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Out-Of-School Children: a Contemporary View from the Pacific Island Countries of the Commonwealth

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Out-Of-School Children: a Contemporary View from the Pacific Island Countries of the Commonwealth C O L C O L Out-of-School Children: A Contemporary View from the Pacific Island Countries of the Commonwealth Sharishna Narayan With support from Tony Mays Som Naidu Kirk Perris Out-of-School Children: A Contemporary View from the Pacific Island Countries of the Commonwealth Sharishna Narayan With support from Tony Mays Som Naidu Kirk Perris The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of knowledge, resources and technologies in open learning and distance education. Commonwealth of Learning, 2021 © 2021 by the Commonwealth of Learning. Out-of-School Children: A Contemporary View from the Pacific Island Countries of the Commonwealth is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. For avoidance of doubt, by applying this licence, the Commonwealth of Learning does not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that they may be entitled to assert, nor does the Commonwealth of Learning submit itself to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction. ISBN: 978-1-7772648-4-0 Cover photo: M M from Switzerland, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons Published by: COMMONWEALTH OF LEARNING 4710 Kingsway, Suite 2500 Burnaby, British Columbia Canada V5H 4M2 Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Web: www.col.org Email: [email protected] Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................ viii Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................... ix 1. Overview ..................................................................................................... 1 Exploratory Study of Out-of-School Children (OOSC) in the Pacific: 2. Fiji .............................................................................................................. 35 3. Kiribati....................................................................................................... 51 4. Nauru ........................................................................................................ 68 5. Papua New Guinea .................................................................................. 81 6. Samoa ....................................................................................................... 96 7. Solomon Islands .................................................................................... 118 8. Tonga ...................................................................................................... 134 9. Tuvalu ...................................................................................................... 148 10. Vanuatu ................................................................................................... 159 Afterword ................................................................................................ 176 iii Figures Figure 1: The Scale of the OOSC Challenge in the PICs ........................................10 Figure 2: Reasons for Dropping Out of School....................................................... 11 Figure 3: Strategies to Help Children Who Are Struggling .....................................14 Figure 4: Second-Chance Opportunities and Alternative Pathways .....................15 Figure 5: Teachers’ Professional Development to Prevent Dropouts .................... 17 Figure 6: ICTs for Effective Learning Environments ................................................18 Figure 7: Factors that Influence the Use of ICTs in Schools ...................................19 Figure 8: Map of Fiji .................................................................................................36 Figure 9: Out-of-School Children at the Primary Level in Fiji .................................40 Figure 10: Out-of-School Children, Primary, Male and Female in Fiji ....................40 Figure 11: Map of Kiribati .........................................................................................52 Figure 12: Survival Rates at Primary Level and Transition to Secondary Levels in Kiribati ...........................................................................................55 Figure 13: Proportion of Certified and Qualified Teachers in Kiribati, 2013-2016 ....62 Figure 14: Map of Nauru ..........................................................................................69 Figure 15: GER for Pre-Primary Education in Nauru, 2012–2016 ...........................72 Figure 16: NER for Pre-Primary Education in Nauru, 2012–2016 ...........................72 Figure 17: GER and NER for Secondary Education in Nauru ................................. 74 Figure 18: Map of Papua New Guinea ....................................................................82 Figure 19: Net Enrolment Rate by Sector and Year in Papua New Guinea, 2010–2016 ...................................................................................................85 Figure 20: Map of Samoa ........................................................................................97 Figure 21: Map of the Solomon Islands ................................................................ 119 Figure 22: Map of Tonga ........................................................................................135 Figure 23: Map of Tuvalu .......................................................................................149 Figure 24: Map of Vanuatu .....................................................................................160 Figure 25: Trends in OOSC Rates in Vanuatu .......................................................165 iv Tables Table 1: Enrolment Rates in Schools in PICs ............................................................4 Table 2: Demographic Figures in the PICs ................................................................5 Table 3: Accessibility: Provision of Education in the Nine PICs of the Commonwealth ...........................................................................................13 Table 4: Educational Status by Geographic Sector in Fiji ......................................39 Table 5: The At-School Population by Sex and Geographic Sector in Fiji .............39 Table 6: Enrolment Rates/Ratios for 2016 in Fiji .....................................................39 Table 7: Qualified Teachers in Fiji ............................................................................41 Table 8: Statistics on Internet Use in 2019 in Fiji.....................................................42 Table 9: School Enrolment in Kiribati ......................................................................54 Table 10: School Enrolment and GPI in Kiribati ......................................................55 Table 11: Access to ECE in Kiribati ..........................................................................56 Table 12: Participation in Organised Learning in Kiribati ........................................56 Table 13: Progression from Preschool to Primary School in Kiribati .....................57 Table 14: NIR in Primary School in Kiribati ..............................................................57 Table 15: Primary School Attendance and OOSC in Kiribati, 2018–2019 ..............58 Table 16: Junior Secondary Attendance vs OOSC, in Kiribati, 2018-2019 ............58 Table 17: Senior Secondary Attendance vs OOSC in Kiribati, 2018–2019 ............59 Table 18: Gross Intake, Completion and Effective Transition Rates, in Kiribati, 2018–2019 ...................................................................................................60 Table 19: Reasons for Not Attending School in Kiribati, 2018–2019 ......................61 Table 20: Key ICT Statistics for Kiribati, 2018 –2019 ...............................................63 Table 21: Out-of-School Children in Nauru .............................................................71 Table 22: GER for Primary Education in Nauru, 2012–2016 ...................................73 Table 23: Progress and Completion Rates in Nauru .............................................. 74 Table 24: Overview of Teachers in Nauru, 2014–2017 (EMIS 2018) ........................75 Table 25: Access to ICT Services in Nauru .............................................................75 Table 26: School Population by Sectors in Papua New Guinea ............................84 Table 27: Enrolment in Pre-Primary Education in Papua New Guinea, 2016 .........86 Table 28: Enrolment in Primary Education in Papua New Guinea, 2012, 2016 ......86 Table 29: Enrolment in Secondary Education in Papua New Guinea, 2012, 2016 (%) .............................................................................................87 v Table 30: Out-of-School Children at Primary Level in Papua New Guinea............87 Table 31: Progress and Completion Rates in Papua New Guinea .........................87 Table 32: Qualified Teachers by Sex and Sector in Papua New Guinea ...............88 Table 33: ICT Infrastructure in Papua New Guinea.................................................88 Table 34: Transition Rates by Sector and Sex in Papua New Guinea ....................89 Table 35: School Attendance in Samoa, 2016 ........................................................99 Table 36: School Enrolment in Samoa 2018, 2019 ...............................................100 Table 37: School Attendance and Disability
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