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SERVICE (Aerospace Corp.', ,E' SERVICE(NIASA-cx-152005) (Aerospace ACorp.', STUDY ,E'"OF OMMUIXeduna-P CAIR N7721l Clif.) 100. p HC A05/9; A04. SC 01C Uca G3/03 37064 / A • HEAEROSPACE CORPORATION NASA CR- 152005 A STUDY OF COMMUTER AIR SERVICE By F.W. Belina and L.R. Bush June 1977 f Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Prepared under Contract No. NASZ-9380 by THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION El Segundo, California for AMES RESEARCH CENTER NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE SPRINGFIELD, V 22161M A STUDY OF COMMUTER AIR SERVICE Approved by S. Sokoisky, Director H. Bernstein, Group Director, Systems Planning Off e, Transportation Grou Transportation Group ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appreciation is extended to Mr. Thomas Galloway, NASA Technical Monitor and Mr. Mark Waters, NASA Alternate Technical Monitor for their assistance and guidance during the study. Of special importance, however, were the contributions of Messrs. Tom Miles and Martin Macy of the Commuter Airline Association of America and the key personnel of the following commuter and certificated air carriers: Air Carolina Metro Airlines Air Midwest (Certificated) Midstate Airlines Air New England (Certificated) New England Airlines Air Wisconsin Pilgrim Airlines Alaska Aeronautical Puerto Rico International Airlines Altair Airlines Rio Airways Antilles Air Boats Rocky Mountain Airways Atlantic City Airlines Royal Hawaiian Airways Bar Harbor Airlines Scenic Airlines Cascade Airways Seaplane Shuttle Transport Catalina Airlines SMB Stagelines Cochise Airlines Swift Aire Lines Cumberland Airlines Sky West Aviation Execuair Airlines Suburban Airlines Florida Airlines Tyee Airlines Golden West Airlines Zia Airlines Without their excellent cooperation, this study would not have been possible. F.W. Belina Project Manager L.R. Bush Associate Project Manager TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS .......................... v LIST OF' TABLES ...................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ ix GLOSSARY ............................................. x 1. SUMMARY ................................................ 1 A. Market, Route, and Service Characteristics ..................................... 2 B. Current and Desired Aircraft Characteristics ..................................... 2 C. Operational Reliability and Safety .................... 3 D. Airport Needs ................. .................... 4 E. Economic Characteristics ........................... 4 F. Institutional Issues .................................. 5 II. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 6 Ill. STUDY METHODS ........................................ 10 A. Operator Interviews ................................ 10 B. Government/Industry Association Interviews and Literature Surveys .................. 15 IV. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW .................................. 16 V. MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ...................................... 24 A. General Market, Route, and Service Features ................................... 24 B. Regional Market Analysis ............................ 27 C. Patronage .......................................... 30 D. Regional Survey Summary Data ..................... 34 VI. AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ............................ 42 A. Current Aircraft ................................... 42 B. Future Aircraft ................................... 43 C. Individual Survey Data ............................... 48 -iii­ TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) PAGE VII. OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY AND SAFETY ................................................ 56 A. Reliability ......................................... 56 B. Safety . ............................................ 56 VIII. AIRPORT NEEDS ....................................... 64 A. Community Airports ................................ 64 B. Hub Terminal Facilities ............................ 65 IX. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS .......................... 67 A. General ........................................... 67 B. Regional Economic Characteristics .................. 69 X. INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES .................................. 76 A. General ............................................76 B. Regional Survey Results ............................ 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 88 - lv­ METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS Approximate Conversions to Metric Measures Approximate Conversions from Metric Measures Symbol When You Know Multiply by To find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH Lmmnillimeters 0.04 inches in iiicn centimeters 0.4 inches o. inm motors 3.3 fost It t feetrs 1 1 yards yd ft foot 30 cofltetrs cm km ktroneters 0.6 moles ml yd yards 0.9 meters n mlleo 1.6 kommeners k.s "______- _AREA AREA 2 o. equin______ cm square centimeters 0.16 square inches oni 2 nno square inches 6.5 s qu are qusro meters 1.2 squa, yards yd 2 2 2 kM square kioneters 0.4 squaremiles m 2 square fest 0.09 square motors 2 2 ) yd square yards 0.0 sqare mtrse m 2 I a hecoarca (10.000 n. 2.5 acres 2 Co square miles 2.6 square lloneters km acres 0.4 hectares sa MASS (weight) MASS (weight) 0.035 ounces .1 ounces 28ms n - _ __ g grams pounds 0.45 kloiams - kg loran's 2 2 pouds lb lb pg tnses (1000kel 1.1 shor tns. short tons 0.9 onoes t VOLUME _ _ _ _ VOLUME 0 03 luodounces ft os tspTsp taesteaspoons p0s 155 nihloersmilliliters nolmnlll~loesr ____"____ ­ I liers 2.1 pis Pt The, tablespooens 15 mnnhlllr l er. 2. rnsl tic fluid ounces 30 hihlutors ml I1O liters 1.06 quas qot cups .4 liters I- liters 026 gallOns Oat se.t its pe plots 0.47 liters asm 3 cubic melers 35 cubic 3 1 3 cubic yards y q quarts 0.95 liters no cubic moners oat3 .flrons 3.8 liters 3 m _ fi 3 cubic loot 0 03 cubic meters 3 y cubic yards 0.76 cubic moers m o TEMPERATURE (exact) 5 TEMPERATURE (exact) a. c Celsius 9/5 (then Fahrenheit 'F - temprair add 32) temperature Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celius C temperalure subtracting tOperature OF 321 OF 32 98.6 212 .lin 2 54 1o aCllv Fu ieot' 1C ICeOsera-oouiidninioi lots edlables eeo SEta]i Pbl 2 &o. tI'00 I0 I 20 Cl 20 04n uits o ae,g soa venesur P , S2 25 SO Cailoa No 3 1,so. Of 37 TABLES PAGE I REGULATORY OVERVIEW ............................. 8 II COMMUTER AND CERTIFICATED AIRLINE CONTACTS ................................... 11 III INTERVIEW DISCUSSION TOPICS ...................... 12 IV COMMUTER AIRLINE SURVEY ......................... 14 V THE COMMUTER AIR CARRIER INDUSTRY . ......................................... 17 VI THE COMMUTER AIR CARRIER INDUSTRY ............................................ 18 VII NATIONAL COMMUTER DATA (1975) .............................................. 20 VIII NATIONAL COMMUTER DATA (1975) .............................................. 21 IX NATIONAL COMMUTER DATA ........................ 22 X REPRESENTATIVE COMMUTER AIRCRAFT ........................................... 23 XI TYPICAL COMMU TER MARKET CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 25 Xii TYPICAL COMMUTER ROUTE STRUCTURES . ...................................... 28' XIII AIRLINES SURVEYED BY MARKET TYPE - AVERAGE STAGE LENGTH .......................... 31 XIV AIRLINES SURVEYED BY MARKET TYPE - MARKET "RULES OF THUMB"........................ 32 XV NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ................ 35 XVI MID-ATLANTIC REGION MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ..................... 36 XVII MIDWEST REGION MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ..................... 37 XvIII WEST REGION MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ................... .. 38 XvIII WEST REGION MARKET AND PATRONA GE CHARACTERISTICS (CONT'D) .. ......................................... 39 -- vi­ TABLES (CONT'D) PAGE XD( SOUTHERN REGION MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARACTERISTICS ................... 40 XX NON-CONUS AND CARIBBEAN REGION MARKET AND PATRONAGE CHARAC- TERISTICS . ....................................... 41 XXI AIRLINES SURVEYED BY MARKET TYPE - CURRENT AIRCRAFT ....................... 44 XXII SUMMARY OF DESIRED AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ............................... 46 XXIII NEW ENGLAND REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ................................. 49 XXIV MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION AIR- CRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ....................... 50 XXV MIDWEST REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ................................. 51 XXVI WESTERN REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 52 XXVII WESTERN REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS (CONT'D) ........................ 53 XXVIII SOUTHERN REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ............................... 54 XXIX NON-CONUS AND CARIBBEAN REGION AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS ................... 55 XXX REGION COMPLETION FACTOR STATISTICS ........ 57 XXXI AIRLINE ACCIDENT STATISTICS, 1969 ­ 1974 ........................................ 59 XXXII U.S. COMMUTER CARRIERS ACCIDENTS, ACCIDENT RATES AND FATALITIES - YEARS 1975 VS. 1976 ................................ 60 XXXIII COMMUTER AIRLINE ACCIDENT STATISTICS, 1973- 1975 ............................. 61 XXXIV COMMUTER AIRLINE FATAL ACCIDENTS IN PASSENGER OPERATIONS - 1973 THROUGH 1975 .. ................................... 63 XXXV AIRLINES SURVEYED BY MARKET TYPE AIRCRAFT ECONOMICS ........................... 70 -vrii­ TABLES (CONT'D) PAGE XXXVI AIRCRAFT OPERATING COSTS ..................... 71 XXXVII AIRLINES SURVEYED BY MARKET TYPE LOWEST GAS PRICE ($/GAL) ........................ 74 XXXVIII
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