Capital Punishment and the Judicial Process Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦

Gary J. Simson, Chairman Cornell Law School Raj K. Bhala The George University Law School John C. Coffee, Jr. Columbia University School of Law Randall Coyne University of Oklahoma Law Center John S. Dzienkowski University of Texas School of Law Paul Finkelman University of Tulsa College of Law Robert M. Jarvis Shepard Broad Law Center Nova Southeastern University Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary’s University School of Law Thomas G. Krattenmaker Director of Research Federal Communications Commission Michael A. Olivas University of Houston Law Center Michael P. Scharf New England School of Law Peter M. Shane Dean, University of Pittsburgh School of Law Emily L. Sherwin University of San Diego School of Law John F. Sutton, Jr. University of Texas School of Law David B. Wexler University of Arizona College of Law and the Judicial Process Second Edition

Randall Coyne Professor of Law University of Oklahoma

Lyn Entzeroth Law Clerk to Federal Magistrate Judge Bana Roberts

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2001 by Randall Coyne and Lyn Entzeroth All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 0-89089-726-3 LCCN: 2001092360

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the of America Summary Table of Contents

Table of Contents ix Table of Cases xxiii Table of Prisoners xxix List of Web Addresses xxxiii Preface to the Second Edition xxxv Preface to First Edition xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxix

Chapter 1. The Great Debate Over Capital Punishment 3 A. Introduction 3 B. A Historical Summary 3 C. Selecting Those Deserving of Death 7 D. To Kill or Not to Kill . . . For and Against the Death Penalty 13 E. The Debate Over Deterrence and Retribution 25 F. Other Issues in the Death Penalty Debate 32

Chapter 2. Eighth Amendment Prohibition Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment 51 A. Introduction to the Eighth Amendment 51 B. Proportionality as a Limitation on Punishment 53 C. The Importance of State Constitutional Law 72 D. Evolving Standards of Decency 77 E. Modern Methods of Execution 81 F. Death Penalty Jurisdictions and Racial Characteristics of Death Row Populations 108

Chapter 3. Early Constitutional Challenges to the Death Penalty 117 A. Procedural Due Process 117 B. Cruel and Unusual Punishment 122 C. Post-Furman Death Penalty Statutes 129 D. Summary of the 1976 Supreme Court Cases Applying the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to Post-Furman Death Penalty Statutes 143 E. Model Penal Code § 210.6 169

Chapter 4. Race, Gender and Sexual Orientation 173 A. Prosecutorial Discretion 173 B. The Effects of Race 175 C. The Effects of Gender 205 D. Is Sexual Orientation Relevant in Capital Cases? 217

v vi SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 5. Constitutional Limitations on Death Eligibility 221 A. Mens Rea 221 B. Age of the Offender 238 C. Insanity 255 D. Mental Retardation 268 E. Double Jeopardy Aspects of Capital Punishment 280

Chapter 6. Selecting the Capital Jury 283 A. Overview 283 B. Death Qualification 284 C. Fair Cross-Section Requirement 299 D. Racial Bias and Jury Selection 304 E. Race-Based Peremptory Challenges 308

Chapter 7. The Role of Aggravating Circumstances 329 A. Selected Death Penalty Statutes 329 B. Vagueness as a Constitutional Defect 341 C. Unauthorized Aggravating Circumstances 355 D. Nonstatutory Aggravating Circumstances 364 E. The Narrowing Function of Aggravating Circumstances 367 F. Victim Impact Evidence 371

Chapter 8. The Role of Mitigating Circumstances 389 A. General Principles of Mitigation 389 B. Balancing Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 430

Chapter 9. The Sentencing Phase of Capital Cases 447 A. Introduction 447 B. Presentence Investigation Reports 450 C. Use of Criminal Convictions as Aggravating Evidence 454 D. The “Truly Awesome Responsibility” of Capital Jurors 459 E. Closing Arguments and Fundamental Fairness 471 F. Lesser Included Offense Instructions 484 G. Life Without Parole Instructions 489 H. Special Problems of Volunteers 515

Chapter 10. Use of Psychiatric Experts in Capital Cases 527 A. Introduction 527 B. Predicting Future Dangerousness 527 C. Fifth and Sixth Amendment Issues 534 D. Harmless Error 540 E. The Right to a Court-Appointed Psychiatrist 546

Chapter 11. Assistance of Counsel 555 A. Introduction 555 B. The Constitutional Standard of Effective Assistance of Counsel 560 C. Conflict of Interest 580 D. Failure to Investigate 584 E. Effective Assistance of Counsel in Capital Sentencing Proceedings 588 SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

F. Direct Appeal 607 G. Fatal Consequences of Attorney Error 617

Chapter 12. Stays of Execution and State Post-Conviction Relief Proceedings 623 A. Stays of Execution 623 B. State Post-Conviction Proceedings 636

Chapter 13. Introduction to Federal Habeas Corpus Review 661 A. Historical Overview 661 B. Policy Considerations 664 C. The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 669 D. Other Limitations on Federal Habeas Review 691 E. The Role of Innocence in Federal Habeas Corpus 694

Chapter 14. State Barriers to Federal Habeas Review 707 A. Exhaustion of State Remedies 707 B. Procedural Bar —Introduction 715 C. Cause and Prejudice Requirement 716 D. What Constitutes Cause 724 E. Inadvertent Error Does Not Constitute Cause 730 F. Procedural Default as Ineffective Assistance 734 G. Adequate and Independent State Grounds 740 H. Evidentiary Hearings in Federal Habeas Corpus 757 I. Evidentiary Hearings under the AEDPA—Section 2254(e) 760

Chapter 15. Retroactivity 769

Chapter 16. Presumption of Correctness 799 A. State Court Findings of Fact: 28 U.S.C. Section 2254(d) 799 B. Federal Court Review of State Court’s Application of Law to Specific Facts 804

Chapter 17. Successive Habeas Corpus Petitions, Abuse of the Writ, and Clemency 811 A. Successive Petitions and Abusing the Writ (Pre-AEDPA) 811 B. Successive Petitions and Abuse of the Writ under the AEDPA 826 C. Clemency 838

Chapter 18. The Federal Death Penalty 845 A. Historical Summary of the Federal Death Penalty 845 B. Selected Statutes and Cases 851

Chapter 19. International Law and the Death Penalty 933 A. International Restrictions on Capital Punishment 933 B. Selected Cases 939 C. Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries 983

Appendix A 993 Appendix B 997 Index 1005

Table of Contents

Table of Cases xxiii Table of Prisoners xxix List of Web Addresses xxxiii Preface to the Second Edition xxxv Preface to First Edition xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxix

Chapter 1. The Great Debate Over Capital Punishment 3 A. Introduction 3 B. A Historical Summary 3 Note on Public Opinion Polls and Support for Capital Punishment 6 C. Selecting Those Deserving of Death 7 Bruck, Decisions of Death 7 Olszewski, New Theory About What Makes a Murderer 11 D. To Kill or Not to Kill . . . For and Against the Death Penalty 13 van den Haag,The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense 13 Note 18 Greenberg, Against the American System of Capital Punishment 19 E. The Debate Over Deterrence and Retribution 25 1. Overview of Deterrence 25 2. Brutalization 26 3. Publicizing Executions 28 Note 30 4. Overview of Retribution 31 Notes and Question 32 F. Other Issues in the Death Penalty Debate 32 1. Risk of Executing the Innocent 32 Note on DNA Exonerations 34 2. Error Rates in Capital Cases: The Liebman Study 36 3. Comparative Cost 37 Note and Questions on Compensating the Wrongfully Condemned 42 4. Religion 42 5. The Moratorium Movement 45 United States v.Burns 46 Note on the American Bar Association’s Call for a Moratorium on Executions 48

ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 2. Eighth Amendment Prohibition Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment 51 A. Introduction to the Eighth Amendment 51 Granucci, “Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishments Inflicted:” ` The Original Meaning 52 Notes 53 B. Proportionality as a Limitation on Punishment 53 Coker v. Georgia 54 Note 57 Solem v. Helm 57 Harmelin v. 62 Note 67 Michigan v.Bullock Michigan v.Hasson 67 Notes 71 C. The Importance of State Constitutional Law 72 Bilionis, Legitimating Death 73 Note 77 D. Evolving Standards of Decency 77 Note: Trop v.Dulles 77 Notes and Questions 78 E. Modern Methods of Execution 81 1. Overview 81 Weisberg,This is Your Death 82 Notes 87 2. Gas Chamber 88 Gray v.Lucas 88 Gomez v.United States District Court 91 3. 93 Glass v.Louisiana 93 Note 98 4. Firing Squad 99 Notes and Questions 99 5. 100 Notes 100 6. Lethal Injection 102 Note and Questions: Heckler v.Chaney 102 Note on Evolution of Lethal Injection Machine 104 Lethal Injection Manual for the State of Missouri 105 7. The Role of Physicians and Other Health Professionals 106 Notes and Questions 106 F. Death Penalty Jurisdictions and Racial Characteristics of Death Row Populations 108 Notes 108 Kirchmeier, Let’s Make a Deal: Waiving the Eighth Amendment by Selecting a Cruel and Unusual Punishment 108

Chapter 3. Early Constitutional Challenges to the Death Penalty 117 A. Procedural Due Process 117 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

McGautha v.California Crampton v. Ohio 117 Notes 121 B. Cruel and Unusual Punishment 122 Furman v. Georgia 123 Notes and Questions 128 C. Post-Furman Death Penalty Statutes 129 Gregg v. Georgia 134 Note and Question 143 D. Summary of the 1976 Supreme Court Cases Applying the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to Post-Furman Death Penalty Statutes 143 Proffitt v. Florida 144 Jurek v. Texas 145 Woodson v. North Carolina 146 (Stanislaus) Roberts v.Louisiana 147 Notes and Questions 148 Callins v.Collins 150 Note and Question on Justice Blackmun’s Dissent in Callins v. Collins 159 Walton v. Arizona 159 Kirchmeier, Aggravating and Mitigating Factors: The Paradox of Today’s Arbitrary and Mandatory Capital Punishment Scheme 163 Rosen, Felony and the Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence of Death 167 E. Model Penal Code § 210.6 169 Model Penal Code 169 Question 171

Chapter 4. Race, Gender and Sexual Orientation 173 A. Prosecutorial Discretion 173 B. The Effects of Race 175 Bruck, Decisions of Death 175 Note on Death Penalty for Rape 177 Baldus et al., Law and Statistics in Conflict: Reflections on McCleskey v. Kemp 178 McCleskey v. Kemp 180 Baldus et al., Law and Statistics in Conflict: Reflections on McCleskey v. Kemp 192 Notes and Questions 197 Note on Justice Lewis Powell’s Transformation 202 Note on Racial Discrimination During Jury Selection 203 C. The Effects of Gender 205 Streib,Death Penalty for Female Offenders 205 Rapaport, Some Questions About Gender and the Death Penalty 208 Notes and Questions 210 Rapaport, Equality of the Damned: The Execution of Women on the Cusp of the 21st Century 213 Notes and Question 215 D. Is Sexual Orientation Relevant in Capital Cases? 217 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note and Questions on Homosexuality as a Hidden Aggravator 217 Goldstein, Queer on Death Row; In Murder Cases, Being Gay Can Seal a Defendant’s Fate 217

Chapter 5. Constitutional Limitations on Death Eligibility 221 A. Mens Rea 221 Rosen, Felony Murder and the Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence of Death 221 Enmund v. Florida 222 Cabana v.Bullock 226 Note 230 Tison v. Arizona 230 Notes 236 McCord, State Death Sentences for Felony Murder Accomplices Under the Enmund and Tison Standards 236 B. Age of the Offender 238 Streib,Death Penalty for Children: The American Experience With Capital Punishment for Crimes Committed While Under Age Eighteen 238 Thompson v. Oklahoma 242 Notes and Questions 248 Stanford v. Kentucky Wilkins v.Missouri 248 Note and Question 254 Note on Age and Death Eligibility, Extradition and Mitigation 255 C. Insanity 255 Ford v.Wainwright 255 Notes and Question 258 Lowenfield v. Butler 259 Medicating to Execute: Louisiana v. Perry 262 Note and Questions on Riggins v. Nevada 264 Evaluating Competency: Godinez v. Moran 264 Note: Cooper v. Oklahoma 266 Note on Incompetence: Rickey Ray Rector 267 Differences Between Insanity and Mental Retardation 268 D. Mental Retardation 268 Penry v.Lynaugh 268 Note on Johnny Paul Penry 273 Lambert v. State 273 Notes and Questions 276 E. Double Jeopardy Aspects of Capital Punishment 280 Note: Schiro v.Farley 281

Chapter 6. Selecting the Capital Jury 283 A. Overview 283 B. Death Qualification 284 Witherspoon v. 284 Note: Adams v. Texas 287 Re-examining Witherspoon v. Illinois: Wainwright v.Witt 287 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

Wainwright v.Witt 288 Notes and Question 291 Morgan v. Illinois 292 Dayan, Using Mitigating Evidence in Jury Selection in Capital Trials 297 C. Fair Cross-Section Requirement 299 Lockhart v.McCree 299 Note: Two juries? 303 D. Racial Bias and Jury Selection 304 Turner v.Murray 304 E. Race-Based Peremptory Challenges 308 Batson v. Kentucky 308 Notes and Questions 314 Georgia v.McCollum 315 Gender-Based Peremptory Challenges: J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 320 Note and Questions on Assumptions Underlying Peremptory Challenges 321 Baldus & Woodworth, The Use of Peremptory Challenges in Capital Murder Trials: A Legal and Empirical Analysis 322 Note 328

Chapter 7. The Role of Aggravating Circumstances 329 A. Selected Death Penalty Statutes 329 Texas 329 Oklahoma 331 Florida 333 Georgia 335 California 336 Note on Notice of Intent to Seek Death: Lankford v.Idaho 341 B. Vagueness as a Constitutional Defect 341 Godfrey v. Georgia 341 Maynard v.Cartwright 346 Arave v. Creech 348 Note on the Vagueness Challenge to California’s Special Circumstances in Tuilaepa v.California 353 C. Unauthorized Aggravating Circumstances 355 Barclay v. Florida 356 Question 362 Note on Trifurcation 362 Notes on Use of Racism as Aggravating Evidence 362 Note 363 D. Nonstatutory Aggravating Circumstances 364 Kirchmeier, Aggravating and Mitigating Factors: The Paradox of Today’s Arbitrary and Mandatory Capital Punishment Scheme 364 E. The Narrowing Function of Aggravating Circumstances 367 Lowenfield v. Phelps 367 F. Victim Impact Evidence 371 Coyne, Inflicting Payne on Oklahoma: The Use of Victim Impact Evidence During the Sentencing Phase of Capital Cases 371 Payne v. Tennessee 375 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note on the Supreme Court’s Approach to Stare Decisis 381 Selected Victim Impact Evidence Statutes 382 Georgia 382 Pennsylvania 383 Oklahoma 384 Notes and Questions 385

Chapter 8. The Role of Mitigating Circumstances 389 A. General Principles of Mitigation 389 1. All Aspects of Defendant’s Character, Record and Circumstances of the Offense 389 Lockett v. Ohio 389 Note and Question 393 Note on Evidence Possessing Aggravating and Mitigating Qualities 393 Green v. Georgia 394 2. Standard of Proof Governing Mitigating Circumstances 396 Walton v. Arizona 396 Note 400 3. Age as a Mitigating Factor 400 Eddings v. Oklahoma 400 Note 403 Johnson v. Texas 403 Notes and Questions 407 4. Adjustment to Prison as a Mitigating Factor 408 Skipper v.South Carolina 408 Note 410 Evans v.Muncy 410 Note on Partial Paralysis, Future Dangerousness and Charles Stamper 413 5. Consideration of Non-Statutory Mitigating Factors 414 Hitchcock v.Dugger 414 Note on Hitchcock v.Dugger 416 Note and Question 417 6. Juror Unanimity Not Required 417 Mills v.Maryland 417 7. Special Issues and Residual Doubt 423 Franklin v.Lynaugh 423 Notes and Questions 427 Individualized Sentencing and “Mere Sympathy” 429 B. Balancing Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 430 Introduction 430 1. Appellate Review of the Death Sentence in Non-Weighing States 431 Zant v. Stephens 431 2. Reweighing on Appeal 437 Clemons v.Mississippi 437 Notes and Question 443 Parker v.Dugger 443 Note on Dispensing With Capital Sentencing Juries in Colorado 445 TABLE OF CONTENTS xv

Chapter 9. The Sentencing Phase of Capital Cases 447 A. Introduction 447 Howe, Resolving the Conflict in the Capital Sentencing Cases: A Desert-Oriented Theory of Regulation 448 Notes and Questions 449 B. Presentence Investigation Reports 450 Gardner v. Florida 450 C. Use of Criminal Convictions as Aggravating Evidence 454 Johnson v.Mississippi 454 Note 458 Unadjudicated Offenses and the Need For Heightened Reliability in Capital Sentencing Determinations 458 Note and Questions 459 D. The “Truly Awesome Responsibility” of Capital Jurors 459 Caldwell v.Mississippi 459 Notes and Questions 463 Note and Question on Romano v. Oklahoma 466 Notes and Questions on Juror Confusion 468 E. Closing Arguments and Fundamental Fairness 471 Darden v.Wainwright 471 Notes and Questions on Prosecutorial Misconduct 478 Allocution 482 F. Lesser Included Offense Instructions 484 Beck v.Alabama 484 Notes and Question 489 G. Life Without Parole Instructions 489 Simmons v.South Carolina 489 Notes and Question 498 Turner v.Mississippi 500 Shafer v.South Carolina 504 Note: Is Future Dangerousness Always “At Issue” in Every Capital Case? 512 Note: California v.Ramos 513 Paduano & Smith, Deathly Errors: Juror Misperceptions Concerning Parole in the Imposition of the Death Penalty 513 Lane, “Is There Life Without Parole?”: A Capital Defendant’s Right to a Meaningful Alternative Sentence 514 H. Special Problems of Volunteers 515 Gilmore v.Utah 515 Coyne, Constitutional Rights Discarded as Many Pursue Grasso’s Wish to Die 519 Grasso v. Oklahoma 520 Notes and Questions 522 Notes and Questions on Jury Overrides: Spaziano v. Florida 523 Note on Dispensing With Capital Sentencing Juries 524

Chapter 10. Use of Psychiatric Experts in Capital Cases 527 A. Introduction 527 B. Predicting Future Dangerousness 527 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Barefoot v. Estelle 528 Notes and Questions 532 C. Fifth and Sixth Amendment Issues 534 Estelle v.Smith 535 Notes and Question 540 D. Harmless Error 540 Satterwhite v. Texas 540 Notes 545 E. The Right to a Court-Appointed Psychiatrist 546 Ake v. Oklahoma 546 Notes and Questions 552

Chapter 11. Assistance of Counsel 555 A. Introduction 555 Powell v.Alabama 555 B. The Constitutional Standard of Effective Assistance of Counsel 560 Strickland v.Washington 560 Notes and Questions 565 Lockhart v. Fretwell 567 Terry Williams v. Taylor 571 Macias v.Collins 576 Notes and Questions 576 C. Conflict of Interest 580 Burger v. Kemp 580 Note and Question 583 D. Failure to Investigate 584 Burger v. Kemp 584 E. Effective Assistance of Counsel in Capital Sentencing Proceedings 588 Darden v.Wainwright 588 Goodpaster, The Trial For Life: Effective Assistance of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases 590 Fong,Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Capital Sentencing 592 Notes and Questions 594 Kahler, Courts Turn Their Backs on the Poor: Murder Defendants Often Assigned Inept Lawyers 594 Bright, Counsel for the Poor: The Death Sentence Not for the Worst Crime but for the Worst Lawyer 598 Note and Question on Appellate Brief Filed in Heath v. Jones 602 Notes and Questions on Napping Lawyers 604 Kirchmeier, Drinks, Drugs and Drowsiness: The Constitutional Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel and the Strickland Prejudice Requirement 604 Notes and Questions 606 F. Direct Appeal 607 1. No Constitutional Right to Appeal 607 2. Constitutional Protection of Statutory Right 607 3. Right to Counsel on Direct Appeal 608 4. No Constitutional Right to Counsel on Certiorari or in State or Federal Post-Conviction 608 TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

Murray v. Giarratano 609 Notes and Question 612 5. Statutory Right to Counsel in Federal Habeas Corpus 613 McFarland v. Scott 613 G. Fatal Consequences of Attorney Error 617 Machetti v. Linahan 618 Smith v. Kemp 618 Note 620 Bright, Death By Lottery—Procedural Bar of Constitutional Claims in Capital Cases Due to Inadequate Representation of Indigent Defendants 620 Notes 621

Chapter 12. Stays of Execution and State Post-Conviction Relief Proceedings 623 A. Stays of Execution 623 1. Introduction 623 Note on Supreme Court’s Internal Rules Governing Stays 624 2. The Tension Between Full and Fair Adjudication and Expedited Review 625 In Re Blodgett 625 Notes and Questions 627 Gomez v.United States District Court 634 Notes on Judicial Impatience 634 Note: Lonchar v.Thomas 635 Note 636 B. State Post-Conviction Proceedings 636 1. Introduction 636 2. Stages in the Prosecution of Typical Criminal Case 637 Notes 637 3. Selected Statutes: Tennessee Post-Conviction Procedure Act 638 4. Selected Tennessee Case 639 Seals v. State 639 Notes and Questions 643 5. Selected Statutes: Ohio Post-Conviction Remedies 644 6. Selected Ohio Case 647 State v.McNeill 647 Note and Questions 650 7. Selected Statutes: Oklahoma Post-Conviction Procedure Act 650 8. Selected Oklahoma Case 653 Patton v. State 653 Notes 657 Note on Right to Counsel in State Post-Conviction Proceedings 658 Smith & Starns, Folly by Fiat: Pretending that Death Row Inmates Can Represent Themselves in State Capital Post-Conviction Proceedings 659 Question 660

Chapter 13. Introduction to Federal Habeas Corpus Review 661 A. Historical Overview 661 xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note 663 B. Policy Considerations 664 Liebman, Federal Habeas Corpus Practice and Procedure 664 Lay, The Writ of Habeas Corpus: A Complex Procedure for a Simple Process 667 Notes and Questions 668 C. The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 669 Notes and Questions 672 Liebman & Hertz, Overview of Federal Habeas Corpus Process under AEDPA 672 Notes 675 Terry Williams v. Taylor 677 Note 686 AEDPA Chapter 154—“Opt-In” Procedures Governing Capital Defendants 686 Liebman & Hertz, AEDPA’s “Opt-In” provisions 687 Notes and Questions 690 D. Other Limitations on Federal Habeas Review 691 1. Harmless Error: Brecht v. Abrahamson 691 Notes and Questions 692 2. Full and Fair Hearing 692 E. The Role of Innocence in Federal Habeas Corpus 694 Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attack on Criminal Judgments 694 Liebman, Federal Habeas Corpus Practice and Procedure 696 Herrera v.Collins 697 Notes 704

Chapter 14. State Barriers to Federal Habeas Review 707 A. Exhaustion of State Remedies 707 Rose v.Lundy 708 Notes and Questions 711 Anderson v.Harless 713 Notes and Question 715 B. Procedural Bar —Introduction 715 C. Cause and Prejudice Requirement 716 Wainwright v. Sykes 716 Bright, Death By Lottery—Procedural Bar of Constitutional Claims in Capital Cases Due to Inadequate Representation of Indigent Defendants 720 Notes and Questions 721 D. What Constitutes Cause 724 Engle v.Isaac 724 Reed v.Ross 726 E. Inadvertent Error Does Not Constitute Cause 730 Murray v.Carrier 730 Note and Question 734 F. Procedural Default as Ineffective Assistance 734 Smith v.Murray 734 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix

Notes and Question 739 G. Adequate and Independent State Grounds 740 Michigan v. Long 740 Harris v. Reed 743 Coleman v.Thompson 746 Notes and Questions 754 H. Evidentiary Hearings in Federal Habeas Corpus 757 Keeney v.Tamayo-Reyes 757 Note 760 I. Evidentiary Hearings under the AEDPA—Section 2254(e) 760 Michael Williams v. Taylor 761

Chapter 15. Retroactivity 769 Introduction 769 Teague v. Lane 769 Notes and Questions 778 Penry v.Lynaugh 780 Note: Graham v.Collins 784 The Two Teague Exceptions 785 Gray v. Netherland 785 Stringer v.Black 791 Notes and Questions 795 Lockhart v. Fretwell 796

Chapter 16. Presumption of Correctness 799 A. State Court Findings of Fact: 28 U.S.C. Section 2254(d) 799 Sumner v.Mata 800 Notes and Questions 803 Note on Mixed Questions of Law and Fact 803 B. Federal Court Review of State Court’s Application of Law to Specific Facts 804 Wright v.West 804 Notes and Questions 809

Chapter 17. Successive Habeas Corpus Petitions, Abuse of the Writ, and Clemency 811 A. Successive Petitions and Abusing the Writ (Pre-AEDPA) 811 McCleskey v.Zant 813 Notes 818 Sawyer v.Whitley 821 Note and Questions 826 B. Successive Petitions and Abuse of the Writ under the AEDPA 826 Stewart v.Martinez-Villareal 828 Slack v.McDaniel 831 Notes and Questions 835 C. Clemency 838 Notes and Questions 841

Chapter 18. The Federal Death Penalty 845 A. Historical Summary of the Federal Death Penalty 845 xx TABLE OF CONTENTS

United States v. Jackson 846 Note 851 B. Selected Statutes and Cases 851 Note on the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 21 U.S.C. Section 848 et seq. 851 1. Drug Offenses 852 United States v. Pitera 852 Notes and Questions 862 Note on Race and the Federal Death Penalty 864 2. Political Assassinations 865 Note 866 3. Treason and Espionage 866 Note on 18 U.S.C. § 794 867 United States v.Harper 867 Notes and Question 869 The Problem of “Zombie Statutes” 870 Notes and Questions 871 Coyne, The Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 871 Note on Capital Crimes That Do Not Involve Homicide 879 Jones v.United States 880 Note on the Reinstatement of the Federal Death Penalty 899 Note and Question on the Oklahoma City Bombing Cases 899 United States v.McVeigh and Nichols 900 Note on Congressional Interference in an On-Going Capital Trial on Behalf of Victims in United States v.McVeigh and Nichols 909 United States v.McVeigh and Nichols 910 Question 912 Note on Federal Execution Protocols 912 4. Military Death Penalty 912 Note on the History of the Military Death Penalty 912 United States v.Matthews 914 Notes and Questions 918 Loving v.United States 920 Note on the Variable Size of Court-Martial Panels in Capital Cases 931

Chapter 19. International Law and the Death Penalty 933 A. International Restrictions on Capital Punishment 933 Note on Capital Punishment in Japan 934 Note on Capital Punishment in China 935 International Law as a Limitation on the Imposition of the Death Penalty 939 B. Selected Cases 939 The European System 939 Soering v.United Kingdom 941 Note on the Death Row Phenomenon 946 Notes 947 The Short Decision 948 Short v.Kingdom of the Netherlands 949 Notes and Questions 954 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi

United States v.Burns 958 Notes 979 Notes and Questions on Duty to Advise Foreign Citizens of Their Consular Rights 979 Note on Treaty Reservations 981 Domingues v. State 981 Questions 983 C. Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries 983 Note on the International Abolition Movement 983 Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries 985 1. Abolitionist for All Crimes 985 2. Abolitionist for Ordinary Crimes Only 985 3. Abolitionist in Practice 986 4. Retentionist 986 Note on Capital Commutations in Russia 988 Note on Abolition in South Africa 988 State v.Makwanyane and Mchunu 988

Appendix A “Three Specimen Days,” from Jackson & Christian, Death Row (Beacon Press 1980) 993 Appendix B “An Englishman Abroad,” by Clive A. Stafford Smith 997

Index 1005

Table of Cases

References are to page numbers. Principal cases are in italics.

Abbate v.United States, 281 Bullington v.Missouri, 280, 281, 282 Adams v. Texas, 287, 288 Burger v. Kemp, 580, 584 Ake v. Oklahoma, 546, 552, 553 Butler v.McKellar, 778 Amadeo v. State, 578 Cabana v. Bullock, 226 Anderson v.Buell, 636 Calderon v.Ashmus, 690 Anderson v.Harless, 713 Caldwell v.Mississippi, 188, 283, 459, 464, Arave v. Creech, 348 466, 479, 755 Arizona v.Fulminante, 545, 546 California v. Brown, 430, 499 Arizona v.Rumsey, 280 California v.Ramos, 513 Artuz v. Bennet, 712 Callins v. Collins, 150, 159 Ashe v. North Carolina, 483 Campbell v. Wood, 101 Ashmus v. Woodford, 690 Chapman v.California, 540, 546, 691, Autry v.McKaskle, 631 692, 878 Baker v. Corcoran, 690 Clemons v.Mississippi, 437, 443 Bank of Nova Scotia v.United States, 546 Coker v.Georgia, 53, 54, 101, 177, 873, Barclay v. Florida, 355, 356, 362, 363 879, 918 Barefoot v.Estelle, 458, 528, 532, 607, 627, Coleman v. Thompson, 613, 739, 746, 754 628, 836 Collins v.Youngblood, 795 Bartkus v. Illinois, 281 Cooper v. Oklahoma, 266 Batson v. Kentucky, 308, 314 Coy v. , 546 Beck v.Alabama, 33, 484 Crampton v.Ohio, 117 Bellmore v., 363 Darden v.Wainwright, 471, 478, 479, 588 Berger v.United States, 479 Darr v.Burford, 715 Blackledge v. Perry, 173 Dawson v. Delaware, 362, 363 Blystone v. Pennsylvania, 429, 431 Delo v. Lashley, 417 Boardman v. Estelle, 483 Dobbert v. Florida, 524 Bonin v.Vasquez, 613 Dobbert v.Wainwright, 635 Booth v.Maryland, 371 Dobbs v.Zant, 198 Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 173 Domingues v.State, 981 Boyde v.California, 429 Douglas v.California, 608 Brady v.Maryland, 386, 479, 482, 638 Doyle v. Ohio, 691 Breard v. Greene, 980 Drinkard v.Johnson, 677 Brecht v. Abrahamson, 546, 691 Dusky v.United States, 265 Brown v. Allen, 662, 663, 769 Eberheart v. Georgia, 57 Brown v. Texas, 499 Eddings v. Oklahoma, 37, 400, 403, 407, Buchanan v.Angelone, 468 410, 427

xxiii xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Elledge v. Florida, 948 Harris v.Reed, 743, 754 Engle v.Isaac, 724 Heath v.Alabama, 281, 603 Enmund v. Florida, 101, 222 Heath v. Jones, 602 Estelle v.Smith, 535, 540 Heckler v.Chaney, 102 Evans v.Muncy, 410 Helling v.McKinney, 79 Evitts v.Lucey, 608 Herrera v. Collins, 636, 697, 704, 842 Ex Parte Dorr, 661 Hitchcock v.Dugger, 280, 414, 416 Ex Parte Grossman, 839 Holmes v. Laird, 954 Ex Parte Pinochet, 934 Hooks v. Georgia, 57 Ex Parte Royall, 707 Hudson v.McMillian, 78 Farmer v. Brennan, 79 Hunnicutt v. Oklahoma, 281 Faulder v.Johnson, 939 In Re Blodgett, 625 Fay v. Noia, 715, 716, 721, 722, 757, 760 In Re Kemmler, 94, 101 Feguer v.United States, 871 Indiana v. Bellmore, 285 Felker v.Turpin, 675 Jackson v.Thigpen, 203 Fiero v. Gomez, 81 Jackson v.Virginia, 692 Ford v.Wainwright, 255, 259 James v. Commonwealth, 87 Frank v.Magnum, 662, 665 Javor v.United States, 605, 606 Franklin v. Lynaugh, 304, 423, 427, 429 J.E.B. v. ex rel. T.B., 320 Furman v.Georgia, 3, 32, 33, 117, 122, Johnson v.Mississippi, 454, 458, 468, 756 123, 128, 129, 143, 149, 183, 200, Johnson v. Texas, 403, 407, 408 203, 205, 447, 533, 534, 577, 840, Jones v.United States, 880, 899 846, 870, 873, 874 Jurek v. Texas, 130, 143, 145, 870 Gardner v. Florida, 33, 37, 410, 450, 458 Keeney v.Tamayo-Reyes, 757, 760, 761 Georgia v.McCollum, 315 Kimmelman v. Morrison, 692 Germany v.United States, 980 Kindler v.Canada (Minister of Justice), Gilmore v.Utah, 515 946 Glass v. Louisiana, 93, 98 Knight v. Florida, 948, 956 Godfrey v.Georgia, 159, 341 Kotteakos v.United States, 691, 692 Godinez v. Moran, 264, 265 Kreutzer v. Bowersox, 691 Gomez v.United States District Court, 91, Kyles v.Whitley, 481, 482 634, 636 Kuhlmann v.Wilson, 812 Graham v.Collins, 408, 784, 785 Lackey v. Texas, 956 Granberry v. Greer, 715 LaGrand v. Stewart, 108 Grasso v. Oklahoma, 520 Lambert v.State, 273 Grasso v. State, 523, 947 Lambrix v.Singletary, 715 , 779 Gray v.Lucas, 88 Lankford v.Idaho, 341, 875, 876 Gray v.Mississippi, 545 Le v. State, 657 Gray v. Netherland, 785 Lindh v.Murphy, 669, 676 Gregg v.Georgia, 32, 117, 128, 134, 143, Lockett v.Ohio, 389, 393, 410, 417, 427, 150, 176, 183, 200, 840, 873, 874 458, 876 Green v. French, 677 Lockhart v. Fretwell, 567, 796 Green v.Georgia, 394 Lockhart v.McCree, 299 Green v.United States, 280, 483 Lonchar v.Thomas, 635 Griffin v.California, 479 Louisiana v. Perry, 262, 263, 264 Griffin v.Dugger, 198 Loving v.United States, 912, 919, 920 Griffin v. Illinois, 608 Lowenfield v. Butler, 259 Harmelin v.Michigan, 62, 67 Lowenfield v.Phelps, 367 Harris v.Alabama, 524 Lucas v.Johnson, 690, 691 TABLE OF CASES xxv

Machetti v.Linahan, 618 Perry v.Louisiana, 262 Macias v. Collins, 576, 577 Picard v. Connor, 715 Mak v.Blodgett, 594 Planned Parenthood v.Casey, 381, 382 Mann v. Reynolds, 630 Poland v. Arizona, 280 Mapp v. Ohio, 693 Powell v.Alabama, 555 Massiah v.United States, 819 Powers v. Ohio, 314, 315 Maxwell v.Bishop 178 Pratt v.Attorney General for Jamaica, 946, Maynard v. Cartwright, 346, 431 947, 956 McCarver v. North Carolina, 278 Preiser v. Rodriguez, 663 McCleskey v. Kemp, 174, 178, 180, 192, Proffitt v. Florida, 143, 144 197, 198, 199, 202, 203, 205, 321, 877 Ramdass v.Angelone, 498, 499 McCleskey v.Zant, 760, 813, 818, 819, Reed v.Ross, 726 820, 821 Reference Re Ng Extradition (Can.), 979 McFarland v. Scott, 613, 623, 624 Regina v.Bartle, 932 McGautha v. California, 34, 117, 122, 128, Rice v. Wood, 546 200 Richmond v. Lewis, 443 McKane v.Durston, 607 Riggins v. Nevada, 264 McMillian v. State, 199 Riles v.McCotter, 567 Michigan v. Bullock, 67, 72 (Stanislaus) Roberts v.Louisiana, 143, Michigan v.Hasson, 67 147, 148, 149 Michigan v.Long, 740 Robinson v.California, 53, 129 Miller v. Fenton, 803 Roe v. Wade, 381, 382 Miller v. Florida, 278 Romano v. Oklahoma, 466 Mills v.Maryland, 417, 449 Rose v.Lundy, 708, 711, 712 Milton v.Wainwright, 546 Rose v.Mitchell, 692 Miranda v. Arizona, 535, 693 Ross v. Moffitt, 608 Moore v. Dempsey, 662, 665 Ross v. Oklahoma, 545 Moore v. Kemp, 553 Roundtree v. State, 314 Morgan v. Illinois, 292, 297, 299 Saffle v.Parks, 430 Mu’min v.Virginia, 298, 299 Sanders v.United States, 668, 811, 812 Murray v. Carrier, 697, 722, 723, 730, 734 Sanders v.Sullivan, 785 Murray v. Giarratano, 609, 612 Satterwhite v. Texas, 540, 545 Napue v. Illinois, 479 Sawyer v.Smith, 785 North Carolina v.Pearce, 608 Sawyer v. Whitley, 636, 819, 821, 826 Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Woodard, Schad v. Arizona, 489 841 Schiro v.Farley, 280, 281, 282, 796 Olmstead v.United States, 483 Schlup v. Delo, 705, 706, 819 Orndorf v. Lockhart, 692 (Dred) Scott v.Sanford, 192 Parke v.Raley, 795 Seals v.State, 639, 643, 644 Parker v.Dugger, 37, 443 Shafer v. South Carolina, 504 Patton v.State, 653 Shannon v.United States, 498 Payne v. Tennessee, 375, 386, 552 Short v.Kingdom of the Netherlands, 948, Pennsylvania v. Finley, 608, 612 949, 954 Penry v. Lynaugh, 268, 276, 277, 278, 394, Simmons v. South Carolina, 489, 498, 499, 408, 428, 780, 784 513 People v.Bull, 34 Skipper v. South Carolina, 408 People v. Jackson, 591 Slack v.McDaniel, 676, 831, 836, 837 People v.Ramos, 513 Smith v.Anderson, 691 People v.Smithey, 276 Smith v. Kemp, 618 xxvi TABLE OF CASES

Smith v.Murray, 697, 722, 734, 739 United States v. Gonzalez, 422 Smith v.Yeager, 757 United States v.Harper, 867, 871 Soering v.United Kingdom, 940, 941, 947, United States v.Hinckley, 866 948 United States v. Hutching, 863 Solem v. Helm, 53, 57 United States v.Jackson, 483, 846 Solesbee v.Balkcom, 947 United States v. Lanza, 281 South Carolina v. Gathers, 373 United States v. Lee, 875 Spaziano v. Florida, 489, 523, 524 United States v.Louie and Lebron, 870 Stanford v. Kentucky, 72, 248, 255, 403 United States v.Matthews, 914 State v. Borgstrom, 87 United States v.McCullah, 863 State v. Brewer, 523 United States v.McVeigh & Nichols, 387, State v. Dodd, 523 900, 910 State v.Makwanyane and Mchunu, 988 United States v. Mechanik, 546 State v.McNeill, 647 United States v.Mitchell, 479 State v.Munson, 638 United States v. Moree, 483 State v. Perry, 262 United States v.Noushfar, 545 Stewart v.Martinez-Villareal, 828, 835 United States v.Pitera, 852, 862, 864 Stone v. Powell, 692, 693 United States v.Pollard, ch 18 Strickland v.Washington, 560, 565, 566, United States v. Pretlow, 863 592, 594, 600, 601, 604, 608 United States v. Romano, 545 Strickler v. Greene, 482 United States v.Rosenberg, 870 Stringer v. Black, 430, 791, 795 United States v.Sanchez, 545 Sullivan v.Louisiana, 545 United States v.Smith, 479 Summer v.Mata, 800, 803 United States v.Suarez, 545 Sumner v. Shuman, 32, 149, 919 United States v. Taylor, 545 Swain v.Alabama, 203 United States v.Tipton, 863 Taylor v.Louisiana, 299 United States v. Vebeliunas, 545 Teague v.Lane, 637, 769, 778, 779, 780, United States v.Villarreal, 862 785, 795, 796 United States v.Wilson, 839 Thompson v. Oklahoma, 242, 248 United States v. Woolard & Bruner, 870 Tippins v.Walker, 605, 606 Van Tran v. State, 643 Tison v. Arizona, 221, 230 Vasquez v.Harris, 634 Townsend v.Sain, 757, 760, 761 Wainwright v. Sykes, 621, 716, 720, 721, Trop v.Dulles, 77, 78, 129, 780 722, 724, 740 Tuilaepa v.California, 353 Wainwright v.Witt, 287, 288, 292 Turner v.Mississippi, 500, 864 Walton v. Arizona, 159, 396, 400, 447 Turner v.Murray, 190, 304 Washington v.Harper, 262, 263 United States v.Antonelli Fireworks Co., Webster v. Reproductive Health Serv., 381 478 Weeks v.Angelone, 469, 470 United States v.Bagley, 482 Weems v.United States, 129 United States v. Burns, 45, 46, 255, 479, Wheat v.Thigpen, 464 958, 979, 983 White v. Board of County Commission- United States v.Chandler, 862, 863, 864 ers, 578 United States v. Cooper, 862, 865 Wilkerson v.Utah, 93, 99 United States v. Cronic, 565 Wilkins v.Missouri, 248 United States v.Duarte-Higareda, 545 Williams (Michael) v. Taylor, 761 United States v. Francis, 479 Williams (Terry) v. Taylor, 571, 637, 638, United States v. Friedman, 479 677, 779, 809 United States v. Garza, 863 Williams v.United States, 780 TABLE OF CASES xxvii

Williamson v.Ward, 579 Woodson v. North Carolina, 32, 143, 146, Wilson v. Girard, 954 149, 458, 918, 919 Wilson v. State, 579 Wright v.West, 804, 809 Witherspoon v. Illinois, 284, 287, 291, 292, Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 173 843 Ylst v.Nunnemaker, 755 Withrow v.Williams, 692 Zant v. Stephens, 191, 278, 430, 431

Table of Prisoners

Abel 43 Bobby Caldwell 459 Randall Dale Adams 287, 532 Bruce Edwin Callins 150 Glen Burton Ake 546, 552 Charles Rodman Campbell 83, 102, 625 Wanda Jean Allen 216, 218, 219 Ana Cardona 219 James Autry 87, 104, 631 Doris Carlson 216 Joyce Aylor 939 Clifford Carrier 730 Barabbas 838 William Thomas Cartwright 346 Elwood Barclay 356 Virginia Caudill 216 Thomas Andy Barefoot 528, 532 Celia (a slave) 211, 212 Velma Barfield 212, 213 Jane Champion 5, 211 James Kirkland Batson 308 Ronald David Chandler 841, 862, 863, Gilbert Franklin Beck 484 864 Betty Lou Beets 216, 583 Larry Leon Chaney 102, 103 Derek Bentley 933 Caryl Chessman 631 Shawn Berry 198 Jesus Christ 43, 45, 838 Wilford Berry 40 Chandler Clemons 437 Ramsey Bethea 101 John Coffey 100 John Billington 5 Anthony Ehrlich Coker 54 Jesse Walter Bishop 88 Charles Troy Coleman 27 Kirk Bloodsworth 42 Roger Keith Coleman 613, 746, 841 John Marvin Booth 371 Kerry Max Cook 35 James E. Bowman 320 Alexander Cooper 862 Elmer Branch 122 Byron Keith Cooper 266 Clarence Lee Brandley 199 Paula R. Cooper 44 Angel Breard 980 James Edward Crampton 117, 121 Russell Brewer 198, 199 Thomas Creech 348 Charles Brooks 104, 107, 201 Eddie Daniels 89, 90 Ed Brown 662, 663 Willie Darden 471, 588 Celia Bryan 216 David 43 Douglas Buchanan 468 Anthony Davis 862 Judi Buenoano 216 David F. Dawson 362 Dora Buenrostro 216 Gregory Scott Dickens 219, 220 Crawford Bullock 226 Westley A. Dodd 82 Ruth Bullock 67 Michael Domingues 981, 983 Calvin Burdine 217, 219, 220, 604 Elizabeth Duncan 212 Christopher Burger 580, 584 Mary Dyer 211 Glen Sebastian Burns 958 Monty Lee Eddings 400 Lawrence Lee Buxton 86 Leo Edwards 85 Cain 43 Earl Enmund 222

xxix xxx TABLE OF PRISONERS

Susan Eubanks 216 Earl Lloyd Jackson 590 John Louis Evans 97 Lucious Jackson 122 Wilbert Evans 410 Patricia Jackson 203 Joseph Faulder 939 Sonia Jacobs 33 Michael Fay 72 Alexander Jefferson 100 Victor Feguer 846, 871 Dorsie Johnson 403 Miguel Angel Flores 979, 980 Edward Earl Johnson 997 Alvin Bernard Ford 255 Samuel Bice Johnson 454 Willie Francis 84 Gee Jon 6 Leo Frank 662 Louis Jones, Jr. 880 Donald Gene Franklin 423 Jerry Lane Jurek 130, 145 Bobby Ray Fretwell 567, 796 William Kemmler 94, 98, 99 William Furman 122, 123 George Kendall 5, 99 Daniel Gardner 450 Joseph John Kindler 946, 979 Juan Raul Garza 863 William King 198 Donald (Pee Wee) Gaskins 200, 523 Freddie Kirkpatrick 595 Demetrius Gathers 373 Thomas Knight 956 Joseph M. Giarratano 609, 841 James Kopp 939 Gary Gilmore 83, 122, 200, 515 Curtis Lee Kyles 481 Jimmy L. Glass 93 Clarence Allen Lackey 956 Robert Franklin Godfrey 341 Karl LaGrand 108, 980 Gary Graham 784 Walter LaGrand 108, 980 Thomas Grasso 519, 520, 947 Robert Wayne Lambert 273 Coleman Wayne Gray 785 Cary Michael Lambrix 779 Jimmy Lee Gray 88 Raymond Landry 104 Roosevelt Green 394 Bryan Lankford 341 Randy Greenawalt 230 Frederick Lashley 417 Troy Leon Gregg 134 Wilbert Lee 42 Judy Hancy 595 Nathan Leopold 6 Robert Hanssen 870 Stanley Lingar 218 Don Harding 91, 92 Richard Loeb 6 Jack E. Harless 713 Sandra Lockett 389, 393 Ronald Allen Harmelin 62 Larry Lonchar 635, 636 James Durand Harper 867 David Kerk Long 740 Walter Harper 262 Dwight Loving 920 Robert Alton Harris 85, 86, 91, 631, 632, Leslie Lowenfield 259, 367 633, 634, 635, 841 Henry Lee Lucas 841 Warren Lee Harris 743 Noah Lundy 708 Kenneth Hasson 67 Rebecca Machetti 618, 620, 621 Stephen Hatch 552 Federico Martinez Macias 576, 577 Larry Gene Heath 599, 602 Kwan Fai Mak 594 Jerry Helm 57 Elisio J.Mares 83, 99 Leonel Torres Herrera 697, 704, 842 Ramon Martinez-Villareal 828 John W. Hinckley 866 David Mason 11,12 James Hitchcock 414, 416 Robert Mata 800 Jimmy Hoffa 842 Wyatt L. Matthews 914 Norwood Hutching 863 William Maxwell 178 Lincoln Isaac 724 Warren McCleskey 180, 192, 201, 203, Charles Jackson 846 813, 821 TABLE OF PRISONERS xxxi

Thomas McCollum 315 Rickey Ray Rector 267, 268, 842 Stephen McCoy 104 William Reed 99 Ardia McCree 299 David Riggins 264 Frank Basil McFarland 613 Christina Riggs 216 George McFarland 604 Stanislaus Roberts 147 Dennis Councle McGautha 117, 121 Chipita Rodriguez 216 Walter McMillian 199 John Joseph Romano 466 Freddie McNeill, Jr. 647 Ethyl Rosenberg 84, 211, 869, 870 Timothy James McVeigh 31, 387, 483, Julius Rosenberg 211, 869, 870 583, 584, 841, 863, 899, 910, 912 Daniel Ross 726 Darrel Mease 841 Eddie Lee Ross 595 George “Tiny” Mercer 104 Mitchell Rupe 40 James Messer 598, 599 Willie Russell 659, 660 Ralph Mills 417 Charles Edward Sanders 811-812 Aaron Mitchell 89 Carlos Santana 937 Billy Mitchell 599 John T.Satterwhite 540 Luis Jose Monge 122 Robert Wayne Sawyer 13, 821 Ramon Montoya 939 Edward Harold Schad, Jr. 489 Richard Allan Moran 264 Lloyd E. Schlup 705, 706 Sir Thomas More 838, 843 Thomas Schiro 281, 282 Derrick Morgan 292 John Paul Seals 639 Ivan Morgan 955 Wesley Aaron Shafer 504 Stephen Morin 87, 104 Charles Short 948 Moses 43 Robert Shulman 40 Adolph Munson 638 Raymond Wallace Shuman 149 Charles Chitat Ng 979 Bernardino Sierra 590 Terry Nichols 899 Jonathan Simmons 489 Sandi Nieves 216 Ronald Skipper 408, 410 Charles Noia 715-716 Antonio Slack 831 Owen Duane Nunnemaker 755 Eddie D.Slovick 919 Titus Oates 5, 52 Ernest Benjamin Smith 535 Robert Lacy Parker 443 John Eldon Smith 176, 618, 620, 621 Robyn Parks 430 Michael Marnell Smith 734 Eric Allen Patton 653 Susan Smith 219 Pervis Payne 375 Socrates 523 Johnny Paul Penry 268, 273, 780 Jens Soering 940, 941 Michael Owen Perry 262 Joseph Spaziano 489, 523 Augusto Pinochet 934 John Spenkelink 175, 200 Thomas Pitera 852 Charles Sylvester Stamper 413 Freddie Pitts 42 Kevin Stanford 248 Marilyn Plantz 216 Alpha Otis Stephens 97, 431 Ozie Powell 555 Ronald Straight 624, 625 Earl Pratt 946, 955 James R. Stringer 791 Bilal Pretlow 863 John Sykes 716 William Arnold Proctor 353, 354, 355 Jesse Joseph Tafero 84 Charles William Proffitt 144 Jose Tamayo-Reyes 757 Atif Ahmad Rafay 956 Frank Dean Teague 769 Bobby Lee Ramdass 498, 499 Wayne Thompson 242 Marcelino Ramos 499, 500, 513 Richard Tipton 863 xxxii TABLE OF PRISONERS

Donald Tison 230 Russell Weston 264 Gary Tison 230 Kenneth William Wheat 464, 465 Raymond Tison 230 Heath Wilkins 248 Ricky Tison 230 Gregory Wilson 595 Albert L. Trop 77 Dennis William 42 Karla Faye Tucker 213, 216, 841 Michael Williams 761 Paul Palalaua Tuilaepa 353 Terry Williams 571, 677 Kevin Lewis Turner 500 Ron Williamson 579 Willie Lloyd Turner 304 William Witherspoon 284, 843 Baldemar Villareal 863 Johnny Paul Witt 288 Jeffrey Walton 159, 396 James Tyrone Woodson 146 David Washington 560 Aileen Wournos 216 Earl Washington 35 Caroline Young 216 Lonnie Weeks 469, 470 John Young 598 Frank Robert West, Jr. 804 List of Web Addresses

http://www.aclu.org/death-penalty (American Civil Liberties Union). http://www.capdefnet.org (Capital Defense Network). http://www.criminaljustice.org (National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers). http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org (Death Penalty Information Center). http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm (Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Re- ports). http://www.gallup.com/indicators/inddeath_pen.asp (polling information). http://www.justice.policy.net/jreport/finrep/PDF (Liebman Report). http://www.law.columbia.edu/instructionalservices/liebman (A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995). http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/death (Cornell Law School Death Penalty Project). http://www.mvfr.org (Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation). http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm (Bureau of Justice Statistics on Capital Punish- ment). http://www.onu.edu/faculty/streib/femdeath.htm (females and the death penalty). http://www.probono.net (American Bar Association Death Penalty Representation Pro- ject). http://www.prodeathpenalty.com (articles, news stories, legislative developments). http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/pubdoc/dpsurvey.html (tables and reports on use of the fed- eral death penalty). http://www.web.amnesty.org (Amnesty International).

xxxiii

Preface to the Second Edition

Since the first edition of these materials was published in 1994, the grim landscape of capital punishment has changed significantly, both within the United States and throughout the world. New York reinstated capital punishment in 1995, becoming the 38th death penalty jurisdiction in the United States. In 1994, Congress expanded the federal death penalty when it passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. A significant portion of that legislation, the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 (FDPA), remedied the constitutional defects in the federal death penalty sentencing scheme identified by the Supreme Court in its 1972 decision, Furman v.Georgia.The Supreme Court upheld the FDPA in 1999 and upheld the military death penalty in 1996. As a result, thirty-six states, along with the United States military and the federal government, now have valid, enforceable death penalty statutes. Between 1976, when the Supreme Court approved a group of modern death penalty statutes in Gregg v.Georgia, and the end of 1993, 226 prisoners were executed in the United States, an average of 12.5 executions per year. Between 1994, when the first edi- tion of this book was published, and May 2001, when the second edition manuscript was sent to the publisher, another 488 prisoners were put to death in various states, an average of more than 60 executions per year.During that same seven and one-half year period, a number of states which had not executed anyone since before 1972 resumed executions. Those states include Colorado, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. If the federal government succeeds in carrying out the ex- pected execution of convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh in 2001, he may become the first federal prisoner put to death since Victor Feguer was hung in in 1963. If Mr.McVeigh succeeds in postponing his execution, that dubious honor will likely fall to . A statistically significant component of the surge in executions nationwide has been the increasing willingness of states to execute female prisoners. Until Texas put to death Karla Faye Tucker in 1998, no woman had been executed during the modern era of cap- ital punishment since 1984, when Velma Barfield died by lethal execution in North Car- olina’s death chamber. Since Tucker’s execution, five other female prisoners have been executed. Florida executed Judi Buenoano in 1998; Texas executed Betty Lou Beets in 2000; Arkansas executed Christina Riggs in 2000; and during the first five months of 2001, Oklahoma executed Wanda Jean Allen and Marilyn Plantz. With passage of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act in 1996—a law which restricts capital prisoners’ ability to obtain relief in federal habeas corpus, and which imposes for the first time filing deadlines on habeas petitions—the execution rate will likely continue to soar. Notwithstanding the United States’ resolute retention and trenchant defense of capi- tal punishment, there are signs that support for the death penalty is eroding.The Amer- xxxv xxxvi PREFACE ican Bar Association’s 1997 resolution that there be a moratorium on the imposition and enforcement of the death penalty has ignited a nationwide moratorium movement. Moratorium efforts have been energized by a variety of developments. Chief among these is the publication in 2000 of Professor James S. Liebman’s Columbia Law School study, “A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases,” which reveals that serious mis- takes were made in fully two-thirds of all capital cases examined. Consistent with Pro- fessor Liebman’s study, the Death Penalty Information Center reports 95 wrongful con- victions in death penalty cases since 1976. A growing num b er of st a t es have banned the execu tio n of men t a l ly reta r ded defen- da n t s . As this edi ti o n goes to pres s , bil ls banning the execu tio n of men t a l ly reta r ded defen- dants await the governo rs’ signa tu r es in Florid a , Mis s o u r i and Texa s . If these bil ls become la w, the total num b er of juri s d i c tio ns banning suc h execu tio ns wil l rise to 17. Regar dle s s , the Sup reme Cou r t appea r s pois e d to recons i d er the cons ti t ution a l i t y of the death pena l t y as appl i e d to ment a l ly reta r ded perso ns next term in McC a r ver v. Nor th Caroli n a . South Africa’s abolition of capital punishment in 1997 is perhaps the most startling international development since publication of the first edition. Amnesty International reports that more than half the countries worldwide have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice. Other international developments include the Canadian Supreme Court’s 2001 decision in Burns v.United States, holding that Canada will not extradite to the United States murder defendants without assurances that the death penalty will not be sought. In order to reflect these profound developments, the second edition is forty percent longer than the first. This new edition, we hope, is greatly improved, thanks primarily to the critical comments and suggestions of professors and students who used the first edition. At the suggestion of Professor George Thomas (Rutgers), the Supreme Court opinions now include the original divisions into parts and subparts, to assist readers in figuring out the voting patterns in splintered decisions. Professors Linda E. Carter (Mc- George) and Jeffrey L. Kirchmeier (CUNY) provided much-needed constructive criti- cism. Virtually all of their suggestions have been taken to heart. On a more personal note, we hope that the second edition has been enriched as well through our recent professional experiences. Co-author Lyn S. Entzeroth left her posi- tion with the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in 1999 to undertake her current position as law clerk to United States Magistrate Judge Bana Roberts. As a result, she has been immersed in the minefields of federal habeas litigation. Co-author Randall Coyne spent two years working as trial counsel for Timothy McVeigh, convicted of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing which claimed 168 lives. A small army of University of Oklahoma law students, paid and unpaid, helped the authors research and massage these materials into their final form. They deserve and hereby officially receive our deepest thanks: Greg Andrews, Carey Bertrand, Kim Bump, Deresa Gray, Darren Reece, Jodi Velasco, James Warner and Kelly Wehling. Peter Krug, Larry Laneer and Robert Ravitz also provided tremendous help and en- couragement with the second edition. The patience and understanding of Magistrate Judge Bana Roberts and her chambers is greatly appreciated and aided enormously in the timely completion of the second edition. We can’t imagine receiving any better secretarial assistance than that provided by the University of Oklahoma’s Secretarial Support Staff. Connie Hamm bore the brunt of our seemingly endless revisions, with good cheer and tireless professionalism. Preface to First Edition

My arrival in Oklahoma as a new faculty member at the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1990 coincided with that state’s decision to resume executions after a twenty-four year moratorium. My decision to audit a death penalty class being offered by Mandy Welch, then of the Oklahoma Appellate Public Defender’s Office, marked the beginning of a warm and lasting friendship.When Mandy became consumed by the final stages of litigation in the capital post- conviction appeals of Charles Troy Coleman, I agreed to take over the class. I have taught the course ever since. As there was no pub- lished text available, course materials consisted almost entirely of unedited photocopies of Supreme Court opinions. The project which culminated in this casebook began as a humble effort to improve the teaching materials for my students. After receiving gener- ous encouragement from students, friends and colleagues, I resolved to publish the first law school casebook devoted entirely to capital punishment. Although I have had ample occasion to doubt the wisdom of that decision, I have never for a moment doubted the wisdom of engaging Lyn Entzeroth to be my coauthor. Lyn’s considerable criminal law experience, both as former appellate public defender and more recently as law clerk to Judge Charles Chapel of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, infused the project with an invaluable perspective: that of the practitioner. Lyn and I are indebted to countless people for their support and assistance. Perhaps foremost are the many students whose critical comments and insights have enriched both my teaching and this casebook. Friends and colleagues who have been especially helpful include Kathie Anderson, Sandra Babcock, Dale A. Baich, Jack Boger, Scott W. Braden, Stephen B. Bright, David Bruck, Dick Burr, Jeffrey Coyne, André de Gruy, Richard C. Dieter, Frank Elkouri, James W. Ellis, Deirdre Enright, Michael Enright, Millard Farmer, Mary T.Hall, Rick Halperin, Enid Harlow, Scott Howe, George Kendall, Drew Kershen, Margery Koosed, Peter Krug, Fred A. Leuchter, Robert McGlas- son, Patsy Morris, Michael Millman, Teresa L. Norris, Diann Y. Rust-Tierney, Clive Stafford Smith and Nick Trenticosta. Capable research assistance was provided by Brad Carson, Kimberley E. Chandler, Patrick J. Ehlers, Kathryn T. Evans, Pamela A. Meyers and Paul D. Quackenbush. Tireless, cheerful, professional support was provided by the unsung heroes in the typing pool of the University of Oklahoma College of Law: Euge- nia Sams, Jacquie Wilkins, Robin Mize and Dawn Tomlins. It bears noting that Eden Harrington was no help whatsoever. Lyn and I dedicate this work to Marley B. Coyne, the wondrous result of an earlier collaboration.

xxxvii

Acknowledgments

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