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Soft Errors of Semiconductors Caused by Secondary Cosmic-Ray Neutrons

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Soft Errors of Semiconductors Caused by Secondary Cosmic-Ray Neutrons JP0350353 JAERI-Conf 2003-006 3.26 Soft Errors of Semiconductors Caused by Secondary Cosmic-ray Neutrons HidenoriSAWAMURA*11*2 TetsuoIGUCHI+2 TakanobuHANDA+1 *1 Computer Software Development Co., Ltd. Ton-iihisa-cho, Sinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0067 e-mail: sawamuracsd.co'p *2 Departinent of Nuclear Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-6110, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya-shi, AICHI, 464-01 e-mail: sawainuraavocet.nucl.nagoya-u.acjp Cosmic-ray spallations in the atmosphere produce high energy neutrons, and these neutrons wake up an upset of bits on memory devices. This phenomenon is called'soft error'or 'single-event upset. The neutron originated soft errors are mainly caused by nuclear reawtiODS between a silicon ncleus and a high energy neutrons, wich produce a-particles alld Mg, Al ad other fragments. A preliminary analysis have been made on the neutron iduced soft error by simulating behaviors on neutrons and a particles of their nuclear reaction product Si with MCNP-Xfl]qANL) and LAHET150(LANL) datasets. Key words: Semiconductor, Neutron, Cosmic-ray, Single-evey)t-upset, Soft error 1. Introduction Semiconductor soft errors on memory bits caused by secondary cosmic-ray neutrons were reported i 1979 by ZiegiarM[31. In those days, attention was oly paid to the soft error caused by a -particles[) fiom decay of a very small amount of radioactive impurities in semiconductors. The soft error by secondary cosmic-ray neutrons had not been remarked until 1999s. In 1994, however, 'Gormanet al. reported that the contribution of neutrons to the soft error was almost equal to that of a -particles from the radioactive ipurities for 288Ebit DRAM151 chips. In 1996, JTBM, Boeing, Fujitsu, etc[6-111. pointed out that the soft error rate increases with an increase of itegration density of semiconductor devices. The neutron induced soft errors would be dominant for DRAM integrated with higher density than 4Mbits, comparing with a-particleinducedonesE"-131.'Ibestimatetheneutroninducedsofterrorrate,wehavemade a preliminary transport alcination o neutrons and a-particles of their nuclear reaction product in Si with MCNP-X(LANL) and LAHET150UNL) datasets. +1: Computer Software Development Co., Ltd +2: Nagoya University 271 - JAERI-Conf 2003-006 2. Process In tis section, we will describe semiconductor soft error processes due to cosmic-ray neutrons. A. Neutrons produced in cosmic-ray spallations reach on the ground of he earth. Fig. 1 shows the particle ffight path. The rates of secondary cosmic-rays are summan' ed in Table . Muons consist about 60% of secondary cosmic-rays and neutrons consist about 40% of them. Electric charge in a semiconductor cell by a deposit energy from a cosmic-ray muon induced is negligible. However, heavy nuclei fragments produced by a nuclear reaction between a neutron and a silicon nucleus deposit huge amount of energy that brings about a single event upset. Thus, about 99% of soft-errors by secondary cosmic-rays are caused by cosmic-ray neutrons[14,151. ................ N. JC-4 IBM Y6409 10-1 0, RtrJW.RK*6 a J a KIM# (bill 222ancba Cosrmja se Reaction on dw SenxcndLrtx Ekctrr..LaM MUM 1% 8ectrcT%-iq,,,iet-. Intei-a-Akn NWW ReX* Proton 0325% Hectomaymbc lnt,,racbw i,20%) I- 3fc/pm "A I t, (810 ISMAim Picn OM4% aectromaTetr Irswacbm LCW FNMge rwow Re*;V10 i According to the IBM model, the cosmic-ray neutron spectrumE14,151 on the ground is represented by the following Formula(l) and Fig.2. Table2 shows the neutron flux[14,151. FLUX=1.5exp qln(E))l ... Formula (1) F(x)=-5.2752-2.6043x+0.5985x2-0.089l5x3+0.003694x4 1MeV<E<1OGeV) 272 - JAERI-Conf 2003-006 L"r New Yor*-; 20 nJcjnV Denver; 97.6 njcmIjhmir B. Formula 2) shows dominant processes producing a-particles and other heavy ions in a silicon by an insident neutron. Fig. 3 shows an example of images of the interactions. Nuclear Reaction (Example) ... Formula 2) n + 28Si p + 28pd n + 28Si n + p + 27AI n + 28Si 2n + 2p + 25Mg n + 28Si n + + 24Mg n + 28Si etc St Si tip C. The -particle or the other heavy ion deposit some energy on a memory bit. If the generated charge by the deposit energy is greater than the threshold of a single-event upset, a soft error occurs. UDfortunately, the complete cross section list of the interactions is not publicly opened. Therefore, in this report, we have analyzed only the phenomena related to a -particles. D. An upset of a bit on memory devices has an energy threshold. For example, an upset of a bit on common SRAM devices occurs when a bit is given an electric charge around 10M to 30fC. The energy of 36 eV is required to create an electron-hole pair in Silicon. Therefore, the 1M and the 30 M correspond to the deposit energy of 023 MeV and 068 MeV. Less than about 3000 Fit is preferable as for the soft error rate of a semiconductor (Fit = failure in time; ailure--upset of bit, time=1.OE+9hour). - 273 - JAERI-Conf 2003-006 3. Analysis We calculated an expected soft error rate on a Mbit SRAM device caused by neutrons generated from cosmic rays. The soft error rate is calculated from the number of event that the energy deposition in the depletion layer is greater than the soft error threshold. Note that on this analysis, we only take into account the energy deposition by an a-particle produced from a nuclear reaction between an incident neutron and a silicon nucleus. We used a neutron transport Monte Carlo code, MCNP-X on this sunulation. Fig.4 shows the geometry of a SRAM cell used for the put of the simulation. In the simulation, neutrons are generated on the surfaces of the silicon substrate shown in Fig.4. The place of the neutron oigin is randomly selected on the surfaces event-by-event and the direction of the neutron is also randomly selected but only directed to the inside of the substrate. The neutron spectrum is based on the IBM model shown in Fig.2. We assumed that the injected neutron flux is 12 n/cm2/hour, which is the experimentally measured neutron flux in Tokyo shown in Table 2. Si 41 7 a *%.4Vtm"& from 4' I, 4. Results and discussion We generated 104 X 109 neutrons in the Monte Carlo simulation. It corresponds to the real time of 8.67E+11 hours by using the generated area of LE-4=2 and the flux of 12 n/cm2/hour. The CPU time is about 20 hours on the 1.9GHz Pentium4 Unux PC. Assuming that the soft error threshold is fC 0.68MeV) 7 events are observed as an energy deposition greater than the threshold in the depletion layer by an a-particle. From this result, the soft error rate is derived as 8AE-12 errors/hour/cell. Therefore, the soft error rate of the 1Mbit SRAM device is expected to be 8AE-6 errors/hour and, it corresponds to 8400,Mt. ng.5 shows the deposit energy by an a-particle in the depletion layer of the cell as a function of number of neutrons generated. Ms figure shows about 16 portion of the total generated neutrons with the histogram bin size of around 3000 event. In this plot, three events can be seen as an energy deposition greater than 30 fC ( ).68 MeV) . Note that this 16 portion is selected as an example of a statistical soft error rich region in tis simulation. - 274 - JAERI-Conf 2003-006 UJAURIA, Y.Prim -A t*L", Cw~ (I-MIYAtIM The result of 8400 ± 320OFit (68% confidence level) is larger than a preferable upper Emit of 3000 Fit. However, since this simulation result has a large statistical uncertainty, we need more statistics to improve the statistical precision. In addition to the statistics, we have to think of the following subjects. • Heavy ion fragments effect other than a-particles. • Simulate more accurate geometry of the cell. • Chemical properties other than silicon, like impurities doped to semiconductors, coating materials, and other layers like metal and S102. • Broader energy spectrum of neutrons outside of 10 MeV to 150 MeV. 5. Conclusion In this study, we calculated the soft error rate of a 1Mbit SRAM cell caused by an a-particle generated from cosmic-ray neutrons using a neutron transport and the interaction Monte Carlo code MCNP-X The result shows the soft error rate of 8400±3200 Fit 68% confidence level, statistical eror only). We will improve the analysis acuracy by simulating more detailed geometry and the chermcal composition, and by improving the nuclear cross section file used for the simulation code. - 275 - JAERI-Conf 2003-006 References [11 Laurie S. Waters, Editor : 'JCNPX-TM USEWS MANUAL Version 2.4.Y', -A-CP-02-408, August 2002 [21 J.FZieglerandWkLanford:"EffectofCosmicRaysonComputerMemories,"Science,vol. 206, p.776, 1979. [31 J.FZiegler and W. A. Lanford: "Me Effect of Sea Level Cosmic Rays on Electric Devices," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 528, p.4305,1981. [41 T. C. May and M. H. Wood: Alpha-Particle-Induced Soft-Errors in Dynamic Memories," IEEE Trans. Electron Dev., vol. ED-26, p 2 1979. [51 T. J. 'Goman "Me Effect of Cosmic Rays on the Soft Error Rate of a DRAM at ground level," IEEE Mans. Electron Dev., vol. ED-41, p. 553, 1994. [61 J.FZiegler : "IBM Experiments in Soft Fails in Computer Electronics 1978-1994)," IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 40, p. 3, 1996. [71 T. J. 'Goman, J. M. Ross, . H. Taber, J. F. Ziegler, H. P. Muhlfield, C. J. Montrose, H. W. Curtis and J.
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