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Notes on Colour, Foraging and Diurnal Activity in the Neotropical Colubrid Snake Leptodrymus Pulcherrimus on Ometepe Island (Nicaragua)

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NOTES NOTITIES OVER DE KLEUR, HET EETGEDRAG EN DE DAGACTIVITEIT VAN DE NEOTROPISCHE COLUBRIDE SLANG LEPTODRYMUS PULCHERRIMUS OP HET EILAND OMETEPE (NICARAGUA) NOTES ON COLOUR, FORAGING AND DIURNAL ACTIVITY IN THE NEOTROPICAL COLUBRID SNAKE LEPTODRYMUS PULCHERRIMUS ON OMETEPE ISLAND (NICARAGUA). Tariq Stark Tariq Stark Inleiding Introduction De herpetofauna van Nicaragua is nog steeds The herpetofauna of Nicaragua remains one een van de minst bestudeerde in Centraal- of the most understudied in Central America Amerika (Sunyer et al., 2014), hoewel de ont- (Sunyer et al., 2014). However, the discovery dekking van nieuwe reptielen- en amfibieën- of new reptile and amphibian species in the soorten niet ongewoon is (Sunyer en Köhler, country and distributional records for certain 2007; Sunyer et al., 2008; 2011; Stark et al., taxa are not uncommon (Sunyer and Köhler, 2014). In 2011 ondernamen we een studie op 2007; Sunyer et al., 2008; 2011, Stark et al., het eiland Ometepe in het Zuidwesten van Ni- 2014). In 2011 we conducted a study on the caragua. Ons onderzoek was vooral gericht Island of Ometepe in the South West of Nicara- op nieuwe opkomende ziektes in amfibieën, gua. Our research objectives revolved around zoals het Ranavirus en de beruchte chytride- emerging infectious diseases in Amphibians schimmel Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. like Ranavirus and the notorious chytrid fungus Deze studie leidde tot het vaststellen van de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This study aanwezigheid van het Ranavirus op Ometepe led to the discovery of the presence of Ranavi- (en de eerste beschrijving van deze ziekte in rus on Ometepe (and first record of the disease Nicaragua), die tot massale sterfte leidde in in Nicaragua) causing mass mortality in two twee (nieuwe) kikkergastheersoorten (Stark (new) anuran host species (Stark et al., 2014). et al., 2014). Een ander onderdeel van onze The other aspect of our study was to conduct a studie was een inventarisatie van de herpeto- herpetofaunal survey of the Island. This result- fauna van het eiland. Dit leidde tot de ontdek- ed in the discovery and subsequential range king en bijhorende uitbreiding van het bekende extension of three snakes species (Epictia ater, verspreidingsgebied van drie slangensoorten Loxocemus bicolor and Sibon anthracops), one (Epictia ater, Loxocemus bicolor en Sibon an- anuran and the first records of males of Bo- thracops), een kikker en de eerste vondst van litoglossa insularis, a micro endemic lungless mannetjes van Bolitoglossa insularis, een mi- salamander which was only discovered in 2008 cro endemische longloze salamander die pas (Sunyer et al., 2008; Stark et al., 2014). voor het eerst in 2008 ontdekt is en enkel op Ometepe voorkomt (Sunyer et al., 2008; Stark The Island of Ometepe is located in Lago de et al., 2014). Nicaragua. The island consists of two volca- LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2015 161 JAARGANG/VOLUME 35 NUMMER/NO.4 Foto 1: De tuin van Finca Magdalena. Op de hoek van het hek werd het eerste dier gevonden. Foto door Marc Monsanto. Picture 1: The garden of Finca Magdalena. On the corner of the Fence post the first individual was found. Picture credit Marc Monsanto. Foto 2: Overzicht van Finca Magdalena. Veel verschillende reptielen en amfibieënsoorten konden worden gevonden in deze tuin die wordt omgeven door droog laagland bos. In de achtergrond kan men het wolkenwoud, in de mist, nog zien. Foto door Marc Monsanto. Picture 2: Overview of Finca Magdalena. Many reptile and amphibian species could be found in this garner which was surrounded by lowland dry forest.LITTERATURA On the SERPENTIUM background 2015the cloud 162 forest, JAARGANG/VOLUME shrouded in mist, 35can NUMMER/NO.4 be seen. Picture credit Marc Monsanto. NOTES Het eiland Ometepe ligt in het Lago de Nica- ragua. Het eiland bestaat uit twee vulkanen: Maderas (hoogte 1394 meter) en Concep- ción (hoogte 1610 meter). De twee vulkanen zijn met elkaar verbonden door middel van een moerasrijke landbrug. Concepción is nog steeds actief en heeft weinig bos op zijn ho- gere hellingen vanwege regelmatige uitbarstin- gen. Op zijn lagere hellingen echter bevindt zich het grootste droge woud van het eiland (2450 hectare). Maderas is slapend en bedekt met verschillende types bos; droog laagland- bos (1120 hectare), vochtig bos (1640 hectare) en op zijn hogere hellingen bevindt zich het grootste vochtige ‘wolken’bos van het eiland (1166 hectare) - (Perez et al., 2014). In de la- gere gedeeltes van dit laatste type bos deden we opmerkelijke waarnemingen aan de neotro- pische colubride Leptodrymus pulcherrimus, een soort waar nog weinig over bekend is. Deze korte notitie presenteert fotomateriaal van een populatie van Leptodrymus pulcher- rimus die lichtblauw van kleur is, wat een scherpe tegenstelling is tot de normale, groene kleur. Aanvullend presenteren we waarnemin- gen aan het foerageergedrag van deze soort Foto 3: Het eerste exemplaar van Leptodrymus en mogelijke prooidieren. Tenslotte melden we pulcherrimus dat we vonden. De blauwe kleur is duidelijk zichtbaar. Foto door Carlijn Laurijssens. zongedrag alsook dagactiviteit van deze soort Picture 3: The first individual of Leptodrymus pulcherrimus tijdens het regenseizoen. Voor deze studie zijn we found. The blue colouration can cleary be seen. Picture geen dieren gevangen of verzameld. credit Carlijn Laurijssens. Notities over de kleur en het gedrag van Leptodrymus pulcherrimus noes, Maderas (elev. 1,394 m) and Concepción Leptodrymus pulcherrimus is bekend van (elev. 1,610 m). The volcanoes are connected de kant van de Grote Oceaan van Centraal- by a wetland Isthmus. Concepción is still active Amerika; van Guatemala tot El Salvador, Hon- and has little forest on its higher slopes due to duras, Nicaragua en Costa Rica en verschil- frequent eruptions. On its lower slopes how- lende plaatsen aan de Atlantische kust (Köhler, ever it has the largest extension of dry forest 2008). Het is een soort die vooral voorkomt in (2,450 ha) on the island. Maderas is dormant een relatief droge, open habitat (Savage, 2002; and covered in several types of forest: low- Köhler, 2008). Tijdens een inventarisatie van de land dry forest (1120 ha), humid forest (1640 herpetofauna van het eiland Ometepe in Nica- ha) (Perez et al., 2004). On its highest slopes it ragua (2011), vonden we verschillende exem- supports the largest extension of cloud forest plaren op Maderas tijdens de maanden juni en on the island (1166 ha). On the lower slopes of september. Deze vondsten vielen in het regen- the latter we made noteworthy observations of seizoen, dat loopt van mei tot december. We the neotropical colubrid Leptodrymus pulcher- vonden deze soort in relatief droge gebieden rimus, a species little is known about. zoals akkers, tuinen en laaglandbos met hoog- tes van 6 tot 170 meter boven de zeespiegel. This short note presents photographic material Alle exemplaren werden gevonden op of nabij of a population of Leptodrymus pulcherrimus het landgoed Finca Magdalena. Het eerste dier with light blue colouration which is in sharp werd aangetroffen in de tuin van Finca Mag- contrast with its normal, green colouration. In LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2015 163 JAARGANG/VOLUME 35 NUMMER/NO.4 NOTITIES Foto 4: Detail van het hoofd van dit blauwachtige exemplaar. Alle dieren die we later vonden hadden dezelfde kleur. Foto door Tariq Stark. Foto 5: De kleur van de bovenkant van de kop. Foto door Picture 4: Head study of this blueish individual. All animals Tariq Stark. found later on had the same colouration. Picture credit Picture 5: View of the dorsal colour of the head. Picture Tariq Stark. credit Tariq Stark. dalena (11.48282 °N, 85.50914°W, 170 meter, addition we present observations of foraging foto’s 1-2) waar het op een hek zat op onge- behaviour in this species and possible prey veer 150 cm hoogte. De slang werd gevangen items. Lastly, we note basking in this species en gefotografeerd op 24 juni om 11.37 tijdens as well as diurnal activity during the rainy sea- open en zonnig weer (foto’s 2-6). De dieren die son. For this study no animals were collected we vonden, hadden een opvallende blauwe as vouchers. kleur op de bovenkant van hun kop en staart in plaats van het meer gebruikelijke groen die Notes on colour and behaviour in Leptodry- deze soort normaal vertoont (Bogert, 1947; mus pulcherrimus Savage, 2002; Köhler, 2008; foto 7). Alle indi- Leptodrymus pulcherrimus is known from viduen op deze locatie hadden dezelfde kleur. the Pacific Versant of Central America: from Guatamala to El Salvador, Honduras, Nicara- Toen we onze foto’s aan enkele lokale gidsen gua and Costa Rica and several locations at lieten zien (UGO - Union Guías Ometepe), the Atlantic Versant (Köhler, 2008). It is a spe- vertelden ze ons dat deze soort met dezelfde cies that is associated with relatively dry, open kleuren ook voorkwam aan de andere kant van habitat (Savage 2002 ; Köhler, 2008). During het eiland (Concepción). Dit hebben we niet an inventory of the herpetofauna of Ometepe zelf kunnen bevestigen, maar de omgeving lijkt Island, Nicaragua (2011) we found several indi- geschikt. Over de oorzaak van de afwijkende viduals on Maderas in the months of June and kleur van de Ometepe-populatie kunnen we September. These observations coincided with alleen maar speculeren, hoewel de gedachte the rainy season which last from May until De- aan een genetische afscheiding van populaties cember. We found this species in relatively dry van het vasteland zich opdringt. Phillips (et al., area’s like farm lands, gardens and lowland dry 2014) meldt de voor deze populatie schijnbaar forest at elevations of six meters to 170 me- typische kleur eveneens. We hebben geen ters above sea level. All individuals were found exemplaren meer gezien tot 12 september, on the property or in the vicinity of Finca Mag- maar daarna elke dag tot 20 september. De dalena. The first individual was encountered dieren waren overdag actief gedurende deze in the Garden of Finca Magdalena (11.48282 periode.
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  • New Country and Departmental Records of Herpetofauna in Nicaragua

    New Country and Departmental Records of Herpetofauna in Nicaragua

    Taxonomy, zoogeography, and conservation of the herpetofauna of Nicaragua Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biologie der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Javier Sunyer Mac Lennan aus Madrid, Spanien Frankfurt am Main, 2009 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes vom Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe-Universität als Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Volker MÜLLER Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Bruno STREIT (Frankfurt am Main) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang BÖHME (Bonn) Datum der Disputation: ii ABSTRACT Central America is one of the world’s most herpetological diverse areas in relation to its size. Nicaragua is the largest country in this region and separates Nuclear from Lower Central America. It is one of the least herpetological explored countries in Central America and few studies dealing with the herpetofauna of a potion or the entire country have been published. I here update the checklist of the Nicaraguan herpetofauna, present taxonomic revisions of some difficult species complexes, compare the similarities of the composition of the herpetofaunal communities in the major forest formations present in the country within a zoogeographical context, and identify those species with a greater vulnerability risk in Nicaragua. Taxonomy The herpetofauna of Nicaragua currently consists of 244 species representing 134 genera and 42 families with 78 amphibian species representing 35 genera and 15 families, and 166 reptile species representing 99 genera and 27 families, which includes six marine species. Sixteen species (12 amphibians and four reptiles) are endemic to the country. Of the 12 endemic amphibian species, three are here described. In addition, five genera (Anotheca, Cerrophidion, Duellmanohyla, Isthmohyla, and Rhinobothryum) and two species (Rhadinea godmani and Urotheca decipiens) are known to occur both north and south of Nicaragua although there are no voucher specimens of these taxa to confirm their presence in country.