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2 Analize • For our comrade Ivan Radenković Publisher: Center CZKD - Center for Cultural Decontamination Birčaninova 21, Belgrade For the publisher: Borka Pavićević Editors: Vida Knežević, Marko Miletić Technical editor: Anica Stojanović Introduction: Vida Knežević and Marko Miletić Analyses: Domagoj Mihaljević, Artan Sadiku, Mario Reljanović, Borovo Group (Sven Cvek, Snježana Ivčić, Jasna Račić), Lidija K. Radojević and Ana Podvršič, Boris Postnikov, Iskra Krstić, Ivan Radenković and Maja Solar, Ivana Vaseva, Isidora Ilić and Boško Prostran (Doplgenger), Rade Pantić, Ines Tanović and Boriša Mraović (Crvena), Tanja Vukša and Vladimir Simović Research and art works: Borovo Group (Sven Cvek, Snježana Ivčić, Jasna Račić), Mario Reljanović, Srđan Kovačević, The Workers’ Video Club – Zrenjanin, Lidija Radojević and Ana Podvršič, Boris Postnikov, Vigan Nimani, Iskra Krstić, Irena Pejić, Milivoje Krivokapić (Culture Center Punkt), Milica Lupšor, Bojan Mrđenović, Filip Jovanovski, Contemporary Art Center of Montenegro (Nađa Baković), Doplgenger, Crvena, Majlinda Hoxha, Miloš Miletić and Mirjana Radovanović (KURS) Translation and proofreading: Novica Petrović, Andrew Hodges, Jelena Mandić, Elizabeta Bakovska, Iskra Krstić Design and layout: Andreja Mirić This publication is illustrated with details from exhibition visualizations by KURS (Miloš Miletić and Mirjana Radovanović) Printed by: Standard 2, Belgrade Print run: 600 We Have Built Cities for You On the contradictions of Yugoslav socialism Belgrade, 2018 6 Introduction: 11 ..... Vida Knežević and Marko Miletić, We Have Built Cities for You: On the Contradictions of Yugoslav Socialism Analyses: 29 ..... Domagoj Mihaljević, In search for the lost future 47 ..... Artan Sadiku, From the Core to the Periphery: On the Aesthetic Form of Workers 61 ..... Mario Reljanović, The normative position of trade unions and the ideals of selfmanagement 81 ..... Borovo Group (Sven Cvek, Snježana Ivčić, Jasna Račić), Labour, Class, Nation: Workers’ Strikes in Croatia in the Year 1990 97 ..... Lidija K. Radojević and Ana Podvršič, The Slovenian Youth and the Neoliberalisation of Yugoslavia: From Alternative Movements to the Liberal Third Bloc 115 ..... Boris Postnikov, “The Financial Aspect Is Truly Unimportant” A chronicle of the break-up of Yugoslavia viewed through ten NIN Awards 137 ..... Iskra Krstić, The Housing Policies in Yugoslavia 155 ..... Ivan Radenković and Maja Solar, From Arable Land through Socialist Industrialisation to the Dinner Table and Social Life 169 ..... Ivana Vaseva, “Red is our flag that proudly flutters in the wind” The Cultural Emancipation of Workers and the Labour Culture in “Astibo” Fashion Industry in Štip in the 1960s until the 1980s 187 ..... Isidora Ilić and Boško Prostran (Doplgenger), Yugoslav Socialism on Film: Yugoslav self-management and women 201 ..... Rade Pantić, From Culture during “Socialism” to Socialist Culture 219 ..... Ines Tanović and Boriša Mraović (Crvena), The Contradictions of the Break-up. The Working People, Organised Holidays and Indivisible Remains 235 ..... Tanja Vukša and Vladimir Simović, Contested Reproduction of Socialist Yugoslavia 7 Content Research and Art Works: 255 ..... Borovo Group (Sven Cvek, Snježana Ivčić, Jasna Račić), The Continuity of Social Conflicts in the 1988-1991 Period: the Borovo Combine 259 ..... Mario Reljanović, The Position of Trade Unions in the SFRY During the Second Half of the 1980s 263 ..... Srđan Kovačević, They are as strong as we are weak 267 ..... The Workers’ Video Club Zrenjanin,Abandoned Nests 271 ..... Lidija K. Radojević and Ana Podvršič, The Slovenian Youth and the Neoliberalisation of Yugoslavia: From Alternative Movements to the Liberal Third Bloc 275 ..... Boris Postnikov, “The Financial Aspect Is Truly Unimportant” A Chronicle of the Break-up of Yugoslavia viewed through Ten NIN Awards 279 ..... Vigan Nimani, Turning One View 283 ..... Iskra Krstić, The Housing Policies in Socialist Yugoslavia 287 ..... Irena Pejić, The Case of the Sarajevo Daily “Oslobođenje” 291 ..... Milivoje Krivokapić (Culture Center Punkt), Nikšić and Industrialisation – from an Industrial Centre to the Post-socialist Margin 295 ..... Milica Lupšor, The Industrial agricultural Combine Servo Mihalj from Zrenjanin – the Greatest Food Manufacturer in the SFRY 299 ..... Bojan Mrđenović, We Create Our Path Walking 303 ..... Filip Jovanovski, Textile and Sorrow: A Newspaper of the Working: People as a (Political) Space for Collective Action 307 ..... Contemporary Art Center of Montenegro, The Non-Aligned Countries’ Art Gallery “Josip Broz Tito” 311 ..... Doplgenger, Comrade Women 315 ..... Crvena, The Contradictions of the Break-up: The Working People, Organised Holidays and Indivisible Remains 319 ..... Majlinda Hoxha, Art in Grand Hotel 323 ..... Miloš Miletić and Mirjana Radovanović (KURS), From Text To Exhibition Didascalies: How To Visualize Research 9 Introduction Borovo workers’ protest in Belgrade, TANJUG 1988, Source: Archives of Yugoslavia, AJ-112-L-11703-148 11 Vida Knežević and Marko Miletić We Have Built Cities for You On the Contradictions of Yugoslav Socialism When, in the mid-1960’s, speaking of the position of workers, the then Chairman of the Association of the Trade Unions of Yugoslavia stat- ed that “If our workers’ situation is not good, let them go on strike!”, he had no inkling of the fact that, soon enough, that would become the real- ity of Yugoslavia. During the 1980’s, strikes became a regular occurrence in cities throughout the country. From “Trepča” to “TAM”, from “Labin” to “Zmaj” – working men and women went on strike demanding better working and living conditions, protesting against the austerity measures and the neoliberal restructuring of Yugoslavia, which was primarily sup- ported and pushed forward by the political and economic leadership. That is precisely what the exhibition and the publication entitled “We Have Built Cities for You” are about. They are about the contradic- tions of Yugoslav socialism, which were particularly manifest during the course of the 1980’s, and which led to the restoration of the capitalist system. However, the above-mentioned social processes did not unfold in a linear fashion or without resistance. Complex class-related forms of logic were involved, which collided and were engaged in conflicts, thus producing contradictory political-economic phenomena that it is neces- sary to investigate and overview anew. The question that arises is, why is this exhibition held today? Why is it essential today to reflect once again the problem of socialist Yugosla- via? And can this knowledge be of operative value for us when it comes to consider the contemporary socio-political situation? 12 Introduction • Vida Knežević and Marko Miletić Today, all the states established after the destruction of Yugoslavia are nationalist-capitalist in character, and neoliberal “transition” agendas carried out by the local regimes favour solely the logic of capital. The results of a decades-long process of transformation are most evident and measurable in the sphere of work – a total destruction of the labour structures and institutions of democratic management of the economy, masses of unemployed or poorly paid working men and women who fret over their existence on the periphery of the global capitalist system. From the Vardar River to Mt Triglav, a connection still exists, but it has been transformed into the trajectory of trading in misguided investments and a cheap labour force. In such a socio-political constellation, few actors represent the interests of workers, and the discourse on there being no alternatives to the system in which we live precludes the pondering of different social relations, outside of those that are connected with the capitalist manner of production. When, from a perspective delineated in this way, we return to the horizon of socialist Yugoslavia, a much more energetic and wave-making social dynamics emerges, simultaneously centripetal and centrifugal, re- quiring of us a more engaged thinking of the situation compared to the one offered to us in the existing history textbooks or the dominant world- views. Within that dynamics, the working class had a separate place of its own, with its complex logic, politics and aesthetics, whose horizon and projection were enabled by the antifascist struggle and socialist revolu- tion, led by the Communist Party. Such an emancipatory undertaking, which, in the years that followed, spread through the ideas of self-man- agement, a structurally democratic positioning when it came to partici- pating in the political life, social ownership of the means of production, and through stimulating educational, scientific and cultural activities, proved to be a dynamics that encompassed all the segments of society. The development that socialism made possible for Yugoslav socie- ty is seen more clearly when one takes into consideration the political and economic situation that preceded the world war. The Kingdom of Yugo- slavia was an undeveloped predominantly agricultural country, with over 76% of the population made up of peasants owning small plots of land, insufficient for creating production surpluses. Its industry was undevel- oped, with a very low level of productivity, concentrated in the northern parts of the country. In addition to this, the telecommunications and en- ergy infrastructure was lacking, and the undeveloped economy could not ensure the development of health care, education and culture. All of the above resulted