Du Journalisme Au Cinéma Sandrine Lévêque Et Denis Ruellan

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Du Journalisme Au Cinéma Sandrine Lévêque Et Denis Ruellan Impression, projection Une histoire médiatique entre cinéma et journalisme Collection dirigée par François-Emmanuël Boucher et Maxime Prévost Prise dans son sens le plus large, la littérature constitue depuis ses origines le lieu de dépôt et d’archivage des mythes. Avec la moder- nité, elle devient aussi productrice de nouvelles mythologies, expres- sion des aspirations et des angoisses collectives qui constituent l’imaginaire contemporain. Cette collection vise à cartographier l’imaginaire actuel à travers l’analyse des œuvres de représentation qui le définissent par leur survie, leur dialogue avec la tradition ou, parfois, leur radicale nouveauté. Impression, projection Une histoire médiatique entre cinéma et journalisme Sous la direction de Richard BÉGIN, Thomas CARRIER-LAFLEUR et Mélodie SIMARD-HOUDE Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts. Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année de la Société de déve- loppement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’en- semble de leur programme de publication. Nous remercions le groupe de recherche Médias 19, le Laboratoire CinéMédias ainsi que le GRAFIM (Groupe de recherche sur l’avènement et la formation des identités médiatiques) dont le soutien a rendu possible la parution de cet ouvrage. Maquette de couverture : Laurie Patry Mise en pages : In Situ © Presses de l’Université Laval. Tous droits réservés. Dépôt légal 4e trimestre 2019 ISBN 978-2-7637-4578-7 PDF 97827637 45794 Les Presses de l’Université Laval www.pulaval.com Toute reproduction ou diffusion en tout ou en partie de ce livre par quelque moyen que ce soit est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite des Presses de l’Univer- sité Laval. Table des matières IntroductIon cinéma et journalisme : les affinités médiatiques . 1 Richard Bégin, Thomas Carrier-LafLeur et Mélodie Simard-Houde PremIère PartIe Le cinéma écrit par le journalisme chaPItre PremIer Les Nouvelles littéraires et le cinéma . 25 Comment le sujet « cinéma » investit un journal littéraire Karine aBadie chaPItre 2 Popular Film face à la féminité . 43 Une étude des éditoriaux (1926-1937) Evelyne CouteL chaPItre 3 Voir l’amérique, écrire le cinéma . 63 La mécanique du reportage hollywoodien chez Blaise Cendrars et Joseph Kessel Thomas Carrier-LafLeur DeuxIème PartIe Le Journalisme vu par le cinéma chaPItre 4 « Love Is News » . 83 Newspaper pictures et romcom à l’âge classique hollywoodien Grégoire HaLBout vII vIII ImpressIon, projectIon – Une hIstoIre médIatIqUe entre cInéma et joUrnalIsme chaPItre 5 Les Newspaper comedies des années 1930-1940 . 103 La représentation des médias écrits et la transmission mimétique du désir dans le cinéma hollywoodien classique (1931-1943) Toufic eL-KHoury chaPItre 6 L’œuvre de dieu, la part du diable . 123 Le mythe du journaliste au tournant des années 1980 dans le cinéma américain Baptiste CrepS chaPItre 7 métier d’homme, métier de femme ? . 147 Le sexe (et le genre) du journalisme au cinéma Sandrine Lévêque et denis rueLLan troIsIème PartIe Le cinéma comme journalisme chaPItre 8 Le « Tourneur de manivelle » . 169 Ou l’entrée d’un reporter technicien dans l’imaginaire médiatique Mélodie Simard-Houde chaPItre 9 Les Combattants de l’insolence (1984) . 191 Une enquête filmée de Christophe de Ponfilly dans le conflit soviéto-afghan Johanna Cappi chaPItre 10 mafia, sicile et cinéma . 211 Ré-élaboration(s) formelle(s) du film-enquête dans les films de Pierfrancesco Diliberto ( La Mafia uccide solo d’estate, 2013 et In Guerra per amore, 2016) Fabien Landron table des matIères IX chaPItre 11 témoin 2 .0 et humiliation . 227 Le cas des vidéos de fail Laurent PineauLt QuatrIème PartIe Le cinéma contre le journalisme chaPItre 12 L’alternative « Television » . 245 Enzensberger, vom Bruch et le (non-)montage Jeremy HamerS chaPItre 13 Krzysztof Kieślowski . 267 Auteur-documentariste sous le communisme polonais Katarzyna LipinSKa chaPItre 14 Les revues clandestines cinématographiques (1943-1944) . 285 Entre engagement politique et recherche de légitimité Xavier Bittar notices biobibliographiques des auteurs . 301 Introduction Cinéma et journalisme : les affinités médiatiques Richard bégIn Université de Montréal Thomas carrIer-lafleUr Université de Montréal Mélodie sImard-hoUde Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 « ue le Cinéma ait, pour une part importante, contribué, depuis Q le début du XXe siècle, à l’évolution des idées et des mœurs, c’est indiscutable et c’est dans sa nature même. Il lui suffisait d’être lui-même et d’exercer son activité dans les voies et par les moyens qui lui sont naturels1. » C’est par ces lignes programmatiques que s’ouvre l’ouvrage de René Jeanne et Charles Ford, Le Cinéma et la Presse (1895-1960). On y trouve un discours qui, dès l’origine du média, a été utilisé pour définir son essence et sa fonction : selon des expressions aujourd’hui consacrées, le cinéma serait – ou à tout le moins a été – une « fenêtre ouverte sur le monde », un « miroir du réel ». Mieux encore, il offrirait « le monde à portée de main2 ». Or, 1. René Jeanne et Charles Ford, Le Cinéma et la Presse (1895-1960), Paris, Armand Colin, 1961, p. 5. 2. Sur les différents lieux communs qui ont été véhiculés sur le média cinématographique lors de son avènement, voir l’excellente anthologie constituée par Daniel Banda et José Moure (éd.), Le Cinéma : naissance d’un art (1895-1920), Paris, Flammarion, coll. « Champs », 2008. Pour constater l’évolution des discours sur le fait cinématographique, et son expansion dans la société moderne, il est également intéressant de consulter, des deux mêmes éditeurs, Le Cinéma : l’art d’une civilisation (1920-1960), Paris, Flammarion, 2011. 1 2 ImpressIon, projectIon – Une hIstoIre médIatIqUe entre cInéma et joUrnalIsme donner à voir le « monde sous tous ses aspects », comme le suggè- rent avec enthousiasme Jeanne et Ford, est aussi « exactement le rôle et la mission de la Presse3 ». De là, en 1961, alors que les deux médias, cinéma et journal, subissent des métamorphoses profondes, l’incitation à leur consacrer une étude sous forme de monogra- phie4. Menacés par l’implantation de plus en plus généralisée de la télévision dans les foyers, le cinéma en salle et la presse écrite demandent implicitement que l’on commence à rédiger leur histoire réciproque. Qu’elles soient tangibles ou fabulées, d’ordre épistémique ou relevant du mythe, c’est à l’étude de ces « affinités électives » entre les deux médias-phares du XXe siècle que se consa- crera le présent ouvrage collectif. En observateurs attentifs, il faudra nous installer au carrefour du cinéma et du journalisme, afin d’in- ventorier des activités qu’abrite ce lieu bouillant, point chaud de notre imaginaire et de notre contemporanéité. Naissances et crises d’un média Il faut d’abord rappeler que la presse écrite a été le premier grand témoin de la « naissance » du cinématographe, suite à la mythique soirée du 28 décembre 1895 au Salon indien du Grand Café, à Paris. Quelques jours plus tard, en page trois de l’édition du 31 décembre 1895 du Radical, quotidien politique et littéraire fondé une quinzaine d’années plus tôt par Henry Manet, on trouve l’un 3. Jeanne et Ford, Le Cinéma et la Presse (1895-1960), op. cit., p. 6. Nous soulignons. 4. Bien qu’elles ne soient pas abondantes ou régulières, quelques autres études importantes ont été réalisées depuis la parution de l’ouvrage de Jeanne et Ford. On retiendra notamment celles-ci, qui témoignent d’approches différentes et complémentaires pour aborder cette question intermédiale qui est aussi la nôtre : Anne-Marie Thibault-Laulan, Cinéma, presse et public, Paris, Retz, coll. « La bibliothèque du CEPL », 1978 ; Giorgio Gosetti et Jean-Michel Frodon (dir.), Print the Legend. Cinéma et journalisme, Paris, Cahiers du Cinéma, 2004 ; Sonia Dayan- Herzbrun, Le Journalisme au cinéma, Paris, Seuil, coll. « Médiathèque », 2010 ; Matthew C. Ehrlich et Joe Saltzman, Heroes and Scoundrels. The Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture, Urbana/Chicago/Springfield, University of Illinois Press, 2015. Ajoutons que tout récemment, le groupe de recherche Numapresse (http ://www. numapresse.org/) s’est penché sur le discours journalistique à propos du cinéma lors de la journée d’étude « L’écriture cinématographique dans la presse du premier XXe siècle au prisme des humanités numériques » (13 mars 2019). IntrodUctIon – cInéma et joUrnalIsme : les affInItés médIatIqUes 3 des plus beaux témoignages de cette naissance, aujourd’hui presque inconcevable, qui, pour la presse de l’époque, s’inscrit plutôt bana- lement dans le défilé ordinaire des heures et des jours. Entre une rubrique nécrologique et une nouvelle titrée « L’Affaire Arton », texte portant sur Léopold Émile Aron (dit Arton) qui, à cette époque, faisait régulièrement la manchette en raison de son impli- cation dans le scandale de Panama, on peut lire ces lignes qui, pour le lecteur contemporain, constituent la véritable attraction de cette page : LE CINÉMATOGRAPHE Une merveille photographique Une nouvelle invention qui est certainement une des choses les plus curieuses de notre époque, cependant si fertile, a été produite hier soir, 14, boulevard des Capucines, devant un public de savants, de professeurs et de photographes. Il s’agit de la reproduction, par projections, de scènes vécues et photographiées par des séries d’épreuves instantanées. Quelle que soit la scène ainsi prise et si grand que soit le nombre de personnages ainsi surpris dans les actes de
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