Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography Brill’s Companions in Classical Studies The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bccs Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition Edited by Serena Bianchetti, Michele R. Cataudella and Hans-Joachim Gehrke LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Henricus Martellus: World map (add_ms_15760, ff.68v–69r), Florence 1489. By permission of The British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bianchetti, Serena. Brill’s companion to ancient geography : the inhabited world in Greek and Roman tradition / edited by Serena Bianchetti, Michele R. Cataudella and Hans-Joachim Gehrke. pages cm. — (Brill’s companions in classical studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28511-8 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28471-5 (e-book) 1. Geography, Ancient. 2. Historical geography. I. Cataudella, Michele R. II. Greco, Alessandro. III. Gehrke, Hans-Joachim. IV. Title. G86.B53 2015 913—dc23 2015029111 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-3357 isbn 978-90-04-28511-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28471-5 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Preface ix List of Illustrations xi Abbreviations xii List of Contributors xiii Part 1 Geography before Geography 1 Persian Geography and the Ionians: Herodotus 3 Reinhold Bichler 2 The Sea of the Greeks and Romans 21 Pietro Janni 3 The Concept of “Magna Graecia” and the Pythagoreans 43 Gianfranco Maddoli 4 Systems of Borders in Ancient Greece 58 Giovanna Daverio Rocchi 5 The “Revolution” of Alexander the Great: Old and New in the World’s View 78 Hans-Joachim Gehrke 6 Geographical Description and Historical Narrative in the Tradition on Alexander’s Expedition 98 Veronica Bucciantini Part 2 Geography between Science and Politics A. Geographical Science 7 Some Scientific Approaches: Eudoxus of Cnidus and Dicaearchus of Messene 115 Michele R. Cataudella vi contents 8 The “Invention” of Geography: Eratosthenes of Cyrene 132 Serena Bianchetti 9 Progress in the Sciences: Astronomy and Hipparchus 150 Klaus Geus B. The Thought of the Farthest Horizon in the Greek and Roman Tradition 10 The Indian Ocean from Agatharchides of Cnidus to the Periplus Maris Erythraei 163 Didier Marcotte 11 The So-called Confusion between India and Ethiopia: The Eastern and Southern Edges of the Inhabited World from the Greco-Roman Perspective 184 Pierre Schneider C. Geography and Politics in the Roman Empire 12 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and his Geographical Work 205 Pascal Arnaud 13 The Romans and the World’s Measure 223 Anne Kolb 14 Strabo’s Geography 239 Francesco Prontera 15 News from the East? Roman-Age Geographers and the Pontus Euxinus 259 Eckart Olshausen 16 Rome and Iberia: The Making of a Cultural Geography 274 Gonzalo Cruz Andreotti 17 The Geographies of Pliny and his ‘Ape’ Solinus 298 Kai Brodersen contents vii D. Cartographical Science in Alexandria 18 The “Revolution” of Ptolemy 313 Germaine Aujac Part 3 Geographical Rebounds 19 The Tabula Peutingeriana and Antique Cartography 337 Michael Rathmann 20 Geography and Religion: The Lists of the Thearodokoi 363 Emilio Galvagno 21 Eusebius and the Representation of the Holy Land 381 Jan R. Stenger Bibliography 399 Index of Geographical Names 458 Index Locorum 466 Index of Personal Names and Selected Technical Terms 485 Preface There is no shortage of recent profiles of the history of ancient geography, some good, some less so, but in any case useful as initial information on the subject. The oldest treatments, however—wide-ranging, comprehensive in the wealth of topics and depth of analysis—have certainly not been sup- planted (the mind goes above all to the histories by Ernst Hugo Berger1 and James Oliver Thomson,2 if we choose not to look back to the history written by Albert Forbiger,3 which remains valid in various ways). In planning this volume the editors certainly did not intend to follow mod- els such as those cited; this is an aim they were never tempted to pursue—too ambitious in some respects, but above all far from the vision that inspired their project, linked as it is with an evaluation of the current requirements of stud- ies in the field. From this came the idea of a volume that seeks to privilege some aspects not frequently dealt with in usual treatments, at the expense of a systematic and complete exposition, and which together grant the war- ranted visibility to the methodological profiles of the approach used towards the discipline. It is in this light that the “angle” and the choices that characterize the Companion are to be considered, that is to say the presence of particular topics—such as the onomastics of some regions, the borders of states, the Pythagorism, the sacred itineraries, the sea, the Holy Land, the systems of mea- surement—alongside subjects and themes that have represented well known moments and crucial phases in the history of ancient geographical thought (Eudoxus of Cnidus, Dicaearchus, Eratosthenes, Agatharchides, Hipparchus, Agrippa, Strabo, Pliny and Solinus, Ptolemy, the Tabula Peutingeriana). The need for a historical vision is obviously present throughout the volume, and it assumes its fullest expression where we see the fertile roots of conquests made by ancient man, from the Ionian labour behind Herodotus’s Persians, to Alexander the Great’s “turnaround”, to the exploration of the individual regions (Iberia, Pontus). As editors, it is our desire that the reader might find, in addition to clear and concise information on a wide range of subjects, also satisfactory answers to many questions, as well as new stimulations for reflection. 1 Berger 19032. 2 Thomson 1948. 3 Forbiger 1842–1877. x preface Moreover, we are pleased to express our gratitude to Anne Kolb, who organ- ized a conference in Zurich in September 2013, which proved to be most useful for our work on this Companion. Further thanks go to Ivan Matijašić for help with the indices and for check- ing many references. Serena Bianchetti Michele R. Cataudella Hans-Joachim Gehrke List of Illustrations 3.1 A. Ortelius, Magna Graecia (Courtesy of Istituto per la Storia e l’Archeologia della Magna Grecia) 47 6.1 Map to illustrate campaigns of Alexander in India (Bunbury 1879) 100 8.1 The world map of Eratosthenes: a reconstruction, after Aujac 2001 (Courtesy of C.T.H.S.) 138 11.1 India and Ethiopia (Courtesy of P. Schneider) 202 14.1 The world map of Eratosthenes: a reconstruction, after Aujac 2001 (Courtesy of C.T.H.S.) 257 14.2 The four parts of cis-Tauran Asia (Strab. 11.1.1–7) (Courtesy of CUF, Les Belles Lettres Édit., Paris) 258 14.3 Western Europe in Strabo’s geography: a reconstruction, after Lasserre 1966b (Courtesy of CUF, Les Belles Lettres Édit., Paris) 258 15.1 Pontus Euxinus (Map of R. Szydlak) 273 16.1 Detail from Herodotus’ Iberia (Bunbury 1879) 275 16.2 The Iberia of Polybius (Courtesy of P. Moret) 283 16.3 The Iberia of Artemidorus (Courtesy of P. Moret) 288 16.4 The Iberia of Strabo (Courtesy of P. Moret) 291 18.1 Ptolemy, Grec 1401, Fol.2 (Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris) 331 18.2 Ptolemy, Latin 4801. Fol.74 (Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris) 332 18.3 Ptolemy, Latin 4801. Fol.75 (Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris) 333 18.4 Ptolemy, Latin 4801. Fol.76 (Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris) 334 19.1 TP seg. II (Scheyb 1753) 340 19.2 Archetype of TP (Courtesy of M. Herchenbach / M. Rathmann) 347 19.3 Reconstruction of the oikoumene-Map of Eratosthenes (Courtesy of F. Mittenhuber / M. Herchenbach) 358 19.4 TP seg. X–XI (Miller 1887) 360 Abbreviations ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, hrg. von H. Temporini, W. Hase, Berlin-New York 1972–. D.-K. H. Diels – W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, I–III, Berlin 19547. DNP Der Neue Pauly. Encyclopädie der Antike, hrg. von H. Cancik, H. Schneider et alii, Stuttgart-Weimar 1996–2003. EK Posidonius. I. The Fragments ed. by L. Edelstein, G. Kidd, Cambridge 1972. FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin-Leiden 1923–1958. FHG C. et Th. Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, I–V, Paris 1841–1870. GGM C. Müller, Geographi Graeci minores, I–II, Paris 1855–1861. L. Eudoxos von Knidos, hrg. von F. Lasserre, Berlin 1966. LP Poetarum Lesbiorum fragmenta, ed. E. Lobel, D. Page, Oxford 1955. PG Patrologia graeca, ed. J.P. Migne, 162 vols., Paris 1857–1886. PP Prosopographia Ptolemaica, Louvain 1950–1968. RE A. Pauly – G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertums- wissenschaft, Stuttgart 1894–1980. W. Die Schule des Aristoteles, hrg. von F. Wehrli, I–V, Basel 1967–19692. References to classical literature are accorded to the list of OCD3. References to periodicals and series are accorded to the list of AJA.