Zmapování Aktuálního Sortimentu PIWI Odrůd V Evropských Zemích

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Zmapování Aktuálního Sortimentu PIWI Odrůd V Evropských Zemích Mendelova univerzita v Brně Zahradnická fakulta v Lednici Zmapování aktuálního sortimentu PIWI odrůd v evropských zemích Bakalářská práce Vedoucí práce: Vypracoval: doc. Ing. Pavel Pavloušek, Ph.D. Radek Beneš Lednice 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem práci: Zmapování aktuálního sortimentu PIWI odrůd v evropských zemích vypracoval samostatně a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. Jsem si vědom, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brně má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licenční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity, že předmětná licenční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávněnými zájmy univerzity, a zavazuji se uhradit případný příspěvek na úhradu nákladů spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skutečné výše. V Lednici dne: …………………………………………….. podpis PODĚKOVÁNÍ Děkuji vedoucímu bakalářské práce doc. Ing. Pavlu Pavlouškovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, poskytnutí cenných rad a informací při zpracování bakalářské práce. Také bych chtěl poděkovat své rodině a kamarádům, kteří mě během mého studia podporovali. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ....................................................................................................... 8 2. CÍL PRÁCE ............................................................................................. 9 3. SOUČASNÝ STAV ŘEŠENÉ PROBLEMATIKY ........................... 10 3.1 Obecná charakteristika PIWI odrůd ................................................................................ 10 3.1.1 PIWI odrůdy z hlediska evropské legislativy ................................................................. 10 3.2 Historie šlechtění ................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1 Historie šlechtění ve světě .............................................................................................. 11 3.2.2 Historie šlechtění u nás .................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Současný pohled pěstitelů na PIWI odrůdy ...................................................................... 14 3.4. Plocha vinic a sortiment pěstovaných PIWI odrůd v evropských zemích .................... 14 3.4.1 Česká republika .............................................................................................................. 14 3.4.2 Německo ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.4.3 Švýcarsko ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.4.4 Rakousko ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.4.5 Maďarsko ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.6 Itálie – Jižní Tyrolsko..................................................................................................... 23 3.5 Popis pěstovaných PIWI odrůd ......................................................................................... 24 3.5.1 Hibernal .......................................................................................................................... 24 3.5.2 Solaris............................................................................................................................. 26 3.5.3 Malverina ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.5.4 Souvignier gris ............................................................................................................... 29 3.5.5 Savilon ........................................................................................................................... 30 3.5.6 Cabernet Blanc ............................................................................................................... 32 3.5.7 Regent ............................................................................................................................ 33 3.5.8 Cabernet Cortis .............................................................................................................. 34 3.5.9 Cabernet Jura .................................................................................................................. 36 3.5.10 Roesler ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.6 Přehled pěstitelských vlastností vybraných PIWI odrůd ................................................ 39 4. ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................... 40 5. SOUHRN ................................................................................................ 41 6. RESUME ................................................................................................ 41 7. SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY ................................................. 42 5 SEZNAM TABULEK Tab. 1 Plocha vinic v jednotlivých vinařských oblastech a podoblastech v ha (Situační a výhledová zpráva réva vinná a víno 2014) Tab. 2 Výměra PIWI odrůd v ha (Meziroční změny ve výměře a skladbě vinic v České republice, ÚKZÚZ 2014) Tab. 3 Nejpěstovanější PIWI odrůdy v Německu a jimi osázená plocha v roce 2014 (html 4, 2015) Tab. 4 Plocha vinic ve Švýcarsku v roce 2014 (html 7, Das Weinjahr 2013 Weinviertschaftliche Statistik) Tab. 5 Celkový počet osázených vinic v jednotlivých kantonech francouzského Švýcarska (html 7, Das Weinjahr 2013 Weinviertschaftliche Statistik) Tab. 6 Plocha vinic v Rakousku (html 9, 2009) 6 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ Obrázek 1 Poměr klasických odrůd a PIWI odrůd v oblast Falc (html 6, 2005) Obrázek 2 Obr. 2 Procentuální poměr bílých a červených PIWI odrůd v oblasti Falc (html 6, 2005) Obrázek 3 Hrozen Hibernal (SOTOLÁŘ, 2007) Obrázek 4 Hrozny a listy Solaris (html 27) Obrázek 5 Hrozen Malverina (SOTOLÁŘ, 2007) Obrázek 6 Hrozen Souvignier gris (html 28) Obrázek 7 Hrozny Savilon (SOTOLÁŘ, 2007) Obrázek 8 Hrozen Cabernet blanc (html 18) Obrázek 9 Hrozen Regent (SOTOLÁŘ, 2007) Obrázek 10 Hrozen Cabernet Cortis (html 29) Obrázek 11 Hrozen Cabernet Jura (html 17) Obrázek 12 Hrozen Roesler (SOTOLÁŘ, 2007) 7 1. ÚVOD Pěstování révy vinné a výroba vína má na celém světě dlouholetou historii a tradici, ale i perspektivní budoucnost. Pro produkci kvalitních odrůdových, jakostních a přívlastkových vín je hlavním předpokladem zdravotní stav hroznů a jejich vyzrálost. Faktory ovlivňující kvalitu hroznů jsou zejména poloha vinice, půda a také pěstovaná odrůda. Dalšími důležitými aspekty jsou průběh počasí během celého vegetačního období a zdravotní stav révy. Cílem vinohradnictví v ekologickém režimu je produkovat zdravé a kvalitní hrozny se snahou minimalizace chemických ošetření ve vinici. Moderní vinohradnictví se snaží být co nejšetrnější k okolnímu prostředí. Vhodnou cestou se proto ukazuje pěstování odrůd révy vinné, které disponují přirozenou zvýšenou odolností k houbovým chorobám. PIWI odrůdy se stávají mezi pěstiteli stále oblíbenější a jejich vysázené plochy v jednotlivých státech se rok od roku zvětšují. 8 2. CÍL PRÁCE Cílem bakalářské práce je zmapovat aktuální situaci pěstovaných odrůd révy vinné se zaměřením na PIWI odrůdy ve vybraných evropských státech. Dále popis historie šlechtění révy vinné u nás a ve světě. Tato bakalářská práce má také za cíl zpracovat dostupné informace k vybraným PIWI odrůdám a popsat jejich vlastnosti. 9 3. SOUČASTNÝ STAV ŘEŠENÉ PROBLEMATIKY 3.1 Obecná charakteristika PIWI odrůd PIWI odrůdy jsou odrůdy révy vinné, které disponují určitým stupněm odolnosti proti houbovým chorobám. Termín PIWI vychází z německého ,,pilzwiderstandsfähige“ a nahrazuje tak termín ,,přímoplodící hybridy“ nebo ,,interspecifické odrůdy“, které byly často spojovány s negativní kvalitou vína u prvních generací tohoto typu odrůd (PAVLOUŠEK 2012). Podle Krause (2003) jde o odrůdy pocházející z mezidruhového křížení evropské révy s americkými druhy rév, původem v USA a Kanadě, kde roste volně v lesích větší počet druhů rodu Vitis. V Evropě byla tato skupina nazvána americké přímoplodé hybridy. Avšak vína vyráběná z těchto hybridů měla tak nízkou jakost, že muselo být jejich pěstování v Evropě postupně zakázáno. U nás vyhláškou 384 Ministerstva zemědělství ze dne 28.2.1949. V mnoha evropských zemích jsou PIWI odrůdy základem ekologického vinohradnictví. Mezi významné pěstitele PIWI odrůd v Evropě patří Německo, Švýcarsko, Jižní Tyrolsko, ale také Rakousko, Maďarsko a Česká republika. Zájem o tento typ odrůd stoupá i ve Francii a v Itálii, kde probíhá šlechtění a zkoušení nových odrůd. PIWI odrůdy disponují geneticky danou odolností k původcům plísně révy a padlí révy. Molekulární genetika vnesla do šlechtění nové poznatky. Došlo k objevení genů rezistence, které výrazně posunuli šlechtitelské postupy (PAVLOUŠEK 2012). 3.1.1 PIWI odrůdy z hlediska evropské legislativy V rámci vinohradnické a vinařské legislativy EU není pojem ,,interspecifická odrůda“ vymezen. Naopak Vitis spp., tj.
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