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Peace Support Operations Mass Media and the Public in Former Yugoslavia

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Peace Support Operations Mass Media and the Public in Former Yugoslavia PEACEPEACE SUPPORTSUPPORT OPERATIONS,OPERATIONS, MASSMASS MEDIA,MEDIA, ANDAND THETHE PUBLICPUBLIC ININ FORMERFORMER YUGOSLAVIAYUGOSLAVIA Marjan Malesˇicˇ MEDDELANDE 157 PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS, MASS MEDIA, AND THE PUBLIC IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Marjan Malesˇicˇ Utgiven av Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar ISSN 1401-2357 Stockholm, 2000 Omslag: Försvarets bildbyrå / Jan Welter II CONTENTS SPFs FÖRORD . 5 PREFACE . 7 THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE . 9 THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN THE CONFLICTS IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA . 12 (Mis)understanding the Conflicts . 12 Political and Military Actions of the International Community . 14 Effectiveness of the Missions . 15 The Position and Experience of Different Countries . 17 United States of America United Kingdom France Russia Canada Sweden MASS MEDIA’S IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONFLICTS . 25 The Role of Mass Media in the Conflicts . 25 Mass Media During the War in Croatia . 26 The Bosnian War Experience . 27 The Media’s attitudea Toward the International Community’s Efforts to Stop the Conflicts . 30 The attitude of Bosnian-Herzegovinian, Croatian and Serbian Television Toward the Dayton Agreement . 32 THE POST-DAYTON MEDIA LANDSCAPE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA . 37 Mass media in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Nineties . 38 Television Radio Print Media News Agencies Autonomy of Mass Media? . 43 International Community Media Regime . 43 Mass Media Market . 44 PUBLIC OPINION ON MASS MEDIA AND PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA . 47 Media Habits . 49 Sources of Information The Interests of the Public and Credibility of Mass Media Most Preferable Electronic and Print Media 3 Peace Support Operations, Mass Media, and the Public . 54 Sources of Information on SFOR and NORDPOL Brigade Mandate and MissionsM of International Peacekeeping Forces THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AND CONFLICTS IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: A SUMMARY . 58 Mass Media and Conflicts . 59 Bosnian-Herzegovinian, Croatian and Serbian Televisions on Dayton Agreement . 60 Media Landscape in Bosnia-Herzegovina . 61 Media Habits of the Public . 63 Attitudes of the Public Toward SFOR and NORDPOL . 64 FREDSBEVARANDE INSATSER, MASSMEDIER OCH ALLMÄNHETEN I TIDIGARE JUGOSLAVIEN: EN SAMMANFATTNING . 67 Det internationella samfundet och konflikterna i det tidigare Jugoslavien . 67 Massmedia och konflikter . 68 Televisionen i Bosnien-Hercegovina, Kroatien och Serbien i relation till Dayton-avtalet . 69 Medialandskapet i Bosnien-Hercegovina . 71 Allmänhetens mediavanor . 72 Befolkningens attityder mot SFOR och NORDPOL . 73 ABBREVIATIONS . 76 REFERENCES . 77 APPENDIX:TABLES . 80 SPFs SENASTE RAPPORTER OCH MEDDELANDEN . 96 4 SPFs FÖRORD Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar (SPF) har ägnat ett betydande forsknings- intresse åt psykologisk krigföring och propaganda samt åt mediernas och nyhetsrapporteringens roll vid konflikter. Att nyhetsmedierna har betydel- se som instrument för opinionspåverkan är oomtvistat. Försök att styra och forma och ibland även manipulera opinioner, både nationella och interna- tionella, blir närmast något självklart för den stats- och krigsledning som har makt och kontroll över medierna. Skilda befolkningsgrupper i ett sam- hälle med olika intressen av etnisk, kulturell, religiös, politisk eller annan karaktär kan också ha intresse av att på olika sätt påverka människors tan- kar och sinnen. I studien The Role of Mass Media in the Serbian-Croatian Conflict (SPF rap- port nr 164) behandlades mediernas roll i konflikten mellan Kroatien och Serbien fr o m augusti 1991 t o m januari 1992. Studien genomfördes av ett forskarteam vid universitetet i Ljubljana, Slovenien, under ledning av dr Marjan Malesˇicˇ. Det är främst det defensiva elementet i skeendet – det psy- kologiska försvaret – som är föremål för analys i den studien. I projektet Propaganda in War (SPF rapport nr 174), genomfört av samma forskarteam, är det i stället den offensiva psykologiska krigföringen under kriget i Bos- nien-Hercegovina som behandlas. I studien analyseras medieinnehållet i kroatiska och serbiska nyhetsmedier under perioden januari t o m april 1993. Föreliggande studie gäller inte tillstånd av krig utan avser förhållanden under pågående fredsarbete i Bosnien. Studien har initierats mot bakgrund av svenska internationella fredsfrämjande åtaganden där SPF har funnit det angeläget att bidra till och bredda kunskaperna om miljöer – inte minst in- formationsmässiga – i vilka svenska militära och civila enheter kan komma att verka. SPF kan på så sätt utifrån sitt funktionsansvar bidra till det inter- nationella fredsarbetet genom att öka kunskapen och kompetensen rörande internationella förhållanden och bidra till en demokratisk utveckling i sam- hällsstörda länder eller regioner. Studien tillhandahåller kunskaper rörande dels mediekonsumtionen, sy- nen på medierna och medieinnehållet i en krigshärjad region, Doboj i norra Bosnien, med skilda etniska befolkningsgrupper, dels befolkningens inställ- ning till de fredsbevarande FN-insatserna där. Resultaten i studien torde kunna användas i den pågående demokratiseringsprocessen av lokala ny- hetsmedier till stöd för det fredsbevarande arbete som bedrivs i Bosnien- Hercegovina. Även denna studie har på ett förtjänstfullt sätt letts av dr Marjan Malesˇicˇ. Jag vill tacka honom och hans kollegor i Ljubljana och Sarajevo. När det gäl- 5 ler initiativ till och uppläggning av studien har major Anders Johansson, huvudlärare i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Försvarshögsko- lan och tidigare pressofficer vid NORDPOL-Brigaden i Doboj och docent Roland Nordlund, tidigare vid SPF, gjort aktningsvärda insatser. Ett tack också till min kollega vid SPF, dr Martin Bennulf. Den språkliga gransk- ningen av texten har Judith Rinker svarat för. Göran Stütz Forskningschef, SPF 6 PREFACE The National Board of Psychological Defence (SPF) in Sweden has taken a considerable research interest in psychological warfare and propaganda as well as in the role of the media and news reporting during conflicts. The no- tion that the news media constitute an important instrument for shaping public opinion is undisputed. Attempting to control, form and sometimes even manipulate opinions, both national and international, becomes almost a matter of course for a government and military command wielding pow- er and control over the media. Different sections of the population within a society – with different ethnic, cultural, religious, political and other inter- ests – can also have various reasons for wishing to influence people’s feel- ings and opinions. The study, The Role of Mass Media in the Serbian-Croatian Conflict (SPF report no. 164), deals with the role of the media in the conflict between Croatia and Serbia during the period August 1991 to January 1992. The study was con- ducted by Dr. Marjan Malesˇicˇ and his research team at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The primary focus of this analysis is on the defensive el- ement of the course of events, i.e., on psychological defence. Another study, Propaganda in War (SPF report no. 174), conducted by the same research team dealt instead with the offensive psychological warfare carried on during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. This study analysed media content found in the Croatian and Serbian news media during the period January to April 1993. The present study is not concerned with the state of war but instead with the circumstances during the then ongoing peace work in Bosnia. The study was initiated in light of the international Swedish peace-promoting com- mitments there. SPF has found it important to contribute to and spread knowledge on environments – not least informational – in which Swedish military and civilian units could be stationed to work. In this way, SPF can, based on its functional responsibility, contribute to international peace work by.
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