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Jottings on Some of the Objects of Interest in the Stonehenge Excursion

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qass Jl/\ 142,- Book 'D 7 I- I . * JOTTINGS f)\' s<)\!!" m Tijy orjF^T*^ op I INTERKST ^ON 1 : 1 1 E N G E EXC U RS 1 N n\ EDWARD T. STEVENS. F.S.A Hon. Director of tlie, Salisbury and Souin Wilts Museum, Hon. C'jratoi- • m<* IV-.rstee th<? B-ricknioie Miiseuni, ; of trrespoiiding !SFember of the Academy of Nucural Sciences of Philadelphia, Forcicp. Member of ihc Anthropological Institute of New YorT<, A ..nor of Flint CKips," &c. SALISHUKN JOTTINGS ON SOME OF THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN THE TONEHENGE EXCURSION. BY EDWARD T. STEVENS, F.S.A., Hon. Director of the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum, Hon. Curator and Trustee of the Blackmore Museum, :orresponding y Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Foreign Member of the Anthropological Institute of New York, Author of " Flint Chips," &c. I SALISBURY : BROWN & CO. LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND CO. 1882. V V ^^ .6 7 SALISBURY : BENNETT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, JOURNAL OFFICE. /WITHDRAWN N0Vl2:«18^ / CO^NTENTS. PAGE. Preface The Route I Traces of Early Occupation 2 Earth-works in the Route ... 2 Names of Rivers, &c., in the Route 3 Salisbury. —The Council Chamber ... 6 The Bull-ring 9 The Market-place II The " Blue Boar" 13 Ludlow and the Royalists H The City Gates 15 Events relating to Salisbury i6 Old Sarum. —General description 24 Remains of Masonry . 29 The Cathedral 30 Roman Roads to the Fortress 32 Palaeolithic Implement found there 33 Events relating to Old Sarum ... 34 Change in the name of the place 37 Removal of the Cathedral from Old Sarum 38 The Bishops of Old Sarum 39 Their remains and Tombs removed to Salisbury Cathedral 39 The Earls of Salisbury 43 The Burgh at Old Sarum 44 Represented in Parliament 44 Hour-glass stand in Stratford Church 46 Heale House. —Charles II. finds shelter there after the battle of Worcester 49 IV PAGE. Netton ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 Great ... Durnford Church ... ... ... ... 53 Ogbury Camp ... ... ... ... ... ... 53 Lake House. — Palaeolithic Implements found near Lake ... 54 ,, The Rev. E. Duke's Collection at Lake House ... 55 Amesbury. —Events relating to Amesbury ... ... ... 65 ,, " Gauntlet" pipes made at Amesbury ... ... 67 ,, *' Gauntlet" and other tobacco-pipes found at Salis- bury and elsewhere ... ... ... 69 „ The dates of tobacco-pipes ... ... ... 74 ,, '* Vespasian's Camp" ... ... ... ... 78 Stonehenge. — ... ... ... ... .. ... 78 „ Mystic virtues of the Stones ... ... ... 80 „ " Historical" Account of its origin ... ... 80 „ Dr. Guest's explanation of the legend ... ... 81 „ Aubrey and Pepys visit Stonehenge ... ... 82 „ Description of Stonehenge ... ... ... 84 ,, The " Slaughtering Stone" ... ... ... 84 ,, What tools were used by the builders of Stone- henge? ... ... ... ... •• 85 The " Friar's Heel Stone" ... ... ... 86 „ Legend of the "Friar's Heel" ... ... ... 87 ,, Description of Stonehenge (<:^«//«z^(ffl^) ... ... 88 „ Fall of two of the Great Trilithons ... ... 91 „ The "Altar-Stone" ... ... ... ... 93 ,, Foreign Stone having two cavities ... ... 94 ,, Was Stonehenge erected at two periods ? •••94 ,, The Petrology of the Stonehenge Stones ... 97 ,, Tool-marks on the Stones ... ... ...99 „ Were the Stones squared on the spot ? ... ... 100 ,, Transport of Large Stones by a people living in the Stone Age ... ... ... .. 100 ,, The Avenues and Cursus ... ... ... 102 „ Who erected Stonehenge ? ... ... ... 103 Salisbury Plain ... ... ... ... ... ... 104 Barrows near Stonehenge ... ... ... ... ... 104 Wiltshire Long Barrows (not containing Chambers) ... ... 106 — PAGE. Wiltshire Long Barrows (not containing Chambers)- JJ Remains of Funeral Feasts >> Mode of Burial in 109 Evidence as to Human Sacrifices I 10 Flint Implements in III ... ... ... ... >> Pottery in T III Secondary Interments in "3 Chambered Long Barrows of this District 113 J J Tolmen Entrances to 116 3» JJ Monoliths and Triliths in, and upon 116 118 >> JJ JJ The Worship of Stones >> JJ JJ Mode of Burial in 120 ,, ,, ,, Presence of Cleft Skulls 120 Round Barrows of this District 120 JJ JJ Methods of Interment in 123 JJ JJ Interments by Inhumation ... 123 j> 5> Contracted Posture of Skeletons 123 >j JJ Austral Aspect of Skeletons 125 ... 126 5 J JJ Interments by Cremation 126 JJ JJ Urn Burial in 126 JJ JJ Sepulchral Pottery in )J JJ Cinerary Urns in ... 129 JJ JJ "Incense Cups" in 129 JJ JJ Food Vessels in ... 131 J> J J Drinking Cups in 131 >J > J Stone Implements in 134 JJ J» Bronze Implements in 136 JJ JJ Sheaths and Hafts of Bronze Daggers 137 British Bronze Age divided into Two Periods 138 Chronology of the Bronze Age in Britain 139 Bronze Implements cast in Britain 140 The Alloy (Bronze) made in Britain 140 Round Barrows of this District JJ JJ Ornaments of Gold in 140 JJ J» Remains of Animals in 141 JJ JJ Remains of Man in 142 J J JJ Difference in Cranial Type 143 Relative Antiquity of Stonehenge and the Barrows 148 VI PAGE. Belief in the Possession of a " Soul" by Inanimate Objects 150 The Bustard 152 Camp Hill 156 The Tournament Ground 156 The Rivers Wyly and Nadder 157 The Hospital of St. Giles, Fugglestone 158 George Herbert and Bemerton 159 Pleistocene deposits at Bemerton and Fisherton 162 Palaeolithic Implements ... 163 Cave deposits ... ) 167 Fisherton Anger 171 ,, ,, The Hermitage at 172 ,5 ,, Monastery of the Black Friars 174 The Begging-Friars 175 Salisbury. —Monastery of the Grey Friars ... 176 Orientation of Interments 177 The First Fisherton Gaol 178 ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE. 1. The Old Council House, destroyed by Fire in 1780 ... 7 2. The Old Guildhall at Salisbury ... ... ... 8 3. " Buckingham's Tomb, " at Britford ... ... 13 4. View of Old Sarum ... ... ... ... 24 5. Section of Old Sarum ... ... ... ... 25 6. Plan of Old Sarum ... ... ... ... 26 7. Plan of the Cathedral of Old Sarum ... ... 30 8. Palaeolithic Implement found at Old Sarum ... ... 33 9 and 10. Tombs of William Longspee and his son ... 40 II to 14. Tombs of Bishops of Old Sarum, &c. ... ... 40 15. Bishop Poore's Monument in its original state, 1237 ... 42 16. Palaeolithic Implement, Lake. Lent by John Evans, Esq., F.R.S. ... ... ... ... ... 54 17. Alabaster Tablet, in the Salisbury Museum. Lent by "The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ire- land" ... ... ... ... ... 55 18 to 20. Amber Ornaments, in the Rev. E. Duke's Collection 60 & 61 22. " Gauntlet" pipe, made at Amesbury ... ... 68 23. ,, ,, found at Cirencester ... ... 69 24. Tobacco-pipe, found at Wigan ... ... ... 69 25 and 26. Makers'-marks, on the heels of tobacco-pipes found in Salisbury ... ... ... ... ... 70 27 to 30. Tobacco-pipes, found in Salisbury ... 70 & 71 31. Tobacco-pipes, made at Broseley ... ... •••73 32. Dated tobacco-pipe .. ... ... ... 72 33. " Fairy" tobacco-pipe ... ... ... •••74 34 and 35. Tobacco-pipes of the period of Elizabeth 74 & 75 36 and 37. Tobacco-pipes of the period of James I. and Charles I. 75' VUl 38. Forms of Tobacco-pipes in use from 1630 to 1641 ... 76 39. Tobacco-pipe of the period of the Commonwcaltii and Charles II. ... ... ... ... 76 .\o. Forms of Tobaccs-pipes in use from 1650 to 1688 ... 76 nnd 41 42. Tobacco-pipes of the period of William III. ... 77 43. Ornamented Tobacco-pipe of the period of James I. or Charles I. ... ... ... ... 77 44. Stonehenge, restored ... ... ... ... S^ 45. (iround-plan of Stonchenge, restored ... ... S5 46. (iround-plan of Stonehenge, as it is ... ... yo ^7. Plan .showing the way in which the Imposts of the Outer Circle dovetail into each other ... ... ... 91 48. The Great Trilithon ... ... ... ... 92 49. Oround-plan of Stonchenge, restored ; showing the relative positions of the Foreign and Local Stones ... ... 95 50. Oround-plan of Stonehenge, as it is; showing the present positions of the Foreign and Local Stones ... 96 51. Ci round-plan of Stonchenge, restored ... ... 97 52. A Long Barrow ... ... .. ... 107 53 and 54. Diagrams to illustrate the formation of Oval Barrows 108 55 and 56. Leaf-shaped Flint Arrow-heads, found in Long Barrows ... ... ... ... ... 112 57. Fictile Vessel, found in a Long Barrow at Norton Bavant, Wills ... ... ... ... ... 112 5S. l-'ntrance to Chambers in Long Barrow at Uley, Gloucester- shire ... ... ... ... ... I I S 59. Tolmen Fntrance to Chamber on the North side of Long Barrow at Rodmarton, Gloucestershire ... 117 60. Monolith, heart-shaped curves of double walling, and pyramidal piling, in Long Barrow at Ablington, Glou- cestershire ... ... ... .. 117 in. Bowl-shaped Barrow ... ... ... ... 121 62. Bell-shaped Barrow ... ... ... ... 121 63. Disc-shaped Barrow ... ... ... ... 122 64. Section of Bell-shaped Barrow, at Winlerslow, Wilts, with Grave four feet deep ... ... ... ... 124 65. Section of r>owl-shaped Barrow, at East Kennett, near Ave- bury, Wilts, with grave five feet deep ... ... 124 IX HG. PAGE. 66. Section of Bowl-shaped Barrow, near Cawthorn Camps, N.R. Yorkshire, with grave eleven feet deep, and skeletons extended ... ... ... ... 125 67. Section of Disc-shaped Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke, "Wilts, with burnt bones and urn in shallow graves ... 126 68. Urn, from Bowl-shaped Barrow, at Bishopston, Wilts ... 128 69. Urn, from Bulford, Wilts ... ... ... 130 70. " Incense Cup," from Bulford, Wilts ... ... 131 71. Drinking Cup, from East Kennet, Wilts ... ... 132 72. Drinking Cup, found with secondary interment, Wilsford Long Barrow, Wilts ... ... ... ... 133 73. Stone hammer-axe, from Wilsford, Wilts ... ... 135 74. Leaf-shaped flint Javelin-head, found in Oval Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke, Wilts. Lent by John Evans, Esq., F.R.S. ... ... ... ... 136 75. Stemmed and barbed flint arrow-head, from Woodyates, Dorset ... ... ... ... ... 136 76. Bronze wedge-shaped celt, from " Bush Barrow," Nor- manton, Wilts ... ... ... ... 137 77. Gold Ornaments, from Normanton, Wilts ; Upton Lovell, Wilts ; and Bircham, Norfolk ... ... ... 141 78. Section of Brick-earth, at Fisherton ... ... 163 79. Palaeolithic Implement, Fisherton. Lent by John Evans, Esq., F.R.S. ... ... ... ... 164 80. Palaeolithic Implement, Bcmerton ,, ,, ... 164 81. „ „ Highfield ,, „ • 164 82. „ „ Milford Hill „ ,, .. 16S 83. Section of Deposits at Bemerton ... ... ... 166 84. Palaeolithic Implement, Le Moustier ... ..168 85 to 90. Implements found at Laugerie and La Madelaine 169 & 170 91 to 93.
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  • Report on the Joint World Heritage Centre / Icomos Advisory Mission to Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 27-30 October 20

    Report on the Joint World Heritage Centre / Icomos Advisory Mission to Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 27-30 October 20

    REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE / ICOMOS ADVISORY MISSION TO STONEHENGE, AVEBURY AND ASSOCIATED SITES Stonehenge October 2015 copyright UNESCO 27-30 OCTOBER 2015 Chris Barker, Civil Engineer, ICOMOS Nathan Schlanger, Archaeologist, ICOMOS Marie-Noël Tournoux, Project Officer Europe and North America Unit, World Heritage Centre Stonehenge October 2015 copyright UNESCO 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………….…… 4 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………..… 5 2 MISSION REPORT ……………………………………………………………………….. 7 3 MISSION CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………. 24 4 MISSION RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………………...…...... 24 5 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………... 28 6 ANNEXES…………....……………………………………………………………………... 29 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The joint World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS mission thanks the State Party for the arrangements for the Advisory Mission and the preparation of all the necessary relevant materials, together with the good will in its advancement. Particular thanks are due to DCMS and Historic England and more specifically to Keith Nichol and Hannah Jones from DCMS and Henry Owen-John and Phil McMahon from Historic England, our main focal points. The mission would like to acknowledge and to commend the investment and professionalism of our hosts in addition to logistics and hospitality. The assistance gladly provided by Historic England, English Heritage Trust, the National Trust, and their representatives, be it at organizational level or on the ground, including notably Chris Smith, Historic England, and Heather Sebire, Properties Curator West English Heritage Trust, Kate Davies, Stonehenge General Manager, English Heritage Trust, Beth Thomas & Sarah Simmonds, World Heritage site Coordinator, Nicola Snashall, National Trust WHS archaeologist for Stonehenge & Avebury, Cassandra Genn, Senior project and Stakeholder Manager, Ian Wilson, Assistant Director of Operations, Ingrid Samuel, Historic Environment Director, Janet Tomlin, National Trust, as well as the Wiltshire Council.