Feeding Habits and Feeding Grounds of the Northern Elephant Seal Richard
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Forage Fish Management Plan
Oregon Forage Fish Management Plan November 19, 2016 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Resources Program 2040 SE Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365 (541) 867-4741 http://www.dfw.state.or.us/MRP/ Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Federal action to protect Forage Fish (2016)............................................................................................ 7 The Oregon Marine Fisheries Management Plan Framework .................................................................. 7 Relationship to Other State Policies ......................................................................................................... 7 Public Process Developing this Plan .......................................................................................................... 8 How this Document is Organized .............................................................................................................. 8 A. Resource Analysis .................................................................................................................................... -
Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings. -
A Review of Direct and Indirect Impacts of Marine Dredging Activities on Marine Mammals
A review of direct and indirect impacts of marine dredging activities on marine mammals Family Scientific name Common name Range of best Frequency of Minimum Methodology Diet Region Habitat Documented Effects of Potential Effects of Dredging (excluding (including hearing (10 dB minimum hearing Dredging subspecies) subspecies) from max; kHz) hearing threshold (dB threshold (kHz) re 1 µPa) Otariidae Arctocephalus Cape & Unknown; — — — Fish (e.g. Emmelichthys nitidus, F, J (Kirkman et Continental shelf waters (IUCN, — Habitat destruction, increase in pusillus Australian fur fundamental Pseudophycis bachus, Trachurus al., 2007; IUCN, 2012) turbidity, changes to prey seal frequency of declivis, Neoplatycephalus 2013; Perrin, availability, masking, incidental male in air barks Richardsoni) (Australian fur seal) 2013) capture or injury, avoidance & is 0.14 & female (Page et al., 2005) an increase in shipping traffic in air barks is 0.15 (Tripovich et al., 2008) Arctophoca Antarctic fur seal Unknown; peak — — — Fish (e.g. Gymnoscopelus A, F, J (IUCN, Forage in deep waters (>500 m) — Habitat destruction, increase in gazella frequency of in piabilis, Electrona subaspera, 2013; Perrin, with a strong chlorophyll turbidity, changes to prey air barks is 0.3– Champsocephalus gunnari) 2013; Reeves et concentration & steep availability, masking, incidental 5.9 (Page et al., (Guinet et al., 2001) al., 2002) bathymetric gradients, otherwise capture or injury, avoidance & 2002) remains close to the colony in an increase in shipping traffic areas with Polar -
Locomotor, Chromatic, Postural, and Bioluminescent Behaviors of the Deep-Sea Squid Octopoteuthis Deletron Young 1972
Reference: Biol. Bull. 216: 7–22. (February 2009) © 2009 Marine Biological Laboratory Behaving in the Dark: Locomotor, Chromatic, Postural, and Bioluminescent Behaviors of the Deep-Sea Squid Octopoteuthis deletron Young 1972 STEPHANIE L. BUSH1,2,*, BRUCE H. ROBISON2, AND ROY L. CALDWELL1 1University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, California 94720; and 2Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, California 95039 Abstract. Visual behaviors are prominent components of tion (Packard and Sanders, 1971; Packard and Hochberg, intra- and interspecific communication in shallow-water 1977; Hanlon and Messenger, 1988, 1996). These cephalo- cephalopods. Meso- and bathypelagic cephalopods were be- pods assess their surroundings with well-developed vision, lieved to have limited visual communication, other than biolu- though in most species vision is monochromatic (Messen- minescence, due to the reduced illumination at depth. To ger, 1977; Kito et al., 1992; Shashar et al., 1998; Sweeney explore potential visual behaviors in mesopelagic squid, we et al., 2007). Individuals are capable of polyphenism con- used undersea vehicles to observe 76 individuals of Octopo- sisting of near instantaneous changes in appearance through teuthis deletron. In contrast to predictions, we found this spe- a broad range of camouflage and communication methods cies capable of a variety of visually linked behaviors not (Packard and Sanders, 1971; Packard and Hochberg, 1977; previously reported for a deep-ocean cephalopod. The resultant Hanlon and Messenger, 1988; Roper and Hochberg, 1988; ethogram describes numerous chromatic, postural, locomotor, Hanlon et al., 1999a; Barbato et al., 2007). An individual’s and bioluminescent behavioral components. A few common overall appearance, or body pattern, is composed of the body patterns—the whole appearance of the individual involv- following component types: chromatic, textural, postural, ing multiple components—are characterized. -
Visual Cognition in Deep-Sea Cephalopods: What We Don't
Trim: 247mm × 174mm Top: 12.653mm Gutter: 16.871mm CUUK2624-10 CUUK2624/Darmaillacq ISBN: 978 1 107 01556 2 March 13, 2014 11:45 10 Visual cognition in deep-sea cephalopods: what we don’t know and why we don’t know it Sarah Zylinski and Sonke¨ Johnsen 10.1 The other cephalopods A quick glance at the recent cephalopod literature, or even at the chapters of this book, tells us that when we talk about cephalopod cognition we are really considering cognition in a handful of genera. There can be no argument that studies of these animals have led to remarkable results that have challenged the traditional view of invertebrate intelligence. Yet when we consider that less than 10 species of cephalopod are commonly seen as the focus of behavioral studies, let alone in studies specifically about cognition, it becomes apparent that claims regarding the cognitive capabilities of cephalopods are generali- zations drawn from work on a handful of genera. The majority of the 800 or so described species of cephalopod do not share the neritic and near-shore benthic habitats of the taxa with which we are most familiar; virtually unknown in terms of their behaviour and ecology, these species inhabit a different world in the deep, dark waters of the open ocean (Figure 10.1). In this chapter, we introduce and discuss the neglected cephalopods of the deep sea, many of which are not so distantly related to the species with which we are familiar, but whose existence in the deep sea has little in common with the complex reefs and near- shore habitats associated with taxa such as Octopus and Sepia. -
Curriculum Vitae Bruce H. Robison
Curriculum Vitae Bruce H. Robison Present Position Senior Scientist, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 1987 – MBARI Science Department Chair, 1991 - 1996 MBARI Research Division Chair, 2012 – 2016 Education B.S., Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 1965 M.A., Marine Science, College of William & Mary: VIMS, 1968 Ph.D., Biological Oceanography, Stanford University, HMS, 1973 Certification: Scientific Research Pilot for ADS submersibles, 1982; 2000 Previous Positions Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Postdoctoral Fellow, 1973. Postdoctoral Investigator, 1974. Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara Assistant Research Oceanographer 1974 - 1982 Associate Research Oceanographer 1982 - 1988. Honors/Awards Fellow, California Academy of Sciences, 1991 Antarctic Service Medal, 1992 Morris Scholar in Residence - University of Maryland, Horn Point, 1996 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Science/Research Award, 1997 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1998 Marine Technology Society; Lockheed Martin Award for Ocean Science and Engineering, 2002 Chautauqua Institution of New York, Carnahan-Jackson Lecturer, 2003 University Distinguished Lecturer; Texas A&M University, 2006 Steinbach Visiting Scholar; Joint Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2006 Resident Scholar; Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio Center, Italy, for research on the Conservation of Deep Pelagic Biodiversity, 2007 Ed Ricketts Memorial Award for Lifetime -
A Transcriptomics-Based Approach to Novel Photoprotein Analysis in Pelagic Molluscs
A Transcriptomics-Based Approach to Novel Photoprotein Analysis in Pelagic Molluscs Taylor Hersh, Carnegie Mellon University Mentor: Dr. Steven H. D. Haddock Summer 2014 Keywords: Pelagic molluscs, Symplectin, Photoproteins, Luciferases, Bioluminescence ABSTRACT Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. While the majority of species are incapable of bioluminescence, most phyla tend to have at least one bioluminescent member. Of the different phyla, Mollusca falls only behind Chordata and Arthropoda in approximate number of bioluminescent genera (Bjorn 2008). Overall, however, the genetics and molecular biology behind bioluminescence in many different molluscs remain largely uncharacterized. This study set out to determine the primary sequence of the photoproteins/luciferases responsible for bioluminescence in six different pelagic mollusc species (Phylliroe bucephalum, Chiroteuthis calyx, Pterygioteuthis hoylei, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, Dosidicus gigas, and Octopoteuthis deletron). A known photoprotein (Symplectin) from Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis was used as a reference throughout this study. The Symplectin sequence was BLASTed against transcriptomes for each of the six aforementioned species. Promising alignment hits were returned for P. bucephalum, P. hoylei, V. infernalis, and D. gigas. Primers were then designed to target Symplectin-like sequences in those four species. The results suggest that P. hoylei contains a photoprotein that shares strong molecular similarities with Symplectin. Future studies aim to isolate the entire P. hoylei photoprotein/luciferase transcript and express the photoprotein/luciferase in E. coli cells. INTRODUCTION The deep sea is characterized by low light levels, patchy food sources, and extreme temperatures. To handle the challenges of living in this harsh environment, different species have developed unique adaptations that allow them to carry out the functions required for survival. -
Cephalopod Guidelines
Reference Resources Caveats from AAALAC’s Council on Accreditation regarding this resource: Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research– A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group *This reference was adopted by the Council on Accreditation with the following clarification and exceptions: The AAALAC International Council on Accreditation has adopted the “Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research- A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group” as a Reference Resource with the following two clarifications and one exception: Clarification: The acceptance of these guidelines as a Reference Resource by AAALAC International pertains only to the technical information provided, and not the regulatory stipulations or legal implications (e.g., European Directive 2010/63/EU) presented in this article. AAALAC International considers the information regarding the humane care of cephalopods, including capture, transport, housing, handling, disease detection/ prevention/treatment, survival surgery, husbandry and euthanasia of these sentient and highly intelligent invertebrate marine animals to be appropriate to apply during site visits. Although there are no current regulations or guidelines requiring oversight of the use of invertebrate species in research, teaching or testing in many countries, adhering to the principles of the 3Rs, justifying their use for research, commitment of appropriate resources and institutional oversight (IACUC or equivalent oversight body) is recommended for research activities involving these species. Clarification: Page 13 (4.2, Monitoring water quality) suggests that seawater parameters should be monitored and recorded at least daily, and that recorded information concerning the parameters that are monitored should be stored for at least 5 years. -
On Mesoplodon Carlhubbsi (Cetacea: Ziphiidae)
t Biological Observations on Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) WL JAMES G. MEAD, WILLIA\N M A. WALKER, and WARREN J. HOUCK 1 m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 344 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. -
Cephalopods in the Diet of Swordfish (Xiphias Gladius)
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa Cephalopods in the Diet of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Caught off the West Coast of Baja California, Mexico1 Unai Markaida2,3 and F. G. Hochberg4 Abstract: The lower beaks of 1,318 cephalopods from the stomach contents of 175 swordfish, Xiphias gladius, caught off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico, between 1988 and 1996 were analyzed. In total, 20 species of teuthoids, 4 octopods, and one vampyromorph were identified. Weights and lengths of cephalopods were estimated from the lower rostral lengths. Ommastrephid squids, primarily jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas of different maturing sizes, com- posed 60% by number and 82% by estimated weight. Three species of gonatids were identified and represented 22% by number. An unidentified species of Argonauta was the most abundant octopod, with 5.8% of the beak total. Ancis- trocheirus lesueurii is recorded for the first time in the California Current. Dis- tribution of cephalopods in the California Current and their size in the diet of other marine predators are discussed. The diet of swordfish was dominated by medium to large muscular squid species that probably are eaten in surface waters at night. Clarke (1966) noted that marine predators of these mollusks. Information on oceanic prey on species of cephalopods that often are cephalopods in the diet of marine predators poorly known. In fact, the study of cephalo- in the California Current and northeastern pod remains in the stomach contents of ma- Pacific Ocean has come principally from rine predators has contributed greatly to our studies on marine mammals, mainly odonto- knowledge of the distribution and ecology cetes or toothed whales and pinnipeds. -
Black-Footed Albatross Phoebastria Nigripes
Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes Albatros à pieds noirs / Albatros à pattes noires Albatros de patas negras CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ENDANGERED VULNERABLE NEAR THREATENED LEAST CONCERN NOT LISTED Sometimes referred to as Black Albatross Black Gooney Ka‟upu TAXONOMY Order: Procellariiformes Photo © Maura Naughton, USFWS Family: Diomedeidae Genus: Phoebastria CONSERVATION LISTINGS AND PLANS Species: P. nigripes International . Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels – Annex 1 Originally described as Diomedea [7] nigripes (Audubon 1839), this . 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Endangered [8] species was placed by Mathews . Convention on Migratory Species - Appendix II (listed as Diomedea (1934) in Phoebastria and then nigripes) [9] back in Diomedea in 1948 [1, 2]. USA - Canada Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds [10] Phylogenetic analysis of cyt-b . USA - Mexico Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and gene sequences, supported the Game Mammals (family Diomedeidae listed) [11] former designation of the genus . USA - Japan Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Phoebastria [3], a classification that Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment (listed as was subsequently adopted by the Diomedea nigripes) [12] AOU [4]. There are no recognized . USA - Russia Convention Concerning the Conservation of Migratory subspecies [5], but a recent study Birds and Their Environment (listed as Diomedea nigripes) [13] based on cyt-b mtDNA revealed . Japan - China Agreement Protecting Migratory Birds and their significant genetic differentiation Habitats (listed as Diomedea nigripes) [14] between Hawaiian and Japanese . Conservation Action Plan for Black-footed Albatross and Laysan breeding populations [6]. Albatross [15] Canada . Migratory Bird Convention Act [16] . -
Cephalopod Remains from Stomachs of Sperm Whales
CEPHALOPOD REMAINS FROM STOMACHS OF SPERM WHALES THAT MASS-STRANDED ON THE OREGON COAST A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Califomia State University, Stanislaus through Moss Landing Marine Laboratories In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mmine Science By Theresa Friend January 2004 DEDICATION To my partner and source of strength and love, without whose constant support and patience this project would not have happened. Thank you for believing in me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In an undertaking such as this there are so many people to thank. First, I sincerely thank my committee members, Dr. James Harvey, Dr. Pamela Roe, Dr. Gregor Cailliet and Dr. Stacy Kim for their guidance, support, helpfi.1l comments and encouragement. Jim, thank you for the second chance when my first project fell through. I especially thank Dr. Roe for her countless trips to the graduate office to ensure that all of the proper paperwork was in place and for the many phone calls of encouragement when I was sure that this project would not happen. A very special thanks goes to Bill Walker for his immense generosity in helping to identify and verify cephalopod beaks and in training me to identify beaks. It was a tremendous experience. My deepest appreciation goes out to my mom, dad and brother for their constant support and love. Much love and thanks also go out to my extended family (Autumn, Jane, Tam, Kat, and Tom) without whose encouragement and many, many hours of beak measurements, data entry and library searches this project would not have happened.