gouvernement qui soulève encore mainte question. La vie publique de Sima Guang s’inscrit dans une étape très particulière de l’histoire des Song du nord. Elle occupe en effet le bref laps de temps qui sépare deux grands moments de réformes : les « Petites réformes » de Fan Zhongyan (-), autour des années , auxquelles Sima Guang apporta son soutien ; le mouvement des « Lois nouvelles » de Wang Anshi (-), dans les années -, dont notre fonctionnaire fut l’opposant le plus intransigeant. En toute légitimité, la notoriété de Sima Guang repose d’abord sur son œuvre écrite. Mais c’est en raison de sa résistance aux bouleversements profonds et aux grandes réorientations politiques qui caractérisent les règnes des empereurs Song du nord, au titre de sa personnalité politique, que nombre d’auteurs se sont inté- ressés à lui. Aussi le trait principal et parfois même unique, retenu par les tra- vaux anciens ou récents et en général par les historiens de la période, est-il le Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 8 (paginée 8) sur 272 L S G : conservatisme, tenu pour inhérent à ce personnage hostile en son temps à toute transformation même modeste dans les pratiques administratives, fiscales, mili- taires ou agraires. Cette notion de conservatisme, jugée au cœur même de la pensée et de l’action de Sima Guang, a pu fournir le titre et la trame même des plus récents travaux, notamment la thèse de J Xiao-bin, qui définit le conservatisme comme le respect de la sagesse accumulée par le passé et le souci de préserver les fruits des mesures du passé 1. Or, à réduire le personnage au rôle de simple objecteur face à un flux de trans- formations irrésistibles et porteuses d’innovations censément très profondes, voire révolutionnaires ou « socialistes », on ne s’explique pas l’aura de Sima Guang dans la mémoire chinoise érudite ou même populaire. Il y est en effet évoqué comme l’une des grandes personnalités de la Chine, une des rares figures de son histoire qui se puisse qualifier d’universelle, et dont l’influence serait sensible aujourd’hui encore dans son pays et plus généralement en Asie orientale. C’est qu’à ce fonctionnaire sans doute intransigeant, peu d’aspects du mouvement d’idées de son siècle auront été étrangers. Et que, sur la fin de sa vie, cet homme d’État investi des plus hautes charges gouvernementales, ce membre éminent de la bureaucratie lettrée, demeure au premier chef l’homme de l’État chinois, qu’il sert tout au long de sa carrière et contribue à édifier par sa longue et rigoureuse pratique de la « remontrance ». Le point de vue courant ne recèle-t-il pas une dose persistante d’anachronisme ? Le même auteur qui met en avant le conservatisme de Sima Guang s’interroge peu sur la pertinence d’un terme qui, certes évocateur de la vie politique d’aujourd’hui, ne l’était pas autant dans le contexte du e siècle. N’est-il pas dès lors possible d’abor- der la carrière de ce penseur et homme d’État en l’inscrivant dans des pratiques administratives et plus largement politiques liées à une conception donnée de l’exer- cice du pouvoir autant qu’à une conjoncture particulières, et l’une et l’autre profon- dément historiques ? La première, dans sa complexité propre, intègre une alterna- tive fonctionnelle, entre référence à l’Histoire et référence aux Sages. La seconde contraint les hommes politiques du temps à gouverner en permanence sous la pres- sion d’une menace extérieure, dans un environnement de périls et d’insécurité qui fait de la défense du pays un des problèmes centraux du gouvernement, et de la sur- vie de la dynastie une des grandes préoccupations du régime. C’est dans une telle perspective que nous tenterons de décrire la formation et l’action politique de Sima Guang. Nous suivrons la chronologie, comme dans toute biographie classique, car cette option narrative ne nous a pas paru interdire les nécessaires analyses d’idées ni gêner l’appréhension globale de l’évolution d’une pensée autant que du déroulement de l’action du personnage et, derrière celui-ci, d’un mode de gouvernement. Un dernier mot sur la masse de nos sources textuelles et notre façon de les uti- liser. Nous exploitons largement l’œuvre de Sima Guang, de ses correspondances au monumental Zhizhi tongjian. Nous recourons aussi aux travaux anciens sur le . V. J Xiao-bin, Politics and Conservatism in Northern Song China, the Career and ought of Sima Guang (A.D. -), Hong Kong : Chinese University Press, . Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée — Une question ? Un problème ? Téléphonez au . SIMAOK2016 --- Départ imprimerie --- 2016-4-25 --- 10 h 57 --- page 9 (paginée 9) sur 272 L S G : personnage : chronologies nianpu, récits et commentaires des contemporains, de Su Shi à Wang Anshi, histoires dynastiques, analyses de commentateurs, souvent éminents, des Ming ou des Qing (v. bibliographie en annexe). Ces narrations ou travaux reconstituent d’abondance, sous forme de dialogues, les entretiens et débats entre Guang et son entourage, les audiences où il adresse réflexions ou arguments à son souverain, les réponses de celui-ci.
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  • The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Podcast. This Is Episode 72
    Welcome to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms Podcast. This is episode 72. Last time, Cao Cao had killed Ma Teng, a longtime adversary. In response, Ma Teng’s eldest son, Ma Chao, had mobilized the troops of the western outpost of Xiliang and was marching toward the heartland to do the “you killed my father, prepare to die” thing. With a little trickery, he took the former capital city of Chang’an and was now encroaching on the key strategic location of Tong (2) Pass. Cao Cao sent two of his top officers, Cao Hong and Xu Huang, to defend the pass. He told them they just had to hold it for 10 days while he mobilized the main army. But on the ninth day, after listening to the enemy call his ancestors all sorts of nasty names for eight days, Cao Hong’s temper got the better of him, and while Xu Huang’s back was turned, he charged out with 3,000 men to take on the enemy. When the Xiliang troops saw Cao Hong charging toward them, they abandoned their horses and weapons and fled, which induced Cao Hong to give chase. While this was happening, Xu Huang, who was inspecting provisions when Cao Hong decided to go out to fight, had heard what was happening. Alarmed, Xu Huang immediately led a detachment of troops and came looking for Cao Hong, shouting for him to turn back. But alas, it was too late. Just then, cries of battle rose up behind them and shook the ground.
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