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Desarrollando La Cadena De Carne Vacuna Uruguaya

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Desarrollando La Cadena De Carne Vacuna Uruguaya RAC 1 DESARROLLANDO LA INIA 2 CADENA DE CARNE VACUNA URUGUAYA INFORME FINAL (1) Royal Agricultural College (Reino Unido) Número de Proyecto: GRP-P89 (2) Instituto Nacional de Investigación Asunto: 1.1 Agropecuaria (Uruguay) Fecha del asunto: 23 de marzo 2005 1 INTRODUCCIÓN to, se consideró que todo intento de identifi- car a la carne vacuna uruguaya con marca, 1.1 Introducción como natural u orgánica, tendría mayores probabilidades de éxito si su venta se reali- El objetivo general de este proyecto es eva- zaba fundamentalmente a través de ellos. luar la existencia de un mercado para la venta Esta parte del estudio analizó la estructura de carne vacuna natural certificada de Uru- de la venta minorista de carne vacuna en guay en la Unión Europea (UE) y el desarrollo Europa, incluyendo la obtención de datos de un plan de acción en ese sentido. La car- básicos sobre la actitud de los vendedores ne vacuna natural es definida como aquella minoristas europeos más importantes en que se obtiene a partir de sistemas de pro- referencia a la venta de carne vacuna natu- ducción menos restrictivos que la mayoría ral uruguaya. de los sistemas de producción europeos y La Fase 3 se concentró en los consumido- estadounidenses pero que no llegan a cali- res. Se realizó una revisión de sus exigencias ficarse como sistemas de producción a través de la constitución de grupos focales 1 orgánicos . INAC ha desarrollado una es- en los países clave para poder conocer su pecificación para la carne vacuna natural, reacción sobre la carne vacuna uruguaya pero el énfasis de este proyecto ha sido natural y orgánica. Estos datos son vitales puesto en probar el concepto de carne vacu- para evaluar las posibilidades de estable- na natural certificada, más que considerar cer una identificación distintiva para la carne dicha especificación detallada. vacuna uruguaya que pueda incrementar Tal como se concibió originalmente, el pro- tanto su venta como los precios obtenidos yecto se dividió en tres fases: en el sector de ventas minorista. La Fase 1 produjo información inicial sobre Durante el estudio se observó que los cam- el mercado europeo de carne vacuna con- bios en la Política Agrícola Común de la Unión vencional y orgánica. El objetivo fundamental Europea podrían tener impactos significati- de este análisis primario consistió en dis- vos en la dinámica del mercado de carne poner de una base para la selección de tres vacuna europeo y en las oportunidades de países-objetivo en los cuales llevar a cabo los proveedores de ultramar. En consecuen- un estudio más detallado, incluyendo la ob- cia, la información sobre estos cambios fue tención de datos básicos de consumo. incluida como un elemento adicional. Cabe La Fase 2 se concentró en el análisis de las destacar que todos los aspectos sobre es- características de la distribución en el mer- tos cambios de política no estaban cado europeo. Una de las características disponibles al momento de escribir esta clave del mercado europeo de alimentos es sección. Por lo tanto, la misma debe ser el dominio de los supermercados. Por tan- considerada como información preliminar. 56 DESARROLLANDO LA CADENA DE CARNE VACUNA URUGAUYA • INFORME FINAL 1.2 Metodología foque de investigación cualitativo era el más apropiado para lograr resultados útiles. Así, La mayor parte de la información presenta- se decidió llevar a cabo el trabajo con tres da en este trabajo proviene de una revisión grupos focales de consumidores en base a exhaustiva de fuentes secundarias. Aunque un enfoque estructurado. estas fuentes fueron útiles para describir el Los instrumentos de investigación se pre- marco general de funcionamiento del mer- sentan en los Anexos 1 y 2 de este Informe. cado de la carne vacuna, fue necesario obtener datos que confirmaran el concepto Durante el período de la investigación diez de carne vacuna natural certificada. nuevos Estados Miembro ingresaron a la Unión Europea. La mayor parte de la investi- Dado que éste es un concepto nuevo, se de- gación se llevó a cabo durante el período en cidió realizar dos encuestas. Se llevó a cabo que la Unión Europea se componía de quince una encuesta telefónica entre los supermer- Estados Miembro (UE 15). En consecuencia, cados más importantes de Europa. Los que el estudio está centrado en la información de respondieron a esta encuesta fueron sus estos quince Estados, aunque, cuando se correspondientes encargados de compra de considera relevante, se hace referencia al im- carne vacuna. Se esperaba que dichos pacto de los nuevos Estados Miembro. encuestados conocieran los diferentes pro- veedores internacionales de carne vacuna y las diferencias entre los sistemas de pro- ducción de carne vacuna convencional, 2 MERCADO EUROPEO PARA orgánica y natural. Se decidió que una en- LA CARNE VACUNA cuesta telefónica era la mejor forma de obtener la información necesaria, desde el 2.1 Aspectos Demográficos punto de vista de la relación costo / beneficio. En enero del año 2001 la EU 15 tenía una Para los consumidores, la carne natural uru- población que era la tercera en el mundo guaya certificada es una propuesta compleja. por su cantidad, luego de China e India, con Incluye un conjunto de elementos con los más de 377 millones de habitantes. que en general ellos no están familiariza- dos. Por tanto, se decidió que, en esta etapa Actualmente La población de la UE crece inicial del proceso de investigación, un en- algo más de un millón de personas por año. Cuadro 2-1. Población de la UE 15. Habitantes (en miles) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2010 2020 Bélgica 10,170 10,192 10,214 10,239 10,262 10,484 10,658 Dinamarca 5,275 5,295 5,314 5,330 5,349 5,452 5,526 Alemania 82,012 82,057 82,037 82,164 82,193 84,854 84,670 Grecia 10,487 10,511 10,522 10,543 10,565 11,079 11,269 España 39,299 39,348 39,394 39,442 39,490 40,372 40,307 Francia 58,492 58,728 58,977 59,226 59,521 61,387 62,831 Irlanda 3,652 3,694 3,735 3,777 3,820 3,760 3,909 Italia 57,461 57,563 57,613 57,680 57,844 57,633 56,543 Luxemburgo 418 424 429 436 441 471 501 Holanda 15,567 15,654 15,760 15,864 15,983 16,659 17,204 Austria 8,068 8,075 8,083 8,103 8,121 8,326 8,443 Portugal 9,934 9,957 9,980 9,998 10,023 10,293 10,513 Finlandia 5,132 5,147 5,160 5,171 5,181 5,290 5,350 Suecia 8,845 8,848 8,854 8,861 8,883 9,176 9,470 Reino Unido 58,905 59,090 59,391 59,623 59,832 60,146 61,038 TOTAL 373,717 374,583 375,463 376,457 377,508 385,382 388,232 % aumento 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 2.1% 0.7% (Fuente: Eurostat, 2002) DESARROLLANDO LA CADENA DE CARNE VACUNA URUGAUYA • INFORME FINAL 57 Cuadro 2.2: Proporción de la población de la UE 15 según grupos Cuadro 2-3. Número promedio de personas por hogar, UE 15. etarios, 1990-2005. (Personas) 1990 1995 2000 Porcentaje 1990 1995 2000 2005* Suecia : : 2.0 Menos de 15 18.1% 17.7% 17.1% 16.2% Dinamarca 2.3 2.2 2.2 15-24 15.1% 13.7% 12.0% 10.9% Alemania 2.2 2.3 2.2 25-49 35.2% 36.3% 37.1% 38.3% Finlandia 2.3 2.2 2.2 50-64 17.1% 16.7% 17.1% 17.1% Holanda 2.4 2.4 2.3 65-79 11.1% 11.8% 13.0% 13.7% Reino Unido 2.5 2.4 2.3 80 o más 3.5% 3.9% 3.7% 3.8% Bélgica 2.6 2.5 2.4 TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Francia 2.5 2.5 2.4 (Fuente: Eurostat 2002, *estimación GRP) Austria 2.5 2.5 2.4 Italia 2.7 2.8 2.6 La migración neta continúa siendo uno de Luxemburgo 2.7 2.7 2.6 los mayores componentes de su crecimien- Grecia 2.9 2.8 2.7 to y es actualmente más importante que el Portugal 3.1 3 2.9 crecimiento natural; ha sido la responsable España 3.4 3.3 3.0 de entre el 65% y el 75% del crecimiento total de la población. El crecimiento natural Irlanda 3.3 3.2 : ocurre en la mayoría de los países de la UE EU-15 2.6 2.5 2.4 15 excepto en Alemania, Grecia, Italia y Sue- (Fuente: Eurostat, 2002) cia, donde el crecimiento se debe solo a la migración. Efectivamente, sin la migración, un objetivo de mercado de importancia cre- el número de personas en Alemania, Gre- ciente dentro de varios mercados europeos. cia, Italia y Suecia estaría disminuyendo, y en Austria quedaría virtualmente incambiado. Una proporción creciente de personas ma- yores, una edad promedio para casarse en En todos los países de la UE se observa una aumento, una creciente tasa de divorcios y disminución en las tasas de natalidad, mien- tasas de natalidad reducidas están contribu- tras que el número de muertes continúa yendo a consolidar una tendencia de hogares virtualmente incambiado. Se ha predicho que de menor tamaño. A pesar de algunas varia- la población de la UE se estabilizará y hasta disminuirá en el futuro cercano con un pico esperado alrededor del año 2023.
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