Show Business: Deixis in Fifth-Century Athenian Drama
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Givenness and Its Realization in a Linguistic and in a Non- Linguistic Environment
VILNIUS PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY NATALIJA ZACHAROVA GIVENNESS AND ITS REALIZATION IN A LINGUISTIC AND IN A NON- LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT MA Paper Academic advisor: prof. Dr. Hab. Laimutis Valeika Vilnius, 2008 VILNIUS PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY GIVENNESS AND ITS REALIZATION IN A LINGUISTIC AND IN A NON- LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT This MA paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of the MA in English Philology By Natalija Zacharova I declare that this study is my own and does not contain any unacknowledged work from any source. (Signature) (Date) Academic advisor: prof. Dr. Hab. Laimutis Valeika (Signature) (Date) Vilnius, 2008 2 CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….4 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………...5 1. THE PROBLEMS OF THE INFORMATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE ……………………………………………………………….8 1.1. The sentence as dialectical entity of given and new……………………...8 1.2. Givenness vs. Newnness………………………………………………….11 1.3. The realization of Givenness……………………………………………..12 1.4. Givenness expressed by the definite article ……………………………..15 1.5. Givenness expressed by the indefinite article…………………………….19 1.6. Givenness expressed by semi-grammatical definite determiners and lexical determiners………………………………………………………..20 2. THE REALIZATION OF GIVENNESS IN A LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………………………21 2.1. Anaphoric Givenness………………………………………………………22 2.2. Cataphoric Givenness……………………………………………………...29 2.3. Givenness expressed by the use of the indefinite article…………………..30 3. THE REALIZATION OF GIVENNESS IN A NON- LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………………………..32 3. 1. The environment of the home……………………………………………...33 3.2. The environment of the town/country, world………………………………35 3.3. The environment of the universe…………………………………………....37 3.4. Cultural environment……………………………………………………….38 4. -
Cross-Dialectal Variability in Propositional Anaphora: a Quantitative and Pragmatic Study of Null Objects in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish
CROSS-DIALECTAL VARIABILITY IN PROPOSITIONAL ANAPHORA: A QUANTITATIVE AND PRAGMATIC STUDY OF NULL OBJECTS IN MEXICAN AND PENINSULAR SPANISH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Maria Asela Reig, PhD The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Professor Scott A. Schwenter, Adviser Approved by Professor Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza Professor Terrell Morgan Professor Rena Torres-Cacoullos ________________________ Adviser Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I analyze the linguistic constraints that condition the variation in Spanish between the null pronoun and the clitic lo referring to a proposition. Previous literature on Spanish has analyzed null objects referring to first order entities, mostly in varieties in contact with other languages. This dissertation contributes to the literature on anaphora in Spanish by establishing and analyzing the existence of propositional null objects in two monolingual dialects, Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. A variationist approach was used to discover the significant constraints on the variation of the null pronoun and the overt clitic lo in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. Following the generalizations from the previous literature on two separate areas of study, anaphora resolution and null objects (Chapter 2), several internal factor groups were included in the coding scheme. In Chapter 3, I provide an explicit statement of the envelope of variation and I specify the coding scheme employed. Chapter 4 offers the results of the multivariate analyses of Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. These results show that some of the linguistic constraints conditioning the variation are shared by both dialects (presence of a dative pronoun, type ii of antecedent, sentence type), suggesting that the null pronoun has the same grammatical role in both dialects. -
Exophoric and Endophoric Awareness
Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume.8 Number3 September 2017 Pp. 28-45 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no3.3 Exophoric and Endophoric Awareness Mohammad Awwad Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences Lebanese University, Deanship Dekweneh , Beirut, Lebanon Abstract This research aims to shed light on the impact of exophoric and endophoric instruction on the comprehension (decoding) skills, writing (encoding skills), and linguistic awareness of English as Foreign Language learners. In this line, a mixed qualitative quantitative approach was conducted over a period of fifteen weeks on sixty English major students enrolled in their first year at the Lebanese University, fifth branch. The sixty participants were divided into two groups (30 experimental) that benefited from instruction on exophoric and endophoric relations and (30 control) that did not have the opportunity to study referents in the designated period of the research. The participants sat for a reading and writing pretest at the beginning of the study; and they sat again for the same reading and writing assessment at the end of the study. The results of the pre and post tests for both groups were analyzed via SPSS program and findings were as follows: hypothesis one stating that students who are aware of endophoric and exophoric relations are likely to achieve better results in decoding a text than are their peers who receive no referential instruction, was accepted with significant findings. Hypothesis two stating that students who are aware of endophoric and exophoric relations are likely to perform better in writing than their peers who receive no referential instruction , was accepted with significant findings. -
II Levels of Language
II Levels of language 1 Phonetics and phonology 1.1 Characterising articulations 1.1.1 Consonants 1.1.2 Vowels 1.2 Phonotactics 1.3 Syllable structure 1.4 Prosody 1.5 Writing and sound 2 Morphology 2.1 Word, morpheme and allomorph 2.1.1 Various types of morphemes 2.2 Word classes 2.3 Inflectional morphology 2.3.1 Other types of inflection 2.3.2 Status of inflectional morphology 2.4 Derivational morphology 2.4.1 Types of word formation 2.4.2 Further issues in word formation 2.4.3 The mixed lexicon 2.4.4 Phonological processes in word formation 3 Lexicology 3.1 Awareness of the lexicon 3.2 Terms and distinctions 3.3 Word fields 3.4 Lexicological processes in English 3.5 Questions of style 4 Syntax 4.1 The nature of linguistic theory 4.2 Why analyse sentence structure? 4.2.1 Acquisition of syntax 4.2.2 Sentence production 4.3 The structure of clauses and sentences 4.3.1 Form and function 4.3.2 Arguments and complements 4.3.3 Thematic roles in sentences 4.3.4 Traces 4.3.5 Empty categories 4.3.6 Similarities in patterning Raymond Hickey Levels of language Page 2 of 115 4.4 Sentence analysis 4.4.1 Phrase structure grammar 4.4.2 The concept of ‘generation’ 4.4.3 Surface ambiguity 4.4.4 Impossible sentences 4.5 The study of syntax 4.5.1 The early model of generative grammar 4.5.2 The standard theory 4.5.3 EST and REST 4.5.4 X-bar theory 4.5.5 Government and binding theory 4.5.6 Universal grammar 4.5.7 Modular organisation of language 4.5.8 The minimalist program 5 Semantics 5.1 The meaning of ‘meaning’ 5.1.1 Presupposition and entailment 5.2 -
Minimal Pronouns, Logophoricity and Long-Distance Reflexivisation in Avar
Minimal pronouns, logophoricity and long-distance reflexivisation in Avar* Pavel Rudnev Revised version; 28th January 2015 Abstract This paper discusses two morphologically related anaphoric pronouns inAvar (Avar-Andic, Nakh-Daghestanian) and proposes that one of them should be treated as a minimal pronoun that receives its interpretation from a λ-operator situated on a phasal head whereas the other is a logophoric pro- noun denoting the author of the reported event. Keywords: reflexivity, logophoricity, binding, syntax, semantics, Avar 1 Introduction This paper has two aims. One is to make a descriptive contribution to the crosslin- guistic study of long-distance anaphoric dependencies by presenting an overview of the properties of two kinds of reflexive pronoun in Avar, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken natively by about 700,000 people mostly living in the North East Caucasian republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. The other goal is to highlight the relevance of the newly introduced data from an understudied lan- guage to the theoretical debate on the nature of reflexivity, long-distance anaphora and logophoricity. The issue at the heart of this paper is the unusual character of theanaphoric system in Avar, which is tripartite. (1) is intended as just a preview with more *The present material was presented at the Utrecht workshop The World of Reflexives in August 2011. I am grateful to the workshop’s audience and participants for their questions and comments. I am indebted to Eric Reuland and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on the first draft, as well as to Yakov Testelets for numerous discussions of anaphora-related issues inAvar spanning several years. -
Deixis in the Song Lyrics of One Direction
AICLL Annual International Conference on Language and Literature (AICLL) Volume 2021 Conference Paper Deixis in the Song Lyrics of One Direction Savitri Rahmadany and Rahmad Husein Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia ORCID: Savitri Rahmadany: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2729-2969 Abstract This study aimed to investigate the types of deixis used in the song lyrics of One Direction, to find out the dominant types used and to describe the semantic meaning of the deixis. The song lyrics are associated with deixis since they express the singer’s or song writer’s feelings or emotions represented by some expressions of human thoughts, ideas and opinions. This study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative research design. The data were obtained from five songs of One Direction entitled Up All Night, Change My Mind, Everything about You, Little Things, and Right Now. Three types of deixis were found in the five songs and there were 108 deixis found in the lyrics. Person deixis was investigated as the most dominant type used Corresponding Author: in the lyrics. All deixis had their semantic meanings based on the situations of the songs. Savitri Rahmadany [email protected] Keywords: Deixis, Song, Lyrics, Semantics. Published: 11 March 2021 Publishing services provided by Knowledge E Savitri Rahmadany and Rahmad Husein. This article is 1. Introduction distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Along with the development of the era of music in society music has been transformed Attribution License, which into a commercial entertainment or economic goods. Music is a social or cultural tool permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the that contains thoughts, ideas, opinions, of human beings, as outlined in the forms of original author and source are song lyrics. -
DEIXIS and SPATIAL ORIENTATION in ROUTE DIRECTIONS Wolfgang
DEIXIS AND SPATIAL ORIENTATION IN ROUTE DIRECTIONS Wolfgang Klein Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik Nijmegen, Netherlands Allwo dort die schönen Trompeten blasen, Da ist mein Haus, mein Haus von grünem Rasen. INTRODUCTION All natural languages allow reference to places, ex pression of spatial relations and localization of objects and events. The specific devices which they have developed to that purpose vary considerably. This may also be true for the underlying concept of space (Malotki, 1979), but there are some general features, as well. Two of them are particularly relevant to the question of how human exper ience is reflected in language structure. First, place ref erence, or local reference, is typically not obligatory. Its expression or lack thereof is left up to the speaker. Temporal reference, on the other hand, is very often obli gatory. It is a built-in feature of many languages. With a a few exceptions, utterances in these languages will be "tensed." Second, all languages exhibit two strategies of local (and often other) reference, one of them rooted in the actual speech situation (deictic reference) and the other one not. I have nothing to say here about the asymmetry between temporal and local reference, except that it is a mystery and casts some doubt on the truism that time and space are equally fundamental categories of human experience : at least, the marks they have left in the structure of very many languages, including the familiar Indoeuropean 283 languages, are not equally deep.1 The difference between deictic and non-deictic reference is best exemplified by two series of expressions. -
Anaphoric Reference to Propositions
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE TO PROPOSITIONS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Todd Nathaniel Snider December 2017 c 2017 Todd Nathaniel Snider ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANAPHORIC REFERENCE TO PROPOSITIONS Todd Nathaniel Snider, Ph.D. Cornell University 2017 Just as pronouns like she and he make anaphoric reference to individuals, English words like that and so can be used to refer anaphorically to a proposition introduced in a discourse: That’s true; She told me so. Much has been written about individual anaphora, but less attention has been paid to propositional anaphora. This dissertation is a com- prehensive examination of propositional anaphora, which I argue behaves like anaphora in other domains, is conditioned by semantic factors, and is not conditioned by purely syntactic factors nor by the at-issue status of a proposition. I begin by introducing the concepts of anaphora and propositions, and then I discuss the various words of English which can have this function: this, that, it, which, so, as, and the null complement anaphor. I then compare anaphora to propositions with anaphora in other domains, including individual, temporal, and modal anaphora. I show that the same features which are characteristic of these other domains are exhibited by proposi- tional anaphora as well. I then present data on a wide variety of syntactic constructions—including sub- clausal, monoclausal, multiclausal, and multisentential constructions—noting which li- cense anaphoric reference to propositions. On the basis of this expanded empirical do- main, I argue that anaphoric reference to a proposition is licensed not by any syntactic category or movement but rather by the operators which take propositions as arguments. -
Antar Solhy Abdellah Publication Date: 2007 Source: CDELT (Centre for Developing English Language Teaching) Occasional Papers, January (2007) [Egypt]
Title: “English Majors’ errors in translating Arabic Endophora; Analysis and Remedy” Author: Antar Solhy Abdellah Publication date: 2007 Source: CDELT (Centre for Developing English Language Teaching) Occasional Papers, January (2007) [Egypt]. ENGLISH MAJORS' ERRORS IN TRANSLATING ARABIC ENDOPHORA: ANALYSIS AND REMEDY Antar Solhy Abdellah Lecturer in TEFL Qena Faculty of Education, South Valley University- Egypt Abstract Egyptian English majors in the faculty of Education, South Valley university tend to mistranslate the plural inanimate Arabic pronoun with the singular inanimate English pronoun. A diagnostic test was designed to analyze this error. Results showed that a large number of students (first year and fourth year students) make this error, that the error becomes more common if the pronoun is cataphori rather than anaphori, and that the further the pronoun is from its antecedent the more students are apt to make the error. On the basis of these results, sources of the error are identified and remedial procedures are suggested. Abstract in Arabic تقوم الدراسة الحالية بتحليل أخطاء طﻻب شعبة اللغة اﻹنجليزية )الفرقة اﻷولى والرابعة( في ترجمة ضمير جمع غير العاقل من العربية إلى اﻹنجليزية؛حيث يميل الطﻻب إلى استخدام ضمير غير العاقل المفرد في اﻹنجليزية بدﻻ من ضمير الجمع. تستخدم الدراسة اختبارا تشخيصيا يسعى للكشف عن نسبة شيوع الخطأ ومن ثم تحليله. أظهرت النتائج أن عددا كبيرا من طﻻب الفرقتين يرتكبون هذا الخطأ، وأن الخطأ يزداد إذا كان الضمير في موضع المتقدم أكثر مما إذا كان في موضع المتأخر، وأن الخطأ يزداد كلما بعد الضمير عن عائده. ثم تناولت الدراسة تحليﻻ لمصدر الخطأ وقدمت مقترحات لعﻻجه. INTRODUCTION 62 Students whose major is English in faculties of Education are faced with translation problems from the very start of their study. -
A Study of Deixis in Relation to Lyric Poetry by Keith Michael Charles Green
A Study of Deixis in Relation To Lyric Poetry by Keith Michael Charles Green Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. in the Department of English Language I , University of Sheffield October 1992 A STUDY OF DEIXIS IN RELATION TO LYRIC POETRY KEITH MICHAEL CHARLES GREEN SUMMARY This thesis is an examination of the role of deixis in a specific literary genre, the lyric poem. Deixis is seen as not only a fundamental aspect of human discourse, but the prime function in the construction of 'world-view' and the expression of subjective reference. In the first part of the thesis current problems in deictic theory are explored and the relationship between deixis and context is clarified. A methodology for the analysis of deixis in any given text is constructed and the pragmatics of the lyric poem described. The methodology is applied to detailed analyses of selected lyric poems of Vaughan, Wordsworth, Pound and Ashberry. There is a demonstration of how deixis contributes to the functioning of the poetic persona, and the changes in deixis occurring diachronically in the poetry are examined. In conclusion it is demonstrated that although deixis necessarily reflects the changing subjectivity of the poetic persona through time, there are many elements of deixis which are constant across historical and stylistic boundaries. There remains a tension between the constraints of the genre, the necessary functions of deixis and the shifting subjectivities which that deixis reflects. CONTENTS Page Chapter One: Deixis, Contexts and Literature 1 1. What is deixis? 1 2. The traditional categories 14 2.1 Time deixis 15 2.2 Place deixis 19 2.3 Person deixis 23 2.4 Social deixis 24 2.5 Discourse deixis 25 3. -
The Linguistic Categorization of Deictic Direction in Chinese – with Reference to Japanese – Christine Lamarre
The linguistic categorization of deictic direction in Chinese – With reference to Japanese – Christine Lamarre To cite this version: Christine Lamarre. The linguistic categorization of deictic direction in Chinese – With reference to Japanese –. Dan XU. Space in Languages of China, Springer, pp.69-97, 2008, 978-1-4020-8320-4. hal-01382316 HAL Id: hal-01382316 https://hal-inalco.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01382316 Submitted on 16 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Lamarre, Christine. 2008. The linguistic categorization of deictic direction in Chinese — With reference to Japanese. In Dan XU (ed.) Space in languages of China: Cross-linguistic, synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer, pp.69-97. THE LINGUISTIC CATEGORIZATION OF DEICTIC DIRECTION IN CHINESE —— WITH REFERENCE TO JAPANESE —— Christine Lamarre, University of Tokyo Abstract This paper discusses the linguistic categorization of deictic direction in Mandarin Chinese, with reference to Japanese. It focuses on the following question: to what extent should the prevalent bimorphemic (nondeictic + deictic) structure of Chinese directionals be linked to its typological features as a satellite-framed language? We know from other satellite-framed languages such as English, Hungarian, and Russian that this feature is not necessarily directly connected to satellite-framed patterns. -
Publ 106271 Issue CH06 Page
REMARKS AND REPLIES 151 Focus on Cataphora: Experiments in Context Keir Moulton Queenie Chan Tanie Cheng Chung-hye Han Kyeong-min Kim Sophie Nickel-Thompson Since Chomsky 1976, it has been claimed that focus on a referring expression blocks coreference in a cataphoric dependency (*Hisi mother loves JOHNi vs. Hisi mother LOVES Johni). In three auditory experiments and a written questionnaire, we show that this fact does not hold when a referent is unambiguously established in the discourse (cf. Williams 1997, Bianchi 2009) but does hold otherwise, validating suggestions in Rochemont 1978, Horvath 1981, and Rooth 1985. The perceived effect of prosody, we argue, building on Williams’s original insight and deliberate experimental manipulation of Rochemont’s and Horvath’s examples, is due to the fact that deaccenting the R-expres- sion allows hearers to accommodate a salient referent via a ‘‘question under discussion’’ (Roberts 1996/2012, Rooth 1996), to which the pro- noun can refer in ambiguous or impoverished contexts. This heuristic is not available in the focus cases, and we show that participants’ interpretation of the pronoun is ambivalent here. Keywords: cataphora, focus, deaccenting, question under discussion 1 Focus and Cataphora Since Chomsky 1976, it has often been repeated that backward anaphora is blocked if the ‘‘anteced- ent’’ receives focus. This is illustrated by the purported contrast in the answers to the questions in (1). These examples, and judgments, are from Bianchi 2009.1 (1) a. As for John, who does his wife really love? ?*Hisi wife loves JOHNi. b. As for John, I believe his wife hates him.