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Anfibios Y Reptiles De Nicaragua

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Anfibios Y Reptiles De Nicaragua LIBRO ROJO ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DE NICARAGUA 2017 CONSERVACIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA NICARAGUA LISTA ROJA - . REDACCIÓN Y EDICIÓN Silvia Robleto_Hernández CO-EDICIÓN Allan Gutiérrez Rodríguez REVISIÓN César Otero Ortuño COORDINADOR DE GRUPO César Otero Ortuño COORDINACIÓN Edwin Castro Rivera Raomir Manzanárez Carlos Ramiro Mejía ASISTENTE DE COORDINACIÓN Julio César Santos Zacha Gutiérrez Joselin Manzanárez DISEÑO DE PORTADAS Y MAPAS Allan Gutiérrez Rodríguez FOTOS DE PORTADA Cochranella granulosa, Oedipina koehleri, Cruziohyla calcarifer, Agalychnis callidryas (Javier Sunyer), Coleonyx mitratus, Crocodylus acutus (Allan Gutiérrez), Agkistrodon howardgloydi (José G. Martínez) FOTOS CONTRAPORTADA Oophaga pumilio, Bothriechis schlegelii, Leptophis ahaetulla (Javier Sunyer), Trachemys venusta, Thecadactylus rapicauda (Silvia Robleto), Lepidochelys olivacea (Lidice Jarquín) AUTORES Robleto Hernández, Silvia Bióloga Investigadora Candidata a MSc. Gestión Ambiental Sub-coordinadora de Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG) – Nicaragua Miembro de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies (SSC) - UICN Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Allan Biólogo Investigador Especialista en Sistema de Información Geográfica Coordinador de Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG) – Nicaragua Miembro de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies (SSC) -UICN Otero Ortuño, César Biólogo investigador MSc. en Gestión Ambiental Presidente Capitulo SMBC- Nicaragua González, Ernesto Yarinse Miembro SMBC Capítulo Nicaragua Miembro Herpetonica_ Herpetólogos de Nicaragua Miembro Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG) –Nicaragua Leets Rodríguez, Layo Herbario UNAN-Managua Miembro SMBC Capítulo Nicaragua López Guevara, Henry Herbario UNAN-Managua Miembro Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG) –Nicaragua Miembro Herpetonica_ Herpetólogos de Nicaragua Sunyer, Javier PhD. en Biología con especialidad en Herpetología Miembro HerpetoNica_ Herpetólogos de Nicaragua Miembro de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies (SSC) Miembro Amphibian, Viper y Anoline Lizards Specialist Groups – UICN Libro Rojo Anfibios y Reptiles de Nicaragua. Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica. Junio 2017. Robleto–Hernández, S. (red.ed.), Gutiérrez–Rodríguez, A. (coed.). 1ª edición. 226 Pág. Managua, Nicaragua. i COLABORADORES Altamirano Urbina, Eduardo Fauna & Flora Internacional - FFI_ Nicaragua Asistente Técnico ASE (Estero Padre Ramos)- Programa de conservación de Tortugas Marinas Coulson, Edgard Fiscal del Gobierno Comunal de Greytown Proyecto Tortuga Carey RACCS Gadea Espinal, Velkis Fauna & Flora Internacional - FFI_ Nicaragua Coordinador - Programa de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas Gaos, Alexander Richard Iniciativa Carey del Pacífico Vice-chair Grupo de Especialistas de Tortugas Marinas, Región del pacífico Oriental González, Liza Ecóloga Directora de Paso Pacífico – Nicaragua Salazar Andino, Heydi Fauna & Flora Internacional - FFI_ Nicaragua Responsable Monitoreo Playas de anidación - Programa de conservación de Tortugas Marinas Salazar, Milton Biólogo Investigador Coordinador Herpetonica_ Herpetólogos de Nicaragua Rivera, Alejandra Asistente técnico ASE (Aserradores)- Programa de Conservación de Tortugas Marinas Ruiz, Amaru Biólogo investigador Presidente de Fundación del Río Martínez Fonseca, José Gabriel Biólogo Investigador Fotógrafo Profesional Mejía, Carlos Ramiro Dirección de Biodiversidad- MARENA Ubeda Milton Biólogo investigador Urteaga, José Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Enviroment and Resources, Stanford University. Miembro del Grupo de Especialistas en Tortugas Marinas de la UICN. ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecemos a los Jóvenes Ambientalistas especialmente a Raomir Manzanárez, por ser los promotores de la iniciativa de esta Lista Roja, al Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales - MARENA y Diputado Edwin Castro por impulsar este proyecto, asimismo a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma Nacional de Nicaragua (UNAN – Managua) por permitirnos el espacio para la sesiones evaluativas, también a los investigadores quienes contribuyeron con material fotográfico: Alejandro Solórzano, Armando Gómez, Amaru Ruiz, Adam Radage, Brian Kubicki, Don Filipiak, Eduardo Altamirano, Fundación Cocibolca, Gunther Köhler, Heydi Salazar, José G. Martínez, Josiah Townsend, James McCranie, Lidice Jarquín, Lendre Vilá, Milton Ñamendez, Milton Salazar, Scott Travers, Sebastián Lotzkat, William Booker. A Julio Santos y Zacha Gutiérrez por mantener la coordinación con el grupo. iii CONTENIDO Autores _____________________________________________________________ ii Lista de abreviaturas ___________________________________________________ v Agradecimientos_______________________________________________________vi Glosario____________________________________________________________ vii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ________________________________________________ 14 II. BIODIVERSIDAD Y CONSERVACIÓN ______________________________ 17 Biodiversidad ____________________________________________________ 17 Conservación ____________________________________________________ 18 III. ENDEMISMO Y ESPECIES AMENAZADAS __________________________ 21 Endemismo _____________________________________________________ 21 Especies Amenazadas _____________________________________________ 21 IV. PÉRDIDA Y FRAGMENTACIÓN DEL HÁBITAT ______________________ 23 V. CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y DECLIVE DE ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES _________ 26 Cambio Climático ________________________________________________ 26 Declive de los Anfibios ____________________________________________ 28 Declive de los Reptiles _____________________________________________ 30 VI. ANÁLISIS METODOLÓGICO ______________________________________ 32 VII. METODOLOGÍA PARA CATEGORIZAR LA LISTA ROJA DE ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DE NICARAGUA _____________________________ 35 VIII. LISTA ROJA DE ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DE NICARAGUA, 2017. ______ 41 IX. ANÁLISIS DE LAS EVALUACIONES ______________________________ 137 X. CONCLUSIONES ______________________________________________ 161 XI. RECOMENDACIONES __________________________________________ 163 XII. LITERATURA CITADA _________________________________________ 164 XIII. ANEXOS ____________________________________________________ 199 iv LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS AP: Área protegida AMNH: Museo Americano de Historia Natural BMNH: Museo Británico de Historia Natural CITES: Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres CA: Casi Amenazada CAS: Academia de Ciencias de California EVS: Escala de vulnerabilidad ambiental EP: En Peligro EX: Extinto Ha: Hectáreas h/p: Huevos por postura JV: Jaime Villa KU: Universidad de Kansas Instituto de Biodiversidad KUBI: Universidad de Kansas Instituto de Biodiversidad LACM: Museo de Historia Natural del condado de los Ángeles MER: Método de Evaluación del Riesgo MARENA: Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Msnm: Metros sobre el nivel del mar MCZ: Museo de Zoología Comparada de la Universidad de Harvard MNHN: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural MSUM: Museo de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan MHMUK: Museo de Historia Natural, Reino Unido Londres MPM: Museo Público de Milwaukee NRM: Colección de Herpetología del Museo Sueco de Historia Natural (Base de datos) NMNH: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Instituto Smithsonian n.o cat. : Número de catálogo v OMNH: Museo de Historia Natural de Oklahoma PE: Posiblemente Extinto en Estado Silvestre PC: Peligro Crítico PN: Parque Nacional PM: Preocupación Menor RACCS: Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur RACCN: Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte RB: Reserva Biológica / Reserva de Biósfera RM: Resolución Ministerial RN: Reserva Natural RBIO: Reserva de Biósfera Isla de Ometepe RSP: Reserva Silvestre Privada RVS: Refugio de Vida Silvestre SMF: Museo de Senckenberg en Frankfurt SINAP: Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas UF: Museo de Historia Natural de Florida UICN: Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza UCLA: Universidad de California, Los Ángeles UMMZ: Universidad de Michigan Museo de Zoología VW: Van Wallach VN: Veda Nacional VNP: Veda Nacional Parcial VNI: Veda Nacional Indefinida VU: Vulnerable vi GLOSARIO1 Adaptación: Proceso por el cual un organismo se acomoda al medio ambiente y a sus cambios. (Mata & Quevedo 2005) Antropogénico: Que es de origen humano o provocado por la acción humana. (Lund 1999) Bosque alterado: Bosque que ha sido afectado por el ser humano. En general se refiere a un bosque donde se ha removido una parte de la vegetación (Kappelle 2008). Bosque conservado: Bosque en donde las copas de los árboles se tocan y forman un dosel cerrado durante todo el año o gran parte de él (Miller 1994). Bosque Primario: Bosque que se encuentra en una etapa madura de sucesión, en la cual la estructura y composición son el resultado de procesos ecológicos no intervenidos por la actividad humana (Lund 1999). Bosque ripario: Bosque que se encuentra en los alrededores (riberas) de ríos u otros cursos de agua (Wong et al. 1999). Bosque Seco: Bosque tropical en una región que tiene alrededor de seis meses de sequía al año (Kappelle 2008). Bosque secundario: Bosque que se encuentra en proceso de regeneración natural después de una tala total, quema u otra actividad de conversión de la tierra, sin que se haya recuperado completamente (Lund 1999). Bosque: Ecosistema con un crecimiento denso de árboles y una cobertura del dosel de árboles (incluyendo palmas) de al menos un 33%. Generalmente asociado a flora y fauna silvestre, condiciones naturales de suelo y no estar sujeto a prácticas agropecuarias (Lund 1999). Conectividad: Conexión
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