MIXOTROPHY in FRESHWATER FOOD WEBS a Dissertation
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Destabilization, Stabilization, and Multiple Attractors in Saturated Mixotrophic Environments
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 27, 2021 Destabilization, stabilization, and multiple attractors in saturated mixotrophic environments Lindstrom, Torsten; Cheng, Yuanji; Chakraborty, Subhendu Published in: SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics Link to article, DOI: 10.1137/19M1294186 Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Lindstrom, T., Cheng, Y., & Chakraborty, S. (2020). Destabilization, stabilization, and multiple attractors in saturated mixotrophic environments. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 80(6), 2338-2364. https://doi.org/10.1137/19M1294186 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. SIAM J. APPL.MATH. © 2020 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 2338{2364 DESTABILIZATION, STABILIZATION, AND MULTIPLE ATTRACTORS IN SATURATED MIXOTROPHIC ENVIRONMENTS\ast \" y z x TORSTEN LINDSTROM , YUANJI CHENG , AND SUBHENDU CHAKRABORTY Abstract. The ability of mixotrophs to combine phototrophy and phagotrophy is now well recognized and found to have important implications for ecosystem dynamics. -
Bioenergetics of Mixotrophic Metabolisms: a Theoretical Analysis
Bioenergetics of mixotrophic metabolisms: A theoretical analysis by Stephanie Slowinski A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences (Water) Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 © Stephanie Slowinski 2019 Author’s Declaration This thesis consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Statement of Contributions This thesis consists of two co-authored chapters. I contributed to the study design and execution in chapters 2 and 3. Christina M. Smeaton (CMS) and Philippe Van Cappellen (PVC) provided guidance during the study design and analysis. I co-authored both of these chapters with CMS and PVC. iii Abstract Many biogeochemical reactions controlling surface water and groundwater quality, as well as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon turnover rates, are catalyzed by microorganisms. Representing the thermodynamic (or bioenergetic) constraints on the reduction-oxidation reactions carried out by microorganisms in the subsurface is essential to understand and predict how microbial activity affects the environmental fate and transport of chemicals. While organic compounds are often considered to be the primary electron donors (EDs) in the subsurface, many microorganisms use inorganic EDs and are capable of autotrophic carbon fixation. Furthermore, many microorganisms and communities are likely capable of mixotrophy, switching between heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolisms according to the environmental conditions and energetic substrates available to them. -
Worksheet Class 7Th ( Science ) Chapter 1St Nutrition in Plants
Worksheet Class 7th ( science ) Chapter 1st Nutrition in plants 1. Autotrophic nutrition 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain their food from others ( plants and animals ) is called heterotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophs :- Organisms that are not capable of synthesising their own food and depend on other organisms for their food requirements are called heterotrophs. They are also called consumers. Heterotrophic Nutrition in plants Heterotrophic nutrition in non-green plants are of three types- (i) Saprotrophic (ii) Parasitic (iii) Symbiotic (I) Saprotrophic nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Saprotrophs or saprophytes Saprotrophs are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter. Example :- Fungi, mushrooms Saprophytes are also called cleaners of the environment. (II) Parasitic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which an organism lives on or inside the body of other living organism (host) is called parasitic nutrition. Parasitic plants are of two types • Total parasites • Partial parasites Total parasites These plants cannot make their own food and derive all of it from the host plant. E.g.- cuscuta (amarbel) is total stem parasite and Rafflesia is total root parasite plant. Partial parasites They have green leaves, therefore can make their food for themselves. However, they get water and minerals from host plant. E.g.- mistletoe is a partial stem parasite and sandalwood is a partial root parasite. (III) Symbiotic Nutrition Symbionts:- Two organisms living in close physical contact with each other and providing mutual benefits are called symbionts. Symbiosis:- Condition of living together is called symbiosis. -
Aerobic Respiration
Life is based on redox • All energy generation in biological systems is due to redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions Aerobic Respiration: + - C6H12O6 + 6 H2O ==> 6 CO2 + 24 H +24 e oxidation electron donor (aka energy source) + - (O2+ 4H + 4e ==> 2H2O) x6 reduction electron acceptor --------------------------------------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ==> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O overall reaction (24 electrons) Types of bacterial metabolisms • While eukaryotes only reduce O2 and oxidize organic compounds, prokaryotes can use a variety of electron donors and acceptors, organic and inorganic. - • Aerobic respiration: e acceptor is O2 - • Anaerobic respiration: e acceptor is not O2 • Fermentation: e- donor and acceptor are organic molecules • Chemolithotrophy: e- donor and acceptor are inorganic molecules • Phototrophy: e- donor is light and e- acceptor is either organic or inorganic all microorganisms energy source? chemical light chemotroph phototroph carbon source? carbon source? organic organic CO CO compound 2 compound 2 chemoheterotroph chemoautotroph photoheterotroph photoautotroph e- acceptor? Nitrifying and sulfur- use H O to reduce CO ? oxidizing bacteria 2 2 green non-sulfur and O Other than O 2 2 purple non-sulfur bacteria anoxygenic oxygenic photosynthesis: photosynthesis: green sulfur and most bacteria Organic Inorganic cyanobacteria compound compound purple sulfur bacteria fermentative organism anaerobic respiration: nitrate, sulfate, Fe(III) Aerobic or anaerobic respiration Chemolithotrophy Important molecules Redox Electron Carrier: for example the -
Biophysical Aspects of Resource Acquisition and Competition in Algal Mixotrophs
vol. 178, no. 1 the american naturalist july 2011 Biophysical Aspects of Resource Acquisition and Competition in Algal Mixotrophs Ben A. Ward,* Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Andrew D. Barton, and Michael J. Follows Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Submitted November 10, 2010; Accepted March 15, 2011; Electronically published June 6, 2011 polar waters, for example, mixotrophy provides dinofla- abstract: Mixotrophic organisms combine autotrophic and het- gellates with the flexibility to endure large environmental erotrophic nutrition and are abundant in both freshwater and marine environments. Recent observations indicate that mixotrophs consti- changes during tidal and seasonal cycles (Li et al. 2000; tute a large fraction of the biomass, bacterivory, and primary pro- Litchman 2007). However, in the low-seasonality sub- duction in oligotrophic environments. While mixotrophy allows tropical oceans, where such nonequilibrium dynamics are greater flexibility in terms of resource acquisition, any advantage presumably much less important, mixotrophy remains a must be traded off against an associated increase in metabolic costs, prevalent strategy. Zubkov and Tarran (2008) recently which appear to make mixotrophs uncompetitive relative to obligate found that photosynthetic protist species, which account autotrophs and heterotrophs. Using an idealized model of cell phys- iology and community competition, we identify one mechanism by for more than 80% of the total chlorophyll in regions of which mixotrophs can effectively outcompete specialists for nutrient the North Atlantic, were also responsible for 40%–95% of elements. At low resource concentrations, when the uptake of nu- the total bacterivory. Small mixotrophs have been shown trients is limited by diffusion toward the cell, the investment in cell to be of similar importance in coastal oligotrophic waters membrane transporters can be minimized. -
Nutritional and Reproductive Strategies in a Chemosymbiotic Bivalve Living in a Tropical Intertidal Seagrass Bed
Vol. 501: 113-126, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 31 doi: 10.3354/mepsl0702 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPEN ACCESS © ® Nutritional and reproductive strategies in a chemosymbiotic bivalve living in a tropical intertidal seagrass bed Matthijs van der Geest1*, Amadou Abderahmane Sail2, Sidi Ould Ely3, Reindert W. Nauta1, Jan. A. van Gils1, Theunis Piersma1,4 1NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands 2Mauritanian Institute for Oceanographic Research and Fisheries (IMROP), BP 22, Nouadhibou, Mauritania 3Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, BP 5355, Nouakchott, Mauritania 4Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: Sulphide-oxidizing endosymbiont-bearing bivalves often dominate the infauna of seagrass-covered sediments, where they control sulphide levels and contribute to carbon cycling by feeding on chemosynthetically fixed carbon and suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM). Previous studies from temperate habitats suggest that SPOM availability may regulate growth and reproduction, since SPOM may be of greater nutritional value than the material provided by bacterial endosymbionts. To examine if changes in diet correlate with body condition and repro ductive activity, we studied seasonal patterns in somatic and gonadal investment and gameto- genic development in relation to nutrition in the endosymbiont-bearing bivalveLoripes lucinalis in seagrass-covered intertidal flats at a tropical study site (Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania). Carbon stable isotope analysis revealed clear seasonal cycles in the relative heterotrophic contribution to the diet of Loripes, with mean monthly values ranging from 21% in March to 39% in September. -
An Improved Model of Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics in the Microbial Food Web in Marine Enclosures
AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 14: 91-108.1998 Published January 2 Aquat Microb Ecol An improved model of carbon and nutrient dynamics in the microbial food web in marine enclosures 'Ecological Modelling Centre, Joint Department of Danish Hydraulic Institute and VKI, Agern Alle 5, DK-2970 Harsholrn, Denmark 'VKI, Agern All6 11, DK-2970 Harsholrn, Denmark 3National Environmental Research Institute, PO Box 358, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark ABSTRACT: A description of an improved dynamic simulation model of a marine enclosure 1s given. New features In the model are the inclusion of picoalgae and rnixotrophs; the ability of bacteria to take up dissolved inorganic nutrients directly; and, for the phytoplankton functional groups, the inclusion of luxury uptake and the decoupling of the nutrient uptake dynamics from carbon-assimilat~ondynamics. This last feature implies dynamically variable phosphorus/carbon and nitrogedcarbon ratios. The model was calibrated with experimental results from enclosure experiments carried out in Knebel Vig, a shallow microtidal land-locked fjord in Denmark, and verified with results from enclosure experi- ments in Hylsfjord, a deep and salinity-stratified Norwegian fjord. Both observations and model simu- lation~showed dominance of a microbial food web in control enclosures with low productivity. In N- and P-enriched enclosures a classical food web developed, while an intermediate system was found in N-, P- and Si-enriched enclosures. Mixotrophic flagellates were most important in the nutrient-limited control enclosures where they accounted for 49% of the pigmented biomass and about 48% of the primary production. Lumping the mixotrophs in the simulation model with either the autotrophic or the heterotrophic functional groups reduced total primary production by 74 %. -
Hetrotrophic-Nutrition-O-Level.Pdf
Heterotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic organisms are organisms that feed on complex ready-made organic food. They use it as source of: - (i) energy for their vital activities, (ii) building materials, that is specific atoms and molecules for cell maintenance and repair and growth, (iii) vitamins (co-enzymes) that cannot be synthesised in organism but which are vital specific cellular processes. The main forms of heterotrophic nutrition include (i) holozoic, (ii) saprotrophic (or saprophytic) e.g. mould, mushroom (iii) mutualistic (iv) parasitic, although some overlap between groups may occur. Holozoic nutrition It is a type of heterotrophic nutrition involves the following processes (i) Ingestion: is taking in of complex organic food(solid or liquid). (ii) Digestion: is the breakdown of large complex insoluble organic molecules into small, simple soluble diffusible molecules. This is achieved by mechanical break down and enzymatic hydrolysis. Digestion may be either extra or intra cellular. (iii)Absorption: is the uptake of the soluble molecules from the digestion region, across a membrane and into the body tissue proper. The food may pass into the blood stream to be transported to appropriate regions within the body of the organism. (iv) Assimilation is the utilisation of the absorbed molecules by the body to provide either energy or materials to be incorporated into the body. (v) Egestion is the elimination from the body of undigested waste food materials. Animals which feed one plants are called herbivores, those that feed on other animals carnivores, and those that eat a mixed diet of animal and vegetable matter are termed omnivores. If they take in food in form of small particles the animals are microphagous feeders, for example earthworms, whereas if the food is ingested in liquid form they are, classed as fluid feeders, such as aphids and mosquitoes. -
Obecné Znaky Metabolismu + Bioenergetika
Metabolism • General concept of metabolism + Bioenergetics • Cellular respiration (glykolysis + CKC + oxidative phosphorylation) • Sacharide metabolism + photosynthesis • Lipid metabolism • Metabolism of nitrous compounds Obecné znaky metabolismu + bioenergetika BUNĚČNÁ TEORIE Robert Hook (1667) "buňka" 1. Buňky tvoří veškerou živou hmotu (x viry). 2. Veškeré buňky pocházejí z jiných buněk (x samoplození). 3. Informace se předávají z generace na generaci. 4. V buňkách látky podléhají chemickým přeměnám. 5. Buňky reagují na vnější podněty. Otevřené systémy: tok látek, energie a informací dovnitř a ven dynamická rovnováha → ustálený stav Pravá rovnováha → smrt organismu Metabolic types (trofika, trofé = výživa): Energy source: light→ phototroph chemical reaction(redox) → chemotrophs Proton/electron donor acceptor Anorganic Organic Oxygen Other lithotrophs organotrophs aerobic anaerobic (líthos = stone) Fermentace: „disproporcionace“ Např.: C6H12O6 2 CH3-CH(OH)-COOH C6H12O6 2 CH3-CH2-OH + 2CO2 To be continued…….. Carbon source: anorganic → autotrophs organic → heterotrophs Common metabolic types METABOLISM Carbon source Proton source Proton example acceptor photolithotrophs CO2 H2O CO2 Green parts of (autotrophic) plant photolithotrophs Organic comp H2O (CO2) Some (heterotrophic) photosynthetic bacteria Photoorganotrophs Organic comp. Organic comp CO2 Some algae nad (heterotrophic) bacteria chemoorganotrophs Organic comp Organic comp O2 Animals, aerobic aerobic MO 2- Chemoorganotrophs Organic comp Organic comp SO4 Soil anaerobic - Anaerobic -
Class - 7 Subject - SCIENCE Chapter - 1 FOOD A
BIJENDRA PUBLIC SCHOOL Class - 7 Subject - SCIENCE Chapter - 1 FOOD A. Very Short Answer Questions : (Answer in one word) 1. Name the process by which green plants make their food. Ans. Photosynthesis 2. What type of heterotroph is a frog? Ans. Carnivore 3. What are the small pores on the under surface of the leaves called? Ans. Stomata 4. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi? Ans. Saprophytic 5. Where does the bacterium Rhizobium live? Ans. Root nodules in a legume. B. Short - Answer Questions : Answer in 10-15 words. 1. Why are the animals and human called heterotrophs? Ans. The organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs. Since animals and humans cannot make their own food, so they are called heterotrophs. 2. Name the factors which affect photosynthesis. Ans. The factors that affect photosynthesis are light intensity, nature of light, availability of carbon dioxide and water and temperature. 3. Name one each of a. totally parasitic b. partial parasitic plants. Ans. a. Total parasitic plant: Cuscuta (Amarbel) and Apodauthes b. Partial parasitic plants: Mistletoe 4. How are the soil nutrients replenished? Ans. Nutrients in the soil can be replenished by one or more of the following methods. * By using manure * By using fertilizers * By adopting crop-rotation method 5. What is crop-rotation method? Ans. In crop-rotaion method a cereal crop is sown alternately to a leguminous crop. This is done to replenish the nutrients (specially nitrogen) in the soil. C. Long Answer Type Questions (Answer in 20-25 words) 1. What are the functions of food? Ans. -
22. Life Processes
MODULE - 5 Life Processes-1 Nutrition, Transportation, Respiration and Excretion The Living World 22 Notes LIFE PROCESSES-1 NURTRITION, TRANSPORTATION, RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION The activities by which living organisms take in food, derive energy, remove waste from their body and respond to changes in the environment are called life processes. In this lesson, you will learn about basic life processes, namely nutrition, respiration, transportation of nutrients and fluids in the body, and excretion. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • emphasize the need for energy requirement for life processes; • explain the steps in photosynthesis; • appreciate the various modes of heterotrophic nutrition in living organisms; • realize the importance of the process of nutrition in humans,identify nutritional disorders and explain the concept of balanced diet; • outline the need for and steps in the process of respiration; • explain the fundamental aspects of transport of material(food, waste etc.) in plants and animals (e.g. humans); • explain the process of excretion in humans. I. NUTRITION 22.1 WHY DO WE NEED FOOD How do you feel if you do not have food for a day or two? You may feel exhausted and weak. But if you do not get food for a few days, will you survive and grow? You will probably say‘No’. We know that living beings need food to survive. Food provides 58 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Life Processes-1 Nutrition, Transportation, Respiration and Excretion MODULE - 5 The Living World the essential raw material that our body needs to grow and stay healthy. It also provides energy to carry out various life processes. -
Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
EA44CH24-Fischer ARI 17 May 2016 19:44 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations Evolution of Oxygenic • Explore related articles • Search keywords Photosynthesis Woodward W. Fischer, James Hemp, and Jena E. Johnson Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125; email: wfi[email protected] Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2016. 44:647–83 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Great Oxidation Event, photosystem II, chlorophyll, oxygen evolving May 11, 2016 complex, molecular evolution, Precambrian The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is online at earth.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: The origin of oxygenic photosynthesis was the most important metabolic 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054810 innovation in Earth history. It allowed life to generate energy and reducing Copyright c 2016 by Annual Reviews. power directly from sunlight and water, freeing it from the limited resources All rights reserved of geochemically derived reductants. This greatly increased global primary productivity and restructured ecosystems. The release of O2 as an end prod- Access provided by California Institute of Technology on 07/14/16. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2016.44:647-683. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org uct of water oxidation led to the rise of oxygen, which dramatically altered the redox state of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans and permanently changed all major biogeochemical cycles. Furthermore, the biological availability of O2 allowed for the evolution of aerobic respiration and novel biosynthetic pathways, facilitating much of the richness we associate with modern biology, including complex multicellularity.