DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Management in Jordan and Its Impact on Water Scarcity Hanan Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Management in Jordan and Its Impact on Water Scarcity Hanan Al Water Management in Jordan and its Impact on Water Scarcity Hanan Al Omari Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science of Environmental Sustainability Institute of Environment Faculty of Science/Environment sustainability University of Ottawa © Hanan Al Omari, Ottawa, Canada, 2020 ABSTRACT Jordan is among the poorest countries in the world with respect to water resources. Water scarcity in Jordan is an alarming problem that can jeopardize the economy and the stability of the country. It is a multidimensional problem caused by many factors such as the fluctuation of annual precipitation rates, the rapid change in population caused by the refugee influx from neighbouring countries, and the economic situation of the country. The water scarcity problem is aggravated by limitations in water management. This research investigated the shortcomings of water management that contribute to water scarcity. It involves a literature review, a survey questionnaire and interviews. These methods aim to assess the current challenges that prompt water scarcity, understand the water management shortcomings and their causes, identify the existing government solutions for water scarcity, and propose a sustainable solution for this problem. The research finds that water management in Jordan has several shortcomings such as the lack of monitoring and controlling water resources and preventing illegal drilling, the incapability of the government to reduce the non-revenue water as a result of aged water network and water theft, and illegal practices of the agricultural and industrial sectors. This research proposed a solution that aim to mitigate water scarcity in Jordan by enhancing several management practices. Moreover, the proposed solution calls for efficient managerial practices to be adopted by decision makers and the public. I argue that the proposed solutions are sustainable and cheaper than the existing government solutions that rely on searching for new water resources rather than improving water management. ii Acknowledgement I would like first to thank my thesis supervisor Prof. Jamie Benidickson who steered me in the right direction during the writing for this thesis. Also, I would like to thank the experts and officials from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan for providing valuable information during their interviews, including the former Minister of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Without their passionate participation and input, I would not have been able to conduct the interviews successfully. Last but not least, I would also like to acknowledge the second readers of this thesis Dr. Sonia Wesche and Dr. Paul Heintzman, I am gratefully indebted for their valuable comments on this thesis. iii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the soul of my father Khaled Al Omari who always inspired me by his motivation and determination and to my mother who is my director in life. This dedication also goes to my family; my husband Nasser and my lovely kids Nathalie and Mohammed who provide me with their continuous support. Last, I would like to thank my very special influential friends who were beside me in my hard circumstances and helped me to look at the brighter side of my life. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Water Management and Sustainability ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Water Scarcity in Jordan ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Motivation .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research Scope ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Research Problem ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Research Objectives and Contributions ................................................................................. 8 1.7 Research Methodology ............................................................................................................. 9 1.8 Thesis Organization ................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Identifying the Water Problem in Jordan .............................................................................. 11 2.2 Water Resources in Jordan .................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Water Needs and Consumption in Jordan ........................................................................... 16 2.4 Water Strategies and Policies ................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Factors that Impact Water Scarcity in Jordan ...................................................................... 19 2.6 Water Scarcity in other Middle Eastern Countries .............................................................. 29 Chapter 3 Applied Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 34 3.1 The Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Sampling Strategy of the Interviews ...................................................................................... 35 3.3 Interview Questions ................................................................................................................. 36 3.4 Conducting the Interviews ....................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Interviews Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 38 3.6 Advantages and Limitations of Interviews ............................................................................ 39 3.7 The Survey Questionnaire Objectives .................................................................................. 40 3.8 Sampling Strategy for the Questionnaire .............................................................................. 40 3.9 The Survey Questionnaire Design ......................................................................................... 42 3.10 Advantages and Limitations of the Survey Questionnaire ................................................. 43 3.11 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4 Results..................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1 Results of the Literature Review ............................................................................................ 45 4.2 Reporting the Interviews Findings ......................................................................................... 48 v 4.3 Reporting the Survey Questionnaire Finding ....................................................................... 56 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................................. 61 5.1 Causes of Water Management Shortcomings ..................................................................... 62 5.1.1 The Impact of the Economic Situation .............................................................................. 62 5.1.2 The Impact of Tribal and Lobbyist Influence .................................................................... 65 5.1.3 The Impact of Awareness about Water Scarcity ............................................................. 65 5.1.4 The Impact of Multiple Authorities for Water Governance ............................................. 67 5.1.5 The impact of Industrial and Agricultural Practices ......................................................... 68 5.2 Proposed Solutions for Water Scarcity in Jordan ................................................................ 69 5.3 Conclusion and Future Work .................................................................................................. 73 Appendix A. Ethics Approval ................................................................................................................... 84 Consent Form ..................................................................................................................................... 102 Appendix B. Interviews Forms ............................................................................................................... 105 Appendix C. Survey Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 115 vi List of Tables Table 1: Groundwater Basins in Jordan ....................................................................................15 Table 2: Water consumption
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Module No. 1840 1840-1
    Module No. 1840 1840-1 GETTING ACQUAINTED Congratulations upon your selection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out Indicator Description of your purchase, be sure to carefully read this manual and keep it on hand for later reference when necessary. GPS • Watch is in the GPS Mode. • Flashes when the watch is performing a GPS measurement About this manual operation. • Button operations are indicated using the letters shown in the illustration. AUTO Watch is in the GPS Auto or Continuous Mode. • Each section of this manual provides basic information you need to SAVE Watch is in the GPS One-shot or Auto Mode. perform operations in each mode. Further details and technical information 2D Watch is performing a 2-dimensional GPS measurement (using can also be found in the “REFERENCE” section. three satellites). This is the type of measurement normally used in the Quick, One-Shot, and Auto Mode. 3D Watch is performing a 3-dimensional GPS measurement (using four or more satellites), which provides better accuracy than 2D. This is the type of measurement used in the Continuous LIGHT Mode when data is obtained from four or more satellites. MENU ALM Alarm is turned on. SIG Hourly Time Signal is turned on. GPS BATT Battery power is low and battery needs to be replaced. Precautions • The measurement functions built into this watch are not intended for Display Indicators use in taking measurements that require professional or industrial precision. Values produced by this watch should be considered as The following describes the indicators that reasonably accurate representations only.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4
    WORLD TOURISM DESTINATIONS UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4. SAARC Countries A S I A N C O N T I N E N T 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 2 Countries in ASIAN Continent : 48+03+01 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 3 WEST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA 12/11/2020NORTH ASIA Saravanan_doc_WorldEAST ASIA Tourism_PPT SOUTH EAST ASIA4 WEST ASIA 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 5 WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES • Armenia • Lebanon • Azerbaijan • Oman • Bahrain • Palestine • Cyprus • Qatar • Georgia • Saudi Arabia • Iraq • Syria • Iran • Turkey • Israel • United Arab Emirates • Jordan • Yemen • Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 6 Armenia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 7 Azerbaijan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 8 Bahrain 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 9 Cyprus 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 10 Georgia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 11 Iraq 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 12 Iran 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 13 Israel 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 14 Jordan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 15 Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 16 Lebanon 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 17 Oman 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 18 Palestine 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 19 Qatar 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 20 Saudi Arabia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 21 Syria 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 22 Turkey
    [Show full text]
  • Module No. 2240 2240-1
    Module No. 2240 2240-1 GETTING ACQUAINTED Precautions • Congratulations upon your selection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out The measurement functions built into this watch are not intended for of your purchase, be sure to carefully read this manual and keep it on hand use in taking measurements that require professional or industrial for later reference when necessary. precision. Values produced by this watch should be considered as reasonably accurate representations only. About This Manual • Though a useful navigational tool, a GPS receiver should never be used • Each section of this manual provides basic information you need to perform as a replacement for conventional map and compass techniques. Remember that magnetic compasses can work at temperatures well operations in each mode. Further details and technical information can also be found in the “REFERENCE”. below zero, have no batteries, and are mechanically simple. They are • The term “watch” in this manual refers to the CASIO SATELLITE NAVI easy to operate and understand, and will operate almost anywhere. For Watch (Module No. 2240). these reasons, the magnetic compass should still be your main • The term “Watch Application” in this manual refers to the CASIO navigation tool. • SATELLITE NAVI LINK Software Application. CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. assumes no responsibility for any loss, or any claims by third parties that may arise through the use of this watch. Upper display area MODE LIGHT Lower display area MENU On-screen indicators L K • Whenever leaving the AC Adaptor and Interface/Charger Unit SAFETY PRECAUTIONS unattended for long periods, be sure to unplug the AC Adaptor from the wall outlet.
    [Show full text]
  • Elbrus 5642M (South) - Russia
    Elbrus 5642m (South) - Russia & Damavand 5671m - Iran EXPEDITION OVERVIEW Mount Elbrus and Mount Damavand Combo In just two weeks this combo expedition takes you to the volcanoes of Damavand in Iran, which is Asia’s highest, and Elbrus in Russia, which is Europe’s highest. On Elbrus we gradually gain height and increase our chance of success by taking time to acclimatise in the Syltran-Su valley on Mount Mukal, which offers views across the beautiful valleys to Elbrus. Once acclimatised, we climb these sweeping snow slopes to the col between Elbrus’ twin summits before continuing easily to the true summit of Europe’s highest mountain in an ascent of about 1000m. A brief celebration and then we fly direct to Tehran where Mount Damavand may be little known outside its home nation of Iran but it is Asia’s highest volcano and provides a delightful challenge for mountaineers. It is located northeast of Tehran, close to the Caspian Sea and dominates the Alborz mountain range. Damavand is, with its near-symmetrical lines, a beautiful and graceful peak that has lain dormant for 10,000 years. On reaching the crater rim you walk around it to the true summit and it is possible to walk into the crater. It is technically easy but demands a good level of fitness. PLEASE NOTE – YOU WILL NEED TO BOOK THIS TRIP AT LEAST 3 MONTHS BEFORE THE DEPARTURE DATE, TO ALLOW TIME TO GET YOUR AUTHORISATION CODE AND VISA FOR IRAN. The Volcanic Seven Summits Challenge – your dream met, a worldwide journey to the seven continents with a unique challenge that has only been completed by a handful of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian-Gulf-1-Edition.Pdf
    Persian Gulf Tour Operator If you are thinking of surprising someone offer him a trip to • A treasure trove of the world’s finest architecture in the world are located in Iran. • 24 historical monuments of Iran until the beginning of 2021 are listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List • The most memories of the hospitality of tourists are related to Iranians • High cultural and ethnic diversity • Iranian art and crafts are well-known The knowledge of making Iranian launchs and rugs, Ta’zieh Performance,Naghali (traditional Iranian story telling), music, etc. are the records of IRAN UNESCO’s spiritual heritage • Four seasons nature with diverse climates. It’s possible to experience temperature difference up to 50 degrees at a time! • 8200 plant species, 163 mammal species. 535 bird species. 1000 species of amphibians and insects. 10 peaks above 4000 meters. 50 domestic lakes. More than 100 specialized caves. and...... Now it’s time to surprise someone you love! Persian Gulf Tour Operator Explore Persia Iran’s Geography Iran is one of the countries of the southwest of Asia also known as Middle East. It neighbors Afghanistan and Pakistan from East, Turkmenistan, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Armenia from North, Td Iraq from West and Persian Gulf and Oman Sea from South. Iran has 31 provinces, 429 districts, 1245 cities and 2589 villages with a population of about 80 million people. Although mostly known as an arid country, the climatic variety has made Iran to a geographically diverse country, that’s why Iran is known as the land of four season.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic Study in Am, Northern Jordan
    A Sociolinguistic Study in am, Northern Jordan Noora Abu Ain A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex June 2016 2 To my beloved Ibrahim for his love, patience and continuous support 3 Abstract T features in S J T (U) T J : zubde „ ‟ dʒubne „ ‟. On the other hand, the central and southern Jordanian dialects have [i] in similar environments; thus, zibde and dʒibne T (L) T the dark varian t [l] I , : x „ ‟ g „ ‟, other dialects realise it as [l], and thus: x l and g l. These variables are studied in relation to three social factors (age, gender and amount of contact) and three linguistic factors (position in syllable, preceding and following environments). The sample consists of 60 speakers (30 males and 30 females) from three age groups (young, middle and old). The data were collected through sociolinguistic interviews, and analysed within the framework of the Variationist Paradigm using Rbrul statistical package. The results show considerable variation and change in progress in the use of both variables, constrained by linguistic and social factors. , T lowed by a back vowel. For both variables, the young female speakers were found to lead the change towards the non-local variants [i] and [l]. The interpretations of the findings focus on changes that the local community have experienced 4 as a result of urbanisation and increased access to the target features through contact with outside communities. Keywords: Jordan, , variable (U), variable (L), Rbrul, variation and change 5 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitical Condition for Determinants of the Jordan Water Security
    ISSN 1712-8358[Print] Cross-Cultural Communication ISSN 1923-6700[Online] Vol. 16, No. 2, 2020, pp. 6-16 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/11725 www.cscanada.org Geopolitical Condition for Determinants of the Jordan Water Security Hasan Abdullah Al-Dajah[a],*; Ali Hamdi Abu Saleem[b] [a]Associate Professor, Department of Media and Strategies Studies, Al-Dajah, H. A., & Abu Saleem, A. H. (2020). Geopolitical Faculty of Arts, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan, Jordan. Condition for Determinants of the Jordan Water Security. [b]Professor, Department History and Geography, Faculty of Arts, Al- Cross-Cultural Communication, 16(2), 6-16. Available from: Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan, Jordan. http//www.cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/view/11725 * Corresponding author. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/11725 Received 5 May 2020; accepted 12 June 2020 Published online 26 June 2020 INTRODUCTION Abstract The term geopolitical indicates to the integrated This study aimed at studying the geopolitical condition for relationship between geography and the political science) the determinants of the Jordan Water security through the Ethington, & McDaniel 2007), where the natural earth following objectives: clearing the effective demographic geography itself imposes on the policy and the water data on Jordan water security. Disclosing the impact policy, the subject of study in particular, and it usually of the Syrian crisis on the Jordan Water Security and depends on benefitting from the natural resources in recognizing the influence of climate characteristics on achieving objectives of internal and external policy Jordan Water Security and clearing the impact of the Dodds, 2000), and in other words, the term expresses the geopolitical condition on Jordan Water Security.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Sustainability and Hydro-Political Crisis of Jordan River Basin in Middle East: an Analysis
    IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN (P): 2347-4564; ISSN (E): 2321-8878 Vol. 7, Issue 6, Jun 2019, 379-388 © Impact Journals ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND HYDRO-POLITICAL CRISIS OF JORDAN RIVER BASIN IN MIDDLE EAST: AN ANALYSIS Raisul Bari Assistant Professor, Department of West Asian and North African Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India Received: 19 Jun 2019 Accepted: 27 Jun 2019 Published: 04 Jun 2019 ABSTRACT The Jordan River rises in Mount Hermon, at the juncture of Syria and Lebanon and drains one of the world’s driest countries and planet’s most water deficit region. The river runs through Lebanon, Syria, Jordan Israel and Palestine for 251 km and finally dribbled down into the Dead Sea. It is an important water source in the region and due to climate change, the region is becoming drier with the time. Historically, the river valley had a lush green, wetland ecosystem and was the biological heart of the Middle East region. A European explorer once described it as “the crookest river that was”. The river has now seen that over 90 per cent of its water has been diverted and obstructed by the construction of dams and diversion for irrigation as well as for domestic use in the region. Competition for limited and scarce water resource has generated hydro-political tension among the shareholders of the region; the region is correctly described as the “global hotspot of unsustainable water use. Jordan, the world’s third driest country of the world pulls 160 per cent from the underground reservoirs than puts in, out of which 60 per cent is consumed for agricultural purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Orders of Magnitude (Length) - Wikipedia
    03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Orders of magnitude (length) The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths. Contents Overview Detailed list Subatomic Atomic to cellular Cellular to human scale Human to astronomical scale Astronomical less than 10 yoctometres 10 yoctometres 100 yoctometres 1 zeptometre 10 zeptometres 100 zeptometres 1 attometre 10 attometres 100 attometres 1 femtometre 10 femtometres 100 femtometres 1 picometre 10 picometres 100 picometres 1 nanometre 10 nanometres 100 nanometres 1 micrometre 10 micrometres 100 micrometres 1 millimetre 1 centimetre 1 decimetre Conversions Wavelengths Human-defined scales and structures Nature Astronomical 1 metre Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 1/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 decametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 hectometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 kilometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 10 kilometres Conversions Sports Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 kilometres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 1 megametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Geographical Astronomical 10 megametres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 megametres 1 gigametre
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • From: Lee Greenwald To
    From: Lee Greenwald To: FS-objections-pnw-mthood Subject: Twilight Parking lot Date: Monday, March 03, 2014 11:44:20 PM Attachments: 2013 International Report on Snow Mountain Tourism.pdf Cross-country skiing experiencing a Nordic renaissance Olympian.pdf Twilight Parking Lot OBJECTION 3-1-14 EAE v2.doc Dear objections official, I previously raised several objections concerning Mt Hood Meadows application to build the Twilight Parking lot. Though some, not all, of these objections were ostensibly addressed in their responses, they were not addressed fully nor adequately. I raised concerns regarding Meadows assumptions on growth in demand for Alpine skiing. The last ten years MHM stated continued growth trends, but actually the most recent previous two years that has not been the trend. The true growth is in Nordic skiing. The majority of the Nordic community is against the creation of the Twilight lot without a comprehensive analysis of potential future use of this terrain, and nearby Nordic trails and connecting trails. This type of analysis has not been done, and would be precluded by proceeding with the construction of the Twilight lot before all future use options have been considered. Second, I asked that MHM be required by the FS to place the funds, $500,000, for a Nordic center in a designated account for a future Nordic center building, and a restrictive timeline for construction. If the parking lot is to be built, the Nordic community should have some prior input on the Nordic facility to be built prior to the lots final approval. The response that was posted simply stated that "a" facility would be built within three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Small State in the New Arab Regional System ' Jordan Case Study’ Preparation: Laith Al-Ma’Ani
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 24, Issue 4, Ser. 10 (April. 2019) 34-38 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Small State in the New Arab regional System ' Jordan case study’ Preparation: Laith al-ma’ani AlmaaniLaith1, Al-Hadrami Omar2 Correspondent Author: Hu Zhongshan Abstract: Jordan as being one of the most important countries in the middle east that plays a major role in the international relations with other countries from the middle east and being a window for a better cooperation achievement due to its geographic location regardless its size. In this study, the small country in the new Arab regional system presented as "Jordan case study". The methodology used by the study isqualitative rely on empirical survey and historical data based on the previous researches done in this field , the obtained resultsincluded other Arab countries with an important location showing a relatively effective power in the middle east region in addition to some other foreign countries . The psychological and behavioral considerations taken into consideration when formulating their definition. Thus, according to the results, it has been concluded that the importance of the geographical position of Jordan has a major impact on the the political decisions in addition to the international relations for this small country. Moreover, focusing on improving these relations with other countries will lead to an enhanced relation system that lead to a promising future prognosis. Key words: Jordan,Small State,Geographic position,Middle East, Foreign countries International Relations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 15-04-2019 Date of acceptance: 01-05-2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I.
    [Show full text]