Journal of Science RESEARCH

Parasitoid Complex Associated With the Overwintering Generation of pyrella (: Yponomeutidae) in Poland Edyta Go´rska-Drabik,1,2 Izabela Kot,1 Katarzyna Golan,1 and Katarzyna Kmiec´1 1Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyn´skiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Subject Editor: Michael Strand

J. Insect Sci. 14(264): 2014; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu126

ABSTRACT. The study was conducted on fruit trees where bands of corrugated cardboard were attached around the trunks of the trees, which were used to catch the larvae of overwintering generation of the rufous-tipped swammerdamia , (Villers) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Twenty-five of parasitic have been described from S. pyrella in Poland in- cluding the report in this article of seven species belonging to the family of (three species) and superfamily Chalcidoidea (four species). The parasitoids Gelis agilis F. (Ichneumonidae), Chrysocharis aquilegiae (Erdo¨s) (), Catolaccus ater (Ratzeburg) (Pteromalidae), and Eupelmus urozonus (Dalman) (Eupelmidae) had not been reported from the host before. Triclistus pallipes Holmgren (Ichneumonidae), Dibrachys cavus Walker (Pteromalidae) had the greatest effect on the natural regulation of S. pyr- ella population. Parasitization for the wintering cocoons of S. pyrella changed each year, but it was high throughout the study. The con- tribution of secondary parasitoids was much higher than primary parasitoids.

Key Words: Ichneumonidae, Chalcidoidea, pest, natural regulation

The rufous-tipped swammerdamia moth, Swammerdamia pyrella Site 1—a monastery garden in the centre of Lublin (UTM - FB 08; (Villers) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is a common species through- 51.247 N, 22.560 E). Ten , , and plum trees grown together out Europe, and occurs mostly in dispersed populations (Baraniak with vegetables and ornamental plants were several decades old with 1992). In the 1970s, it was a serious pest in many orchards of western large, branchy crowns. No treatment for plant protection was applied Poland, especially those that were treated with insecticides there. The garden was separated from a housing estate and a shopping (Kadłubowski and Szmyt 1985). Actually, S. pyrella is not present in center by a brick wall. the orchards with chemical pest control; therefore, interest in this spe- Site 2—a fruit orchard in Marynin (UTM - EB 98, 51.214 N, cies is minimal, resulting in a low number of reports about its occur- 22.427 E), 16 km away from Lublin. Apple, pear, and plum trees rence in recent literature. However, a trend to reduce pesticides in crops growing in an area of about 0.05 ha were 30–40-yr-old. They had not of many plants creates new possibilities for the development of this spe- been sprayed, pruned, or fertilized. cies. The research indicates that S. pyrella successfully found its own Site 3—an apple orchard located in Leono´w (UTM - FB 19; 51.340 niches, which are fruit orchards with limited pest management (Go´rska- N, 22.635 E) 14 km away from Lublin. It was a 5-ha orchard planted in Drabik 2003) and newly planted apple orchards (Velcheva 2009). 1986, and the main varieties included Cortland, Idared, and Golden Therefore, it is important to understand the community of organisms Delicious. It was a commercial orchard with semi-dwarf plantings until that naturally reduce the number of S. pyrella. An assessment of their 1993. Since then, no chemical treatments or fertilization has been applied. role makes it possible to evaluate the real threat posed by this species. Traps. In each site, 25-cm-wide stripes of corrugated cardboard were Larvae of S. pyrella feed on domestica Borkh. (Buszko attached around the trunks of the trees, 30–60 cm above the ground. In 1991), Cerasus avium (L.), Prunus spp. (Kadłubowski and Szmyt sites 1 and 2, all the trees were taken into account, respectively, 10 and 1985), Pirus spp., Sorbus spp., and spp. (Maciesiak and 13, whereas in site 3, 45 trees were randomly selected. The bands were Boczek 1983). In the beginning, the larva feeds within a leaf, producing attached around the trunks in May and removed in October. In total, mine, then they leave the mines and feed on the surface as an exopha- 204 bands were used over the 3 yr of study. In the laboratory of the gous species. It eats the epidermis and the flesh, leaving the nerves and Department of Entomology (University of Life Sciences in Lublin), the the bottom skin. In addition, it ties the leaf edge with its web so that collected traps were examined. The cardboard fragments with S. pyrella forms a “boat.” The leaves become brown and then dry out. The pupa- cocoons were cut out and they were placed individually in test tubes. tion takes place in a white spindle-like cocoon with thread-like insets The material prepared in this way was placed in an outside insectarium on the leaves (first generation) and in bark crevices, on the trunks (sec- with the aim of exposing them to low temperatures. In February, the mate- ond generation) (Maciesiak and Boczek 1983, Baraniak 1992). rial was transferred into the laboratory and stored at room temperature So far, little information is available on the species structure of (20–23C) until the emergence of the adults (imago of parasitoids or parasitoid community associated with S. pyrella, especially with the ). Then they were killed by ethyl acetate, prepared, identified, and second generation of larvae overwintering in bark crevices of counted. trees (Kadłubowski and Szmyt 1985). This article identifies the The recorded parasitoids were identified using the keys of Hymenoptera parasitoid complex of S. pyrella in eastern Poland and Kasparyan (1981) and Trjapitzin (1978). The nomenclature of parasi- defines the parasitization level of second-generation caterpillars. toids was verified after Kaz´mierczak (2004) and Noyes (2007). The obtained specimens of Hymenoptera were deposited in the Department Materials and Methods of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Poland). Study Area. The study was conducted between 2001 and 2003 in Data Analysis. The results into the degree of parasitization of the three sites located in Lublin and its vicinity (SE Poland). S. pyrella cocoons were statistically analyzed using a one-sided

VC The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE VOLUME 14

Table 1. List of parasitoids recorded from S. pyrella Superfamilies Families Subfamilies Species References Own research Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonidae Pimplinae (¼Ephialtinae) Itoplectis maculator Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Itoplectis alternans Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Gelinae (¼Cryptinae) Gelis integer Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Gelis areator Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Gelis agilis – þN Hemiteles decipiens Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Hemiteles chionops Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Triclistus pallipes Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) þ Triclistus pygmaeus Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Winiarska (2001) – Triclistus spiracularis Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Ichneumoninae Phaeogenes impiger Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Phaeogenes minimus Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Herpestomus brunnicornis Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Winiarska (2001) þ Herpestomus nasutus Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Braconidae Microgasterinae Apanteles xanthostigma Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) and – Go´rska-Drabik (2003) Apanteles longicauda Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Agathidinae Earinus tuberculatus Go´rska-Drabik (2003) – Chalcidoidea Eulophidae Entedoninae Chrysocharis aquilegiae – þN Eulophinae Cirrospilus pictus Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Sympiesis acalle Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Elasmus albipennis Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Sphenolepis ? oreophilus Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) – Pteromalidae Pteromalinae Dibrachys cavus Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985) þ Catolaccus ater – þN Eupelmidae Eupelminae Eupelmus urozonus – þN Total 25 21 7 (4N) N first record from S. pyrella. significance test between the two indicators of the structure (available in Statistica 6.0, StatSoft), at statistical significance of P < 0.05. Table 2. S. pyrella cocoons collected in 2001–2003 and factors limited their number Results Year Number of cocoons Twenty-five species of parasitic Hymenoptera have been described from S. pyrella in Poland including the literature data as well as species In total Parasitized Died of From obtained as a result of own studies (Table 1). Rearing 303 cocoons of unknown which moths causes were obtained S. pyrella resulted in obtaining 112 imagines of parasitic Hymenoptera (Tables 2 and 3), 8 of which were not identifiable species because they 2001 152 64 40 48 were damaged. They represented seven species grouped into four fami- 2002 96 13 44 39 2003 55 7 29 19 lies: Ichneumonidae (three species), Eulophidae (one species), Total 303 84 113 106 Pteromalidae (two species), and Eupelmidae (one species). Parasitoids as Gelis agilis F., Chrysocharis aquilegiae (Erdo¨s), Catolaccus ater (Ratzeburg), and Eupelmus urozonus (Dalman) had not been reported at its highest 47.4%, whereas in 2002 and 2003 the level of parasitiza- from the host before. tion was respectively at 13.5 and 12.7% (Fig. 1). The percentage of par- The species composition of the parasitoid complex was changing asitized cocoons in 2001 was significantly higher than in 2002 as well each year. There was no consistent recording of the species within the as in 2003 (P < 0.05). study period. Only two species, namely G. agilis and Triclistus pallipes Holmgren, occurred in two successive years of studies, whereas the Discussion others were observed only in 1 yr. Among the recorded parasitoids, the The aim of this study was to document the parasitoid complex of species Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst), E. urozonus, and S. pyrella in Poland. Using published reports and own studies showed C. ater were rarely found and in small numbers. The greatest number of that the parasitoids community is represented by 25 species grouped parasitoids was observed in 2001 (Table 3). into two families, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, as well as the super- The most numerous trophic groups were hyperparasitoids, involv- family of Chalcidoidea. There is no information about other natural ing only two species: G. agilis and C. ater. Four specimens have been enemies of S. pyrella both in Poland and in Europe. identified only as genus Gelis (Table 3). In Poland, the parasitoid community of S. pyrella was studied by Of all the obtained parasitoids, 15.5% were primary parasitoids of Kadłubowski and Szmyt (1985). They recorded 13 parasitoid species S. pyrella, whereas the others fell within the unknown species of parasitic including seven belonging to the family of Ichneumonidae, one species Hymenoptera from which hyperparasitoids were recorded. T. pallipes from the family Braconidae, and five species from the superfamily and Dibrachys cavus (Walker) were the most abundant species in the Chalcidoidea. Later research increased this list with two species complex of primary parasitoids and they represented the greatest number from Ichneumonidae (Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Winiarska of parasitized S. pyrella cocoons (Table 3). The contribution of Ch. aqui- 2001). Go´rska-Drabik (2003) showed another four species from legiae, D. cavus,andE. urozonus in parasitization is not as obvious Ichneumonidae and two species from Braconidae, which were new to because they can be both primary and secondary parasites (Table 4). this host. The results presented in this article enlarged the list of the G. agilis represented 94% of the community of secondary parasitoids. parasitoids complex of S. pyrella with three species belonging to the In total, 30.4% of the wintering cocoons of S. pyrella were parasi- superfamily of Chalcidoidea and one species from the family of tized by the Hymenoptera species throughout the study. In 2001, it was Ichneumonidae. 2014 GO´ RSKA-DRABIK ET AL.: PARASITOID COMPLEX OF SWAMMERDAMIA PYRELLA 3

Table 3. Species of Hymenoptera recorded from the cocoons of S. pyrella in 2001–2003 Species Number of Total Contribution to the Contribution to individuals parasitoid complex (%) parasitization (%)

2001 2002 2003 Parasitoids T. pallipes 3 1 – 4 30.8 1.3 H. brunnicornis 2 – – 2 15.4 0.7 Ch. aquilegiae – – 15 (2) 15 (2) 15.4 0.7 D. cavus – 18 (4) – 18 (4) 30.8 1.3 E. urozonus – – 1 1 7.7 0.3 Sum 5 19 (5) 16 (3) 40 (13) 100 4.3 Hiperparasitoids G. agilis 58 8 – 66 92.9 23.4 Gelis sp. – – 4 4 5.6 C. ater 2 (1) – – 2 (1) 1.4 Sum 60 (59) 8 4 72 (71) 100 23.4 Total 65 (64) 27 (13) 20 (7) 112 (84) – 27.7

Table 4. Parasitoids recorded from the cocoons of S. pyrella and their status Species Statusa

Primary Secondary Endoparasite Ectoparasite Solitary Gregarious I. maculator þþ(of pupae) þ I. alternans þþ(of pupae) þ G. integer þþ þ þ G. areator þþþ G. agilis þþþ H. decipiens þ ? þ ? þþ H. chionops þ ? þ ? þþ T. pallipes þþ þ T. pygmaeus þþ þ T. spiracularis þþ þ P. impiger þþ þ P. minimus þþ þ H. brunnicornis þþ þ H. nasutus þþ þ A. xanthostigma þþ þ A. longicauda þþ þ E. tuberculatus þþ þ Ch. aquilegiae þþ þ þ C. pictus þþþ S. acalle þþ þ þ E. albipennis þþþ S. oreophilus þ ? D. cavus þþ þ þ C. ater þþþ E. urozonus þþ þ þ aThe status of the obtained parasitoid species is given according to de Graham (1969), Trjapitzin (1978), Go´rny (1979), Zajancˇkauskas et al. (1979), Kasparyan (1981), Noyes (2003), Stojanovic´ and Markocic´ (2005), Mafi and Ohbayashi (2010)

Hyperparasitoids were the most numerous trophic group, and among them, G. agilis was the species that occurred in the greatest number. Species from the genus Gelis Thnbg. are parasites of Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Zajancˇkauskas et al. 1979, Kasparyan 1981). Piekarska-Boniecka (1997) described this species as hyperpara- sitoid of Archips rosanus L. while Sawoniewicz and Buszko (1994) gave another species—Bucculatrix nigricomella Zeller as its host. C. ater is another recorded hyperparasitoid species and is stated as a parasitoid of the Braconidae family mainly for Apanteles spp. (Trjapitzin 1978). It was also reported as hyperparasitoid of (Stojanovic´ and Markocic´ 2005). Numerous hyperparasitoids obtained in this study (70 individuals) could be the cause of an absence of primary parasitoids especially Fig. 1. Parasitization level of S. pyrella cocoons in 2001–2003. from the Braconidae family. Such species as Apanteles xanthostigma Histograms with the same letters above do not differ significantly (Haliday), Apanteles longicauda Wesmael, Earinus tuberculatus (P < 0.05). (Wesmael), and Oncophanes lanceolator Ness, belonging to this family 4 JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE VOLUME 14 were parasitoids of S. pyrella (Zajancˇkauskas et al. 1979, Kadłubowski Baraniak, E. 1992. Rozsiedlenie w Polsce gatunko´w z rodzaju Swammerdamia and Szmyt 1985, Go´rska-Drabik 2003). A. xanthostigma was recorded Hu¨bner, 1825 (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae). Wiadomos´ci Entomologiczne in Go´rska-Drabik (2003) study as the most effective parasitoids from 11: 155–160. Buszko, J. 1991. Motyle (Lepidoptera) rezerwatu Las Piwnicki. Parki the family of Braconidae—it is parasitized 10% of S. pyrella larvae Narodowe i Rezerwaty Przyrody 10: 5–60. and pupae. An important role of genus Apanteles was also emphasized de Graham, M.W.R.V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of northwestern Europe. Bull. by Lucchese (1941). In the orchards of central Italy, it parasitized 80% Br. Museum (Natural History) 16: 1–908. of the population of S. pyrella larvae. Genc¸er, L. 2003. The parasitoids of Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller The group of primary parasitoids included five species although the (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in Sivan. Turk. J. Zool. 27: 43–46. status of three of them (Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker), E. urozonus, Go´rny, S. 1979. Pasoz˙ytnicze błonko´wki na olszy czarnej—Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. w okolicach Ostro´dy. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 49: 305–369. and D. cavus) is not clear. According to Trjapitzin (1978), D. cavus, Go´rska-Drabik, E. 2003. Occurrence of Swammerdamia pyrella (Vill) from the family of Pteromalidae, can be a primary or secondary poly- (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) and its Hymenopterous parasitoids (Poland, phagous parasitoid of many species of Lepidoptera as well as some 1996–1998). Holtic. Veg. Grow. 22: 108–114. Diptera and Hymenoptera. It was reported from Yponomeuta malinellus Go´rska-Drabik, E., and J. Napio´rkowska-Kowalik. 2009. Parasitic (Zeller) (Yponomeutidae) as well as other families’ of moths like Hymenoptera reared from denticulella (Thnbg.) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae, Choreutidae, and (Zajancˇkauskas et al. Gracillariidae.). Pol. J. Entomol. 78: 121–126. Grabenweger, G. 2004. Poor control of the horse chestnut leafminer, 1979). Winiarska and Anasiewicz (1989) enumerated this species as a Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), by native European para- parasitoid of the moths’ larvae wintering under the bark of apple trees. sitoids: a synchronization problem. Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 189–192. It was also reported from the larvae of second generation of S. pyrella Hansson, C. 1985. and biology of the Palaearctic species of (Kadłubowski and Szmyt 1985). However, E. urozonus obtained from Chrysocharis Foerster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica S. pyrella can be a primary or secondary parasitoid. It is a part of the Scandinavica 26: 1–130. parasitoid complex of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera (Go´rny Jenser, G., K. Bala´zs, C. S. Erde´lyi, A. Haltrich, F. Ka´da´r, F. Koza´r, V. Marko´, V.Ra´cz, and F. Samu. 1999. Changes in population com- 1979). Reported from Callisto denticulella (Thunberg) (Go´rska-Drabik position in IPM apple orchards under continental climatic conditions in and Napio´rkowska-Kowalik 2009) and another species of the family Hungary. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 73: 141–154. Gracillariidae (Grabenweger 2004). Ch. aquilegiae is also a new parasi- Jonaitis, V. 2000. Fauna of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in toid of S. pyrella, which has not been reported so far. This species is Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 10: 3–19. known as a parasitoid of different species of Diptera and Coleoptera, Kadłubowski, W., and J. Szmyt. 1985. Materiały do bionomii namiotnicy mainly however of moths (Trjapitzin 1978, Szczepan´ski 1983, Hansson gruszkowej Swammerdamia pyrella (De Villers 1789) Lep., Yponomeutidae. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych (Seria E- Ochrona Ros´lin) 15: 119–127. 1985, Adachi 1998, Jenser et al. 1999, Noyes 2007). It can also be a Kasparyan, D. R. 1981. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, pp. 1–688. In G. S. secondary parasitoid (Trjapitzin 1978). Medvedev, (ed.)., Opredeliteli Nasekomykh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR III, T. pallipes had been earlier reported by Kadłubowski and Szmyt vol. 3, Nauka, Leningrad. (1985),asTriclistus pallidipes Dalla Torre from cocoons of first genera- Kaz´mierczak, T. 2004. Checklist of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) of Poland. tion S. pyrella. This species is an endoparasite of Tortricidae, Electron. J. Pol. Agric. Univ. For. 7. (http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume7/ Phycitidae, and other moths (Kasparyan 1981, Jonaitis 2000). It was issue2/forestry/abs-05.html). Kot, J. 1964. Pro´by wykorzystania pasoz˙ytniczych błonko´wek w zwalczaniu reported from weirana Douglas and Rhopobota naevana namiotnika jabłoniowego—(Hyponomeuta malinellus L.) (Lep., (Hu¨bner), both from Tortricidae (Tolkanitz 1987). Hyponomeutidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne (Seria B.) 23: 277–280. H. brunnicornis had been earlier reported as the parasitoid of S. pyr- Lucchese, E. 1941. Contributi alla conoscenza dei lepidotteri del melo ella (Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Winiarska 2001). Wie˛ckowski and Swammerdamia pyrella Vill. Bollettino del R. Laboratorio di Entomologia Wie˛ckowska (1961), Kot (1964), and Genc¸er (2003) also reported this Agraria di Portici 5: 157–174. species in parasitoid complex of Y. malinellus belonging also to the Maciesiak, A., and J. Boczek. 1983. Biologia namiotnicy gruszowej (Swammerdamia pyrella De Vill.). Prace Instytutu Sadownictwa i family Yponomeutidae. H. brunnicornis is mentioned as endoparasitoid Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach (Seria A) 24: 267–275. of many families of moths: Yponomeutidae, Plutellidae, Tortricidae Mafi, S. A., and N. Ohbayashi. 2010. Biology of Chrysocharis pentheus,an (Miczulski and Kos´lin´ska 1976, Kasparyan 1981). Endoparasitoid Wasp of the Citrus Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. The available studies include very little information on the natural J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 12: 145–154. regulation of S. pyrella. The greatest role in limiting its population is Miczulski, B., and M. Kos´lin´ska. 1976. Pasoz˙ytnicza entomofauna motyli parasitoids from the families of Ichneumonidae and Braconidae zwo´jkowatych (Tortricidae) wyste˛puja˛cych w sadach jabłoniowych w niek- to´rych rejonach Polski. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 46: 165–178. (Kadłubowski and Szmyt 1985, Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Napio´rkowska˛-Kowalik, J., and W. Winiarska. 1999. Entomofagi zimuja˛ce Winiarska 1999, Go´rska-Drabik 2003). On the other hand, the authors’ na pniach drzew owocowych. Prog. Plant Protect. 39: 509–512. own studies indicated that T. pallipes, D. cavus, and G. agilis were the Napio´rkowska˛-Kowalik, J., and W. Winiarska. 2001. Owady most abundant. A sparse occurrence of H. brunnicornis was observed zimuja˛ce na pniach drzew owocowych w s´rodowisku miejskim Lublina, in parasitoid complex of S. pyrella (only two specimens). While pp. 72–76. In P. Indykiewicz, T. Barczak, and G. Kaczorowski (eds.), Napio´rkowska-Kowalik and Winiarska (1999) indicated an 18% of par- Bioro´z˙norodnos´c´ i ekologia populacji zwierze˛cych w s´rodowiskach zurbani- zowanych. NICE, Bydgoszcz. asitization of S. pyrella population by this species. Noyes, J. S. 2007. The universal Chalcidoidea Database. (www.nhm.ac.uk/ In total, more than 30% of S. pyrella cocoons were parasitized entomology/chalcidoids/index.html) (accessed 23 September 2013). throughout the study—in successive years it ranged from 13 to 48%. Piekarska-Boniecka, H. 1997. Zwo´jko´wki (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) i ich par- However, it has been reported that parasitization of this species larvae azytoidy (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) wyste˛puja˛ce na plantacjach por- was lower and amounted to over 16% (Go´rska-Drabik 2003). zeczki czarnej (Ribes nigrum L.) w okolicach Poznania. Wiadomos´ci Entomologiczne 15: 241–247. Sawoniewicz, J., and J. Buszko. 1994. Ga˛sienicznikowate (Hymenoptera, Acknowledgments Ichneumonidae) wyhodowane z motyli minuja˛cych (Lepidoptera) w Polsce. We would like to express our deep gratitude to Prof. Bartłomiej Wiadomos´ci Entomologiczne 13: 55–61. Miczulski for help in identification to species the parasitoids belong- Stojanovic´, A., and C. Markocic´. 2005. Parasitoid complex of Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clemens, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in Serbia. J. Pest ing to the order of Hymenoptera. Sci. 78: 109–114. Szczepan´ski, H. 1983. 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