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Ilmu Komunikas rssN r693-3029 Terakreditasi ts IURIIAL S( 0nrern,rr ir. 2it,01r?TliIr,t:1,]!J ILMU KOMUNIKAS Eksplorasilurnalisme Kuning Di Indonesia 0.q Itan AualuddinYusuf MediaAnd S0cial Transformation ln Indonesia tU p-,,,t, EksistensiDan Peran nadio Komunitas Dalam Menduk!lng ProsesDemokratisasi Dan PemberdayaanMasyarakal Isbandi WacanaMedia Dalam Kasus Bom Bali PerlarunganWacana Harian Republika Dan Harian KonrFan DalamKasus Bom Bali Deui Ntaiauti KaiiUlang Komunikasi Sosial Dan Pembangunan Di Negara Belkembang ( XasusTranstornasi Sosial Di lndonesia) .So1;iSornrtr',tt Framingthe Cocacolanization: Subverlisementsof Solidarity Movement for Palestlnlanas the ChallengingDiscourse D. Durutrha Sasanghu PornografiDan Slrategi l(leatif Periklanan Basuki AutismeDan Kelerbatasan Komunikasi ( Studi(asus: Metode P€nyampa'an Pesan DalamTerapiAnak Autis 0i SLBPsmbina Yogyaka{a) Suciati Media and Social Transformation in Indonesia Prayudi' Tumbangnyapemnintalun Orde Batu tidtk bisaWas ilai perufl sertaindustri meilia ; Indonesia.walaupuft rnendapatt?*atun yans IuM biasadai pmleifilahafi yaflg miLiteristik, :aiuangan kalanganmedia untuk bebasdai tekananpemennhh telah menunclllkttl bent k- .n1tuk pe auman tefiadap rcjim yang be*uasa. Tulisan ini men8analisispnktek nedia, &lsrs yapers, ili eraOrile BN1/dml traasisi lldol@sit dalafi konkks kultunl danpolitik, serta tpgaifi afla pefi ,nanber*.an konhibu$i bagib rtnslotmasisosial di Indonesit. l,eyrLvrd:prds, NeurO a, transition Inilonesb lntloduction This media and democracy The rclation between media and relation has raised question about how to democracy is inseparable. What is understand the pmctice of media during debatableis exacdy how media conkibute and after the fall of New Ord€r regime and to the process of democrary or how ihe hansition Indonesia. This article examines process of democracy within a country tbi!,ic€lle throuSh tt* .'ilt*ii-La shapes the media. lt is also noteworthy political understanding of hrdonesian how the pvemment affects the way the politic and m€dia practice in Indonesia. media plays its role. Understanding of how the media The Slate PolicieB ove! the Press aid democracy relates to each other Since the bedming of its power, becomes interesting after the fall of the New Order regime realiz€d the Suharto's New Order Regime in May impotance of structunng and controlling 198. Supported with strong military the press. L€arnint from the Dutch power, this authoritarian regime had colonier and Old order regime, the New dominated the political life of all aspe.ts of Order issued policies to structure and to so.iety, including me&a. Nevertheless, conhol the press known as the system of the role the media played in Indonesia had the press, which adopted the state gone tfrcugh vadous forins, different ideology Pancas a, and were conEolled from those in western countdes. The thouth the constltutiot Basicallt the bansition of demoqacy in lndonesia itselJ Pancasila pr€ss system adopted the has trigtered the emergence of a more concept of development joumalism. In its d€mocratic govemment and the ris€ of 25" meeting at Solo in 1984,Press Council, civil society as the consequence of as the extension power oI the state, reformation em. This situation has also declared that the lndonesian press system affected the rol€ tlrc media plays, which is was to onent its b€haviour and attitude at the sam€ time aJfects the development toward the values of Pancasila and the of a more democratic Indonesia. 1945 Constitution (Rachrnadi 1990). This statement implied that althouSh the press 1) ?nyudi b al€.tffi at the DePotur ofcomojc.tim must be healthy and free ftom pressure; it Studie.,FISIPUPN VhYogli.ldtadd PhDCadi&b must also be socially responsible. Social at dr Sct@l oI Aptlied Comuicatioi, RMn Uni'6it, Melbo@,A6h.1i.. EmiL trdlu alltrd@[email protected] responsibility meant that the press must Jumall]Iu Kondilrsi, Vol.4 No.1, ,ewi - April 2006 ti Mcdia Md Social Tmsfomation in Indmcsit foster the feeling of trust that would lead (Hill 1994;Hanazaki 1998). to democmtic and open society with The state limitation of th€ positive intenction mechanjsm b€tween freedom of the press can be observed from the press, state and society. The relation the conflicted chapteE in the hess Act. between the state and the press should be Chapter 2, Article 4, dedared that " No in the Iorm of partnership, that is both the censorship or banning shall be applied to press arld Sovemment would interact the National Press", that "Freedom of the js equally. In reality, the govemment tended Press tuamnt€€d in accordancewith the to dominate and most of the time steered frmdamental rights of citizens" (Artide PressPolicies. 5.1) and that "No publication permit is The probl€m with PancasilaFess needed" (chapter 4 tutide 8.2). The system under the New Order regime was reality was tllat during an unspecified Olerewas no clear charactedstic about the "hansitional period" (ClEpter 9, Article 'social and responsiblerpress and 20.1.a) two related permits had to be therelore may be used as the instrument of obtained by newspaper pubtishers: Srraf power holder to criticize the press. lji Terbit ot SIT (l,etter of Permit to According to Sumanant (Kompas Publish) from the ostensibly civil 2/6/1%0), tl\e interpretation of 'social Department of Inlormadon, and.Surat Iiin and rcsponsible' press is very much Cetak or SIC (lrtter of Pemit to hint) determined by those who hold the power. from the military security authority, The New Order go vernment, KOPKAMTIB (Hill 1991). Further, purposively, stressed the aspect of Chapter 7 of the Pless Act stated that kess responsibility in order to lilrtit the Council consisted oI press members and freedom of the press. Its strategy that h€aded by minister oI infomadon. emphasized economic developmmt had Nevertheless, during the early led the press to become the state aSent oI 1970s, the press still had the freedom to development by reporting the progress of ffiticize govemm€nt, especialy when the development to society and built good development program benefited image of the state. tovemment officials more than so€iety. One strong characteristic of the For instance, when sr'l,at Hanpan (R^y ol press in the €arly New Order was its spirit Hope) daily discovered a coruption case for stru881e.This had been Foven when in Pertamifia (Indonesian Oil and Mining the press alonS with political powers Company) in 1969. Even whe hdonesia within society and supported by Sullarto's R"/a (Glodous Indonesia) da y rcpoded power successfully toppled Sukarno and the massacre of 2000-3000 political his PKI associates.Noticing the power of prisoners in Purwodadi, Cenhal Java in the press in mobilizint the public, the 1969, the government did not take any New Order government decided to action (L€e 1974).It can be concluded that conuol th€ Fess by iBsuing Indonesia there was press freedom in the early phase 1956 Act No. 11 on the Basic Pdnciples of oI the New Order ela as long as the press the Press.This PressAct, which was based did not r€port aSainst the anti{omlaunist on Chapters 28 and 33 of the 1945 government. Constitution, MPRS deoee No. 3211966 There are at least two arguments on Indonesian Press and the state to explain the attitude of the state toward ideology, stated that the nurture of the the press during this eaily p€riod. Itlst press was in the hand of governmmt and the fact that Suharto 'cleaned up' militar:y press membe6 elected by the pvemment officers that may endanger his position Jbal Ilnu Kodmitai, Vol.4 No.l, Jd@i Agil 2006 e S6i.l Tturfmltid ir rn{hnd" -rl centrc of power. thes€ earty years of woise thing was when Minister of lirv-d Order had been used to consolidate InfomEtion l{aniroko. issued the Decree poH€rs within the army, especialy the of Minister of Information No.1/1984 that atrled forres. Thus, the new military authorized him to withdraw the SruPP Fv€rnment ne€ded ethical and political and to ban any newspaper without hgitirnating ftom society, and the prcss recourse to p[blic defence or trial. was the best medium for 1t. Second,ttte honical, Harrnoko was atainst this kind iat€ miSht pqceive the critics from the of policy when he becamethe chairman of F€se were still considelable and tolerable Pe7satumrWartstal lfi.doficsia(the United srd could be used for sef-scrutiny. Up to Journalists of Indonesia). this poinl lh€ pr€ss orierld itself toward Another fo![r of limitation of the society and plac€d itsel-f as the parher of fre€dom of the press was the introduction tovernment and society in the of the policy of SARA. As paft of Suharto's &velopment proc€ss (Abar 195). idea to shaF Indon€sia into a Javanese In 1982, th€ New order Kirydoq in which c€ntralized power govemnent issued the rcvised version oI was a core concept, the policy of SARA the1 5 h,ess Act. flanazaki (1998)noted emphasized the limitation of discussion some interesting changes in it Words like on ethnic, rcl*ioq rme and inter-group tevolution' and 'F%r€ssiv€' in th€ 1966 issues. As I argue in the prcvious chapter, ft€ss Act wel€ replaced with 'national the policy denied the fact that Indonesia slruggle' and in the 1982 was a pluralistic society. The idea of Pr€EsAct. Ptlrdses like 'maintainint the conJlict and violmc€ were attached to the pmg€ssive-revolutionary powers' was policy of SAXA and s€en as a thr€at replaced with 'ddving the spirit of toward the state. For the pEss, it was a devotion toward tbe national struggle, waming noi to cover issues on SARA as it strsrgthming the national unity and may trigter conflict or violence among integrity, and stimulatinS the smaft and various memlers of society. Further, this €nthusiastic participation of society in the concept prohibited any coverag€ prooe$ of development'.
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