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Classis Mea Per Oceanum Navigavit L'ecumene Augustea E Gli Sviluppi in Età Tiberiana Nel Nord Europa

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Classis Mea Per Oceanum Navigavit L'ecumene Augustea E Gli Sviluppi in Età Tiberiana Nel Nord Europa Corso di Laurea magistrale in Scienze dell’Antichità Tesi di Laurea Classis mea per Oceanum navigavit l'ecumene augustea e gli sviluppi in età tiberiana nel nord Europa Relatore Ch.mo Prof. Francesca Rohr Laureando Alex Pilo Matricola 835182 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 Indice Premessa ….......................................................................................................................p. 1 1. La politica estera di Augusto e i confini del mondo conosciuto ….......................p. 3 1.1 Il consolidamento del potere ….......................................................................p. 3 1.2 L'ecumene romana prima del 27 a. C. ….........................................................p. 7 1.2.1 Il concetto di conquista ecumenica fino a Cesare ….........................p. 7 1.2.2 Ottaviano tra il 44 a. C. e il 27 a. C. …...........................................p. 13 1.3 L'ecumene romana e la propaganda augustea …...........................................p. 19 1.4 Il problema della successione …....................................................................p. 26 1.5 Gli stati clienti …...........................................................................................p. 37 1.6 Tiberio e l'ecumene romana ….......................................................................p. 44 2. La gestione dei confini settentrionali: Druso e Germanico protagonisti delle campagne nel nord ….............................p. 54 2.1 Druso ….........................................................................................................p. 56 2.2 Germanico ….................................................................................................p. 76 2.3 Morte di Germanico e ridefinizione finale dei confini ….............................p. 82 3. Verso nord: progetti e prospettive delle campagne in armi ….............................p. 89 3.1 Prima di Roma: il nord Europa terra incognita, conoscenze nautiche e geografiche …..........p. 89 3.2 L'importanza della marineria nella creazione e mantenimento dell'ecumene ….........................................p. 102 3.3 Sulle orme di Eracle: la spedizione di Druso nell'Oceano e la nascita della classis Germanica ...p. 104 3.4 La spedizione ad solis orientis regionem …................................................p. 108 3.5 Talis pater talis filius: navigare necesse, la spedizione di Germanico ........p. 113 Considerazioni conclusive ….....................................................................................p. 126 Bibliografia …..............................................................................................................p. 128 Premessa Classis mea per Oceanum navigavit. Il passo, tratto dalle Res gestae Divi Augusti, costituisce il fulcro concettuale del titolo di questa tesi e quindi dell'indagine qui proposta1. Lo spazio cronologico preso in considerazione è l’età augustea, mentre l'oggetto dominante dell'analisi è l'ideologia, elaborata dal princeps, della conquista e la sua traduzione nella promozione di campagne militari di esplorazione e conquista lungo il confine settentrionale dell’impero. In questa prospettiva, per comprendere pienamente le strategie espansionistiche augustee sarà opportuno considerare anche le esperienze di conquista territoriale e le attività di propaganda messe in atto da coloro che precedettero l’avvento di Augusto e certamente ne influenzarono le scelte: precursori storici, quali Cesare e Pompeo, ma anche mitici, come Eracle e Dioniso, ed infine il conquistatore per eccellenza, Alessandro Magno. Sarà interessante, inoltre, prendere in esame lo sviluppo della politica augustea nel corso del principato tiberiano e le modalità in cui vennero presentate le scelte adottate durante la sua evoluzione, da un disegno di conquista ecumenica a delle decisioni relative all'assestamento dei confini e all'attenuazione dell'espansione. Il quadrante geografico oggetto di questa indagine è il confine germanico, la cui gestione in età augustea e tiberiana si organizzò attraverso la costruzione di una flotta, la classis Germanica, chiamata all'esplorazione dell'Oceano, lungo le rotte percorse idealmente da Eracle, Dioniso e dall'Ulisse latino. La navigazione sarà il fil rouge di tale analisi e, alla base di essa, il rapporto tra l'uomo romano e il mare, legame che ebbe inizio con le guerre puniche e andò a crescere portando un popolo di pastori ed agricoltori a divenire i signori indiscussi del mare. Temi di riflessione saranno l'accettazione dell'incognito, la sua scoperta e la diffusione delle conoscenze al suo riguardo attraverso gli strumenti di propaganda e di romanizzazione. Ma si indagheranno anche le conoscenze dei Romani in tema di 1 Il passo è tratto da Aug. R. G. 26. 1 navigazione e le tecniche utilizzate sull’acqua, dolce e salata. La ricerca si fonda sulle fonti letterarie antiche e in particolare su quanto riportato nelle Res Gestae. La comprensione di tale documentazione sarà supportata dagli studi di Claude Nicolet2 e Giovannella Cresci Marrone3, risalenti agli inizi degli anni '90, che risultano essere le linee di riferimento per questo lavoro. 2 NICOLET 1989. 3 CRESCI MARRONE 1993. 2 1. La politica estera di Augusto e i confini del mondo conosciuto 1.1 Il consolidamento del potere Con la fine delle guerre civili, avvenuta con la battaglia di Azio del 31 a. C., Ottaviano era divenuto capo indiscusso e unico dell'impero romano; un territorio che comprendeva un numero di abitanti per l'epoca inimmaginabile, con oltre quaranta milioni di persone. Dopo anni di lotte fratricide vi era una viva speranza nel ritorno della stabilità e della pace; di queste Ottaviano si presentò come garante, o meglio, come restauratore di un equilibrio che, a causa delle guerre civili, si era perduto. Promosse riforme e innovazioni ambiziose, che si presentarono più come delle evoluzioni dello status precedente che come vere e proprie rivoluzioni; fu attento ad evitare la monarchia, di cui i Romani avevano un ricordo e per la quale provavano un'avversione viscerale4. Il momento storico, estremamente complesso e scandito da tappe costituzionalmente rilevanti, fece emergere l'evidente ambivalenza del nuovo regime e le sue contraddizioni, avvertite chiaramente anche dal popolo stesso. Ne è una testimonianza esemplare il dibattito fittizio tra Agrippa e Mecenate, i due più ascoltati consiglieri di Ottaviano, riportato da Cassio Dione: “Cesare lodò molto entrambi, sia Agrippa che Mecenate, non solo per l'abbondanza di argomenti e di idee, ma anche per la loro franchezza: alla fine, però, preferì i consigli di Mecenate. Tuttavia Cesare non cominciò a mettere subito in atto i suggerimenti così come gli erano stati presentati, poiché temeva di incorrere in qualche errore, se avesse preteso di imporre una trasformazione rapida ed improvvisa dello stile di vita della comunità; quindi introdusse alcune riforme subito, altre in un secondo momento, mentre altre ancora lasciò che fossero i suoi successori a interpretarle, ritenendo che sarebbero state più opportune applicate in un periodo successivo. E Agrippa, sebbene fosse di avviso contrario rispetto a queste iniziative, collaborò con grande zelo ad applicarle, come se fosse stato lui il 4 Si veda anche PITASSI 2009, p. 302; ECK 2000, pp. 110-112; FERRARY 2003, pp. 419-428. 3 promotore5”. Il dibattito di cui sopra si sarebbe svolto davanti al giovane vincitore della battaglia di Azio, prima che quest'ultimo mettesse mano alla riforma della res publica. Come sostenuto da Cassio Dione, il punto di vista di Agrippa era quello di consigliare ad Ottaviano di ripristinare la res publica tradizionale; Mecenate, dal canto suo, si faceva promotore della creazione di una vera e propria monarchia. Ottaviano, alla fine, avrebbe optato per il mantenimento delle forme repubblicane, assicurando però a sé stesso il controllo del potere6. Naturalmente le modalità di costruzione del nuovo regime furono di continuo rivedute e corrette, all'insegna dei miglioramenti e delle sistemazioni e al fine ultimo di fornire risposte concrete e reali a tutti i problemi cui andava incontro il governo. Questo nuovo ordine delle cose venne istituito ufficialmente il 13 gennaio del 27 a. C., con una solenne dichiarazione di Ottaviano che depose i poteri straordinari che gli erano stati conferiti e consegnò nuovamente la res publica nelle mani del Senato e del Popolo Romano. Al tempo stesso, mantenne il consolato che rivestiva in quell'anno, così come lo aveva già rivestito anche l'anno precedente, avendo come collega il suo generale Agrippa, durante il quale aveva realizzato il censimento e la lectio Senatus, oltre ad una riforma dei comizi. Verosimilmente il 16 gennaio, dunque qualche giorno dopo gli eventi sopra esposti, il Senato conferì ad Ottaviano una somma di onori e privilegi, ratificati con legge comiziale, che portarono ad una prima definizione dell'imperium, potere spettante ad Augusto e che prevedeva anche il comando delle legioni, nonché la gestione di una parte delle province non pacatae (Spagna, Gallia, Egitto, Siria) per dieci anni. Cariche e prebende che formalmente rigettò, come si può dedurre anche dal racconto di Cassio Dione: “Chi infatti, potrebbe essere più magnanimo di me, per non menzionare di nuovo il mio defunto padre? Quale uomo più investito dalla divina provvidenza si potrebbe trovare, se non me, che, per Zeus e Ercole, ho dei soldati così numerosi e così valorosi e dei 5 Vd. Dio LII, 41, 1-2: Μαικήνας μὲν ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἐπαύσατο, ὁ δὲ δὴ Καῖσαρ ἀμφοτέρους μέν σφας καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ πολυνοίᾳ
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