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Mundus Matka Maailman Keskipisteeseen ACTA 235 ILKKA VÄÄTTI MUNDUS MATKA MAAILMAN KESKIPISTEESEEN MUNDUS MATKA MAAILMAN KESKIPISTEESEEN Omistettu Isälleni Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 235 ILKKA VÄÄTTI MUNDUS MATKA MAAILMAN KESKIPISTEESEEN Delfoin omfaloksesta etruskien mundukseen, Rooman umbilicuksesta Konstantinopolin Hagia Sofi an omfalioniin Rovaniemi 2012 lapin yliopisto • taiteiden tiedekunta © Ilkka Väätti Graafi nen asu Mako Niemelä Myynti Tiede- ja taidekirjakauppa Tila PL 8123 96101 Rovaniemi puh. +358 40 821 4242 fax +358 16 362 932 [email protected] www.ulapland.fi /LUP Painotyö Kirjapaino Öhrling • Tampere 2012 Painopaperi Galerie Art Matt 170g/m2 Kirjaintyypit Minion Pro, DIN Pro ISSN 0788-7604 ISBN 978-952-484-561-8 SISÄLLYS Esipuhe ............................................................................................. 6 I Matkavalmistelut • Johdanto .................................................... 9 II Omfalos • Kreikkalaisen maailman napa ..................................25 • Pyhä vuori ................................................................................. 29 • Maailman keskipiste .................................................................36 • Napakiviverkosto ......................................................................48 • Matkapäätelmät ........................................................................56 III Umbilicus • Roomalaisen maailman napa ................................ 59 • Etruskien uhrikaivo ..................................................................63 • Kaupungin napa ........................................................................74 • Maailman pää ............................................................................86 • Matkapäätelmät ........................................................................96 IV Omfalion • Bysantin maailman napanen ..................................99 • Konstantinopolin keskikukkulat .......................................... 103 • Pyhän viisauden kirkko .........................................................116 • Maailmankuvalaatta ...............................................................127 • Matkapäätelmät ......................................................................138 V Mundus • Maailmankuvan visuaalisia tulkintoja.................... 141 VI Rovaniemen taidemuseo • Dokumentaatio .......................... 159 VII Keski-Suomen museo • Dokumentaatio .................................185 • Matkapäätelmät ......................................................................218 VIII Matkaetappi ............................................................................... 221 • Johtopäätökset .........................................................................223 • Epilogi ......................................................................................231 Matka-arkisto ...........................................................................235 • Lähteet ......................................................................................237 • Kirjallisuus ...............................................................................240 • Kuvaluettelo .............................................................................253 • Taideteosluettelo .....................................................................256 • Hakemisto ................................................................................260 ESIPUHE Taiteiden tiedekunta Hakeuduin jatko-opintoihin Lapin yliopiston taiteiden tiedekuntaan Rovaniemelle sekä ammatillisista että henkilökohtaisista syistä. Seurattuani ennen päätöstäni yliopiston järjestämiä seminaareja, väitös- tilaisuuksia ja tutustuttuani julkaisuihin vakuutuin opetuksen ja tutkimuksen korkeasta tasosta. Su- kuperimältäni olen vankasti peräpohjalainen, joten henkinen paluu esivanhempien kotiseudulle oli merkittävä kokemus. Lapin yliopiston kokeneista professoreista ja dosenteista sain koottua parhaan mahdollisen tuutor- joukon. Kulttuurihistorian professori Marja Tuominen ohjasi tutkimukseni päälinjoja vankalla koke- muksella ja näkemyksellä, kuvataiteen professori Juhani Tuominen toimi taiteellisen ilmaisun men- torina ja keskustelukumppanina, ja dosentti Jyrki Siukonen opasti sekä tutkimuksen ja kirjoittamisen että kuvien tekemisen monimutkaisilla poluilla. Tutkintoon liittyviä teoreettisia opintoja suoritin myös Tampereen avoimessa yliopistossa. Histo- rian aineopintojen Omfalos-tutkielman laadin dosentti Aino Katermaan huolellisessa opastuksessa. Helsingin yliopiston Kreikan kielen ja kirjallisuuden professori Mika Kajava toimi tutkimustekstieni esilukijana ja tärkeänä asiantuntijana pienissä ja suurissa kysymyksissä. Olen kiitollinen kaikille men- toreilleni viisaista kritiikeistä, merkittävistä neuvoista ja innostavasta opastuksesta. Marja Tuomisen tutkimusseminaariryhmän kanssaopiskelijoilta opin paljon vuosien varrella. Osal- la meistä yhteinen matka on kulkenut pienteollisuustalon luentosaleista ja taiteiden tiedekunnan hen- kilökunnan keittiöstä uuden tiedekuntarakennuksen seminaarihuoneiden kautta yliopiston vieras- saunan viihtyisään kokoustilaan. Jatko-opiskelijoiden välillä käydyt keskustelut, kriittisen kannustava palaute sekä heidän omat tutkimuksensa ja taideteoksensa avasivat hedelmällisiä näkökulmia omaan tutkimiseen ja tekemiseen. Olen luku- ja kirjoittamishäiriöinen toimija ja kielitaitoni rajoittuu vain varsin hyvään englannin- kielen lukutaitoon. Tämän takia olen käyttänyt runsaasti asiantuntijapalveluita käännöksissä ja oiko- luvussa. Klassillisessa kreikankielessä avustajina ovat toimineet FT Marke Ahonen, latinankielessä dosentti Juhani Sarsila ja venäjänkielessä tutkija Tapani Laine. Fil. yo. Silja Aronpuro käänsi käyttöö- ni keskeisiä tutkimustekstejä italiankielestä. HuK Anne Paldanius auttoi tutkimuksen alkuvaiheessa kääntämällä antiikin alkuperäistekstien englanninkielisiä käännöksiä suomeksi. Myöhemmässä vai- heessa hän myös teki tekstieni alustavan oikoluvun. Kiitän tutkimukseni esitarkastajia dosentti Katariina Mustakalliota ja dosentti Kari Kotkavaaraa huolellisista, asiantuntevista ja ymmärtäväisistä lausunnoista sekä opinnäytenäyttelyiden esitarkastajia kuvataiteilija, KuT Jan Kenneth Weckmania ja kuvataiteilija Carolus Enckelliä paneutuvista ja raken- tavista tarkastuslausunnoista. Olen ilahtunut ja tyytyväinen että Katariina Mustakallio ja Jan Kenneth Weckman suostuivat vastaväittäjiksi. Tutkimus ja taiteellinen työskentely vaati useita opintomatkoja ulkomaille. Tein myös lukuisia kent- tätutkimusmatkoja eri kohteisiin. Tutkimustyötä tein kuukausien ajan useaan otteeseen tieteellisissä kirjastoissa Roomassa, Ateenassa ja Istanbulissa vuosina 2005–2011. Tampereen yliopiston kirjaston kaukolainaustoimintoja käytin runsaasti tutkimuksen loppuvaiheessa. Olen kiitollinen kirjastojen henkilökunnille asiantuntevista opastuksista. Taiteellista työskentelyä ja väitöstutkimusta ovat tukeneet seuraavat tahot: Valtion taiteen keskus- toimikunta (5-vuotinen taiteilija-apuraha), Koneen säätiö (2-vuotinen tutkija-apuraha), Tampereen kaupunki, Niilo Helanderin säätiö ja Lapin yliopisto. Jenny ja Antti Wihurin rahaston ja Lapin yliopis- ton vierailevana taiteilijana olin keväällä 2007. Työskentelin Koneen säätiön residenssissä Saaren kar- tanossa kolmen kuukauden ajan tutkijana (2010 & 2011). Väitöskirjani painokustannuksia on tukenut Lapin yliopiston taiteiden tiedekunta. Graafi nen suunnittelija Mako Niemelä on suunnitellut kirjan taiton ja ulkoasun. Työskentely hänen kanssaan on sujunut luovassa hengessä. Puolisoni taidegraafi kko Anna Alapuro on ollut suuri henkinen ja käytännöllinen tukija tässä pro- jektissa. Hän on toiminut matkakumppanina, autokuskina, kielenkääntäjänä ja oikolukijana. Molem- mat tyttäreni Marja ja Aini ovat auttaneet usein taideteosteni viimeistelyprosessissa. Äidiltäni Liisa Väätiltä (os. Turpeenniemi), pukuompelijalta ja käsityön taitajalta, olen perinyt osan hänen väri- ja sommittelusilmästään. Isääni metsäteknikko Lauri Väättiä (1926–2010) ja äitiäni haluan kiittää sekä henkisestä että taloudellisesta tuesta tässäkin projektissa. Tämä väitöskirja on omistettu edesmenneelle isälleni. Hän totesi vielä sairasvuoteelta järkevät sanat: Kirjoita selvää tekstiä. Väitöstyöni päämotto, Delfoin Apollonin temppelin seinäkirjoitus gnothi sauton, joka voidaan kään- tää ja tulkita ajatuksella, tunne itsesi, on tullut konkreettisesti vastaan tämän tutkimusurakan aikana. Ku- vataiteilijat peilaavatkin usein itseään taideteoksissaan, varmaan myös tutkijat tutkimuksissaan. Filoso- fi sen seinäkirjoituksen toinen merkitystulkinta, tunne rajasi, on viisas ajatus. Omien rajojen tunteminen ja haastava tutkimuskenttä opettaa ja kehittää innokasta tutkijaa. Olen noudattanut optimistisesti sekä tutkimisessa että kuvien tekemisessä taidemaalari Jan van Eyckin tunnuslausetta: Niin hyvin kuin pystyn. Tutkimusmatkani tuotti enemmän uusia näkökulmia ja lisäkysymyksiä kuin uutta tietoa. Kuvatai- teilijat harvoin väittävät mitään, mutta silti uskon että tutkimus ja kuvataide täydentävät toisiaan tuot- tamalla tietoa maailmasta. Tämä tutkimus on kasvanut pitkäaikaisesta rakkaudesta historiaan, maail- mannapoihin, vanhoihin karttoihin ja kuvataiteen perinteeseen sekä käsityöläisyyteen. Arkkitehti Vit- ruviuksen sanoin valitan kirjani kömpelöä kielenkäyttöä, koska olen alkuaan toisen alan ammattimies. Seuraavilla sivuilla ja kappaleissa toimin tämän henkisen matkakirjan innokkaana oppaana, nykyajan periegeettinä. Ateljeetalo Pesulassa Tampereella 30.6.2012 Ilkka Väätti 7 MOTTO: Gnothi sauton = ’tunne itsesi, tunne rajasi’ Plutarkhos, Ethika
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