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Photogrammetry As a Surveying Technique

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Photogrammetry As a Surveying Technique PHOTOGRAMMETRY AS A SURVEYING TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO HERITAGE CONSTRUCTIONS RECORDING - ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS VOLUME II João Ricardo Neff Valadares Gomes Covas Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em ARQUITECTURA Orientação Professor Auxiliar Luis Miguel Cotrim Mateus Professor Auxiliar Victor Manuel Mota Ferreira Constituição do Júri Presidente: Professor Auxiliar Jorge Manuel Tavares Ribeiro Vogal: Professora Auxiliar Cristina Delgado Henriques DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO Lisboa, FAUL, Dezembro de 2018 PHOTOGRAMMETRY AS A SURVEYING TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO HERITAGE CONSTRUCTIONS RECORDING - ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS VOLUME II João Ricardo Neff Valadares Gomes Covas Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em ARQUITECTURA Orientação Professor Auxiliar Luis Miguel Cotrim Mateus Professor Auxiliar Victor Manuel Mota Ferreira Constituição do Júri Presidente: Professor Auxiliar Jorge Manuel Tavares Ribeiro Vogal: Professora Auxiliar Cristina Delgado Henriques DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO Lisboa, FAUL, Dezembro de 2018 INDEX OF CONTENTS Index of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i Index of Figures ............................................................................................................................. v Index of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vii ANNEX 1 – ADDITIONAL TEXTS – STATE OF THE ART .................................................................... 1 1.1. The Evolution of Photography and Photogrammetry ........................................................ 1 1.1.1. Genesis ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2. The Four Phases of Photogrammetry ......................................................................... 2 1.2. Light is the essence ............................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1. Visible Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum ...................................................... 10 1.2.2. Types of Materials and Types of Reflection .............................................................. 11 1.2.3. Lighting, Atmospheric, and Material conditions To Record Scenes .......................... 13 1.3. Camera Controls ............................................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 The pinhole camera model......................................................................................... 18 1.3.1.1. Intentional Refraction in Lenses ......................................................................... 20 1.3.1.2. The Effects of Focal Length on Ground Sampling Distance................................ 22 1.3.1.3. The Effects of Focal Length on Perspective ........................................................ 24 1.3.1.4. The Field of View and Crop Factor ..................................................................... 26 1.3.2. Aperture .................................................................................................................... 27 1.3.2.1. Range of Focus or Depth of Field ....................................................................... 28 1.3.2.2. Infinity Focus and Hyperfocal Distance .............................................................. 29 1.3.3. The Shutter ................................................................................................................ 31 1.3.3.1. Global Shutter vs Rolling Shutter ....................................................................... 32 1.3.4. Viewfinder and Image Focusing ................................................................................ 33 1.3.4.1. Viewfinder to Frame and Focus in Photogrammetry ......................................... 35 1.3.5. Exposure .................................................................................................................... 36 1.3.6. Dynamic Range, Scene Dynamic Range, and Camera Dynamic Range ..................... 36 1.3.6.1. Dynamic Range in Photogrammetry .................................................................. 38 1.4. Types of Photographic Cameras ....................................................................................... 41 1.4.1. Compact Cameras ..................................................................................................... 41 1.4.2. Bridge Compact Cameras .......................................................................................... 41 i 1.4.3. Digital Single Lens-Reflex-Camera and Single Lens-Reflex-Camera .......................... 43 1.4.4. Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Camera ................................................................. 43 1.4.5. Smartphones ............................................................................................................. 44 1.4.6. Action Cameras or Sports Cameras ........................................................................... 44 1.4.7. Types of Cameras and Platforms in Photogrammetry .............................................. 45 1.5. Types of Lenses ................................................................................................................ 47 1.5.1. Prime Lenses vs Zoom Lenses ................................................................................... 47 1.5.2. The Five Types of Lenses ........................................................................................... 48 1.5.3. Macro Lenses............................................................................................................. 48 1.5.4. Wide-Angle-Lenses .................................................................................................... 49 1.5.5. Fisheye Lenses ........................................................................................................... 49 1.5.6. Normal Lenses ........................................................................................................... 51 1.5.7. Telephoto Lenses ...................................................................................................... 51 1.6. Brief Introduction to Imaging Sensors ............................................................................. 53 1.6.1. Imaging Sensors and Outputs ................................................................................... 53 1.6.2. Sensors of Digital Photographic Cameras ................................................................. 55 1.6.3. Color Separation Methods ........................................................................................ 55 1.6.4. Formats of Imaging Sensors ...................................................................................... 56 1.7. Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 59 ANNEX 2 – DATA OF THE CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................... 65 2.1. Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 65 2.2. Photographic Recording of the Wall in Paço D’Arcos and Calibration ............................. 67 2.3. Photographic Recording of The Medallions of FAUL ....................................................... 69 2.4. Photographic Calibration of GoPro .................................................................................. 71 2.5. Photographic Recording of The Castle of S. Jorge in Lisbon ............................................ 73 2.6. Photographic Recording of The Castle of Sesimbra ......................................................... 75 2.7. Photographic Recording of The Convento dos Capuchos in Sintra .................................. 97 2.8. Photographic Recording of The Igreja de Stº André in Mafra ........................................ 103 2.9. Terrestrial Laser Scanning of The Castle of The Convent of Christ ................................ 111 2.10. GPS Recording of The Castle of Tomar ......................................................................... 117 2.11. First Photographic Recording of The Castle of Tomar ................................................. 129 2.12. Second Photographic Recording of The Castle of Tomar ............................................. 133 2.13. Python Scripts - SkyRemover Buildings ........................................................................ 197 ii 2.14. Python Scripts - SkyRemover Vegetation ..................................................................... 199 2.15. Python Scripts – Contour Lines .................................................................................... 201 2.16. Python Scripts – Process Plan ...................................................................................... 203 2.17. Python Scripts – Process Section Cuts.......................................................................... 207 iii Page intentionally left blank iv INDEX OF FIGURES Figure 1: The four phases of photogrammetry (Schenk, 2005). ................................................... 3 Figure 2: Example of graphical photogrammetry. ........................................................................ 4 Figure 3: Classification of sensing systems (Schenk, 2005). .........................................................
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