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Breve Storia Della Letteratura Dal 1975 a Oggi SCRITTURE il mondo dei libri Paesi Baschi BREVE STORIA DELLA LETTERATURA DAL 1975 A OGGI A cura da Euskal Idazleen Elkartea - Associazione degli Scrittori Baschi Traduzione redazione Tranchida apita che più avvenimenti passarono al crudo realismo. Behi baten accadano nello stesso periodo. memoriak (1991) di Atxaga può essere CPrendiamo per esempio il 1975. considerato il ponte tra i due mondi Ha visto la morte del dittatore perché, nonostante in quel romanzo Francisco Franco e anche quella del fossero presenti alcuni tocchi fantastici poeta Gabriel Aresti. Entrambi esercita- (la protagonista è una mucca parlante), rono un’influenza diretta sulla cultura. il contesto (la guerra civile spagnola) Case editrici fiorirono ovunque. era totalmente realistico. In seguito C’era abbondanza di buona volontà ma apparvero Gizona bere bakardadean scarsità di mezzi; ci sarebbero voluti (1993) e Zeru horiek (1995) che rappre- alcuni anni prima che queste iniziative sentavano i personaggi che avevano a acquistassero una certa solidità. Le rivi- che fare con il conflitto basco. In ste letterarie che finirono per essere una entrambi i romanzi lo scrittore gipuz- palestra per molti scrittori, emersero in koano affronta il tema dell’essere maniera simile. La prima fu “Ustela”. umano e della sua solitudine. Un giovane iniziò a firmare i suoi primi Carla (1989) di Anjel Lertxundi segnò lavori con lo pseudonimo di Bernardo la fine di un’era della narrativa e l’inizio Atxaga, mentre un altro, Koldo Izagirre, di una nuova. Se lo scrittore originario di mise in moto gli ingranaggi di quell’im- Orio aveva fino ad allora guardato agli presa rischiosa, e nella prima pubblica- stili narrativi sudamericani, da quel zione (su “Panpina Ustela”), la loro evi- romanzo in poi s’immerse totalmente dente devozione alla letteratura poteva nella tradizione europea. Il primo chiaro già essere individuata. risultato fu il Kapitain Frakasa del 1991, Dopo quella, ne nacquero altre due, che ha reminiscenze dello stile poliziesco “Mermelada Ustela” e “Zorion Ustela”, di Graham Greene. Nelle opere successi- edite da Izagirre e da Saizarbitoria. Fu la ve, l’autore rimase immerso nella tradi- fine dell’avventura di “Estela”, ma non zione europea per dare una moderna e la fine del movimento legato alla rivista. aggiornata interpretazione di temi come “Pott” (che ebbe come compagni di l’immortalità, il diavolo e la morte. La viaggio, a partire dal 1980, Joseba Sar- casa editrice Alberdania creò apposita- rionandia, Bernardo Atxaga, Ruper mente una collana, “Ifrentzuak”, per col- Ordorika, Manu Ertzilla e Jon Juaristi), locare i suoi lavori. Essa comprende: “Susa” (fondata nel 1979 da studenti Otto Pette (1994), Azkenaz beste (1996), collegati all’università di Donostia-San Piztiaren izena (1995), Letrak kalekantoitik Sebástian), “Oh! Euzkadi” (1980 per (1996) e Argizariaren egunak (1998). opera di Izagirre e Saizarbitoria), Zorion perfektua (2003) è l’ultima opera di “Maiatz” (pubblicata dal 1982 in poi nel questo scrittore piena di innovazioni sti- Paese Basco del Nord): esse si rivelaro- listiche e tematiche, se messa a confron- no tutte un laboratorio per questa to con i suoi lavori precedenti. Racconta nuova generazione di scrittori. la storia di come una donna che ha subi- to un’aggressione in LA NARRATIVA NEGLI ANNI NOVANTA: Dall’alto in basso: GUARDANDOSI INTORNO gioventù ricorda il fatto. Gabriel Aresti Intanto, Ramon Sai- Quando arrivarono gli anni novan- Berrnardo Atxaga ta Bernardo Atxaga e altri come lui Anjel Lertxundi zarbitoria rompe 19 Breve storia della letteratura basca dal 1975 a oggi 1 SCRITTURE il mondo dei libri anni di silenzio con la pubblicazione di sua opera prima SPrako tranbia), i fra- Hamaika pauso (1995). Questo romanzo telli Etxeberria, Fernando Morillo... Il potrebbe essere considerato, da una parte, panorama d’oggi ha poco in comune una sintesi di tutto ciò che egli ha fatto fino con i primi anni successivi alla dittatu- a quel momento, perché in esso riconoscia- ra di Franco. mo gli esercizi di stile che era solito fare, La produzione letteraria basca è cre- dall’altra, perché il contenuto ha la prece- sciuta considerevolmente non solo denza sull’attenzione alla struttura dei quantitativamente ma anche nella libri che seguirono in rapida successione. varietà dei generi. Alcuni hanno scritto che Hamaika pauso è il C’è l’umorismo (Kutsidazu bidea, ritratto della generazione di Saizarbitoria; Ixabel e Gerturik daukagu odola di Joxean in questo romanzo il protagonista, Iñaki Sagastizabal), la fiction scientifica (Uda Abaitua, racconta (durante il regime di guztiak ez dituk berdinak di Iñaki Franco) l’esecuzione del plotone d’esecu- Irazabalbeitia), la letteratura di viaggio zione di Daniel Zabalegi (il membro di (l’opera di Jon Arretxe), il romanzo ETA Angel Otaegi) nel 1975. Ma a mano a d’amore (Haltzak badu bihotzik di Iñaki mano che la storia procede, le biografie dei Mendiguren), il romanzo erotico due personaggi s’intrecciano l’una all’al- (Paddy Rekalde, Aitor Arana e Juan tra. Il romanzo Bihotz bi. Gerrako kronikak Martin Elexpuru sono reperibili nella (1996) richiama due guerre, la guerra civi- collana “Literotura” di Txalaparta), la le spagnola da una parte (nelle memorie narrativa leggera (delle case editrici degli avventori che s’incontrano alla taver- Gaiak e Elhuyar), i cosiddetti romanzi na Hambre), e la guerra all’interno della ameni. Tutto ciò è indicativo della coppia, dall’altra. In Gorde nazazu lurpean maturità che la scrittura basca ha rag- (2000), per contro, egli raccoglie cinque giunto. lunghe narrazioni che condividono il tema Non si può concludere questa rasse- del dissotterramento, ma alla fine emerge gna senza menzionare le fiabe, come pure anche la perenne ossessione dell’autore: la la letteratura per bambini e ragazzi. En- guerra civile, i problemi di comunicazione trambi i generi hanno acquistato peso tra uomini e donne e una riflessione sulla all’interno della letteratura basca e con il scrittura. tempo hanno raggiunto un livello qualita- Oltre a Lertxundi e a Saizarbitoria, pos- tivo, oltre che quantitativo, notevole. siamo prendere in considerazione molti Per quanto riguarda il genere immagi- altri scrittori dello stesso decennio: Koldo nifico, esso inizia ad avere un’importanza Izagirre (Metxa esaten dioten agirretar baten crescente durante gli anni settanta e ottan- ibili herrenak, 1997; Ez duk erraza, konpai!, ta, attingendo alle principali fonti d’ispira- 1995; Nik ere Germinal egin gura nuen aldar- zione dell’epoca, costituite da Jon Mirande e ri, 1998; Agirre zaharraren kartzelaldi berriak, dalla tradizione anglosassone. 1999); Patxi Zabaleta (la sua trilogia storica Di quel periodo ci sono, tra le altre, le opere ambientata nei primi del ventesimo secolo di Lertxundi, Atxaga e Joseba Sarrionandia in Navarra: Ukoreka, 1994; Badena dena da, (Lo scrittore e la sua ombra, 1983; Atabala eta 1995; Arian ari, 1996); Edorta Jimenez euria, 1986; Ifar aldeko orduak, 1990). Da allora, (Speed gauak, 1990; L’ultimo fucile, 1994; La un gran numero di scrittori è stato coinvolto in voce delle balene, 1999); Joxemari Iturralde questo genere: Mikel Antza, Inazio Mujika (la trilogia sui Paesi Baschi: Izua hemen, Iraola, Pello Lizarralde, Xabier Montoia, Laura 1989; Kilkerra eta roulottea, 1997; Euliak ez Mintegi, Iban Zaldua, Felipe Juaristi, Karlos dira argazkietan ateratzen, 2000); Aingeru Linazasoro, Edorta Jimenez, Arantxa Iturbe, Epaltza, Joxean Agirre, Jon Alonso, Laura Harkaitz Cano... per non parlare della lettera- Mintegi, Xabier Mendiguren Elizegi, tura per bambini e ragazzi, che ogni anno Hasier Etxeberria, Lourdes Oñederra... E i costituisce la maggior parte della letteratu- giovani scrittori che emersero intorno al Dall’alto in basso: ra pubblicata. Qui troviamo Felipe Juaristi, 2000: Harkaitz Cano, Xabier Aldai, Ixiar Ramon Saizarbitoria Arrate Egaña, Patxi Zubizarreta, Mariasun Rozas, Jasone Osoro, Julen Gabiria, Unai Koldo Izagirre Landa (che vinse il Premio Nazionale per Edorta Jimenez Elorriaga (che ha vinto nel 2002 il Premio Joseba Sarrionandia la Letteratura Spagnola nel 2003 con Nazionale di Letteratura Spagnola con la Mariasun Landa Krokodiloa ohe azpian), Juan Kruz Igerabide, Breve storia della letteratura basca dal 1975 a oggi 2 SCRITTURE il mondo dei libri Joxe Mari Iturralde, Joxantonio pazione anche di Amestoy, Eneko Ormazabal, Aitor Arana, Jesus Mari Olasagasti, Xabier Mendiguren e Olaizola “Txiliku”, Bernardo Atxaga... Yolanda Arrieta, tra gli altri. Tra le opere dell’epoca spicca Borobila eta puntua di LA SAGGISTICA Atxaga ritenuto l’erede di Aresti. A partire dagli anni settanta comincia- Quest’opera drammatica combina la rono a essere pubblicati molti saggi. tradizione popolare con elementi d’a- Quando si prende in considerazione vanguardia, come spiegò l’autore in quell’epoca il punto di riferimento indi- Euskal Theatro Berria (ren alde), che spensabile è Joxe Azurmendi e le nume- apparve sulla rivista “Anaitasuna”, per- rose opere che ha prodotto da quel ché questi dovevano essere i componen- momento di politica (Errealismo soziali- Joxe Azurmendi ti del cosiddetto NHI (teatro nazionale, staz, 1978; Arana Goiriren pentsamendu popolare, rivoluzionario). politikoa, 1978; Euskaldunak eta espainolak, 1992), e di Le infrastrutture, all’epoca, erano quel che erano. letteratura (Zer dugu Orixeren kontra, 1976; Zer dugu Alla bisogna, campi di pelota, scuole e centri sportivi Orixeren alde, 1977; Schopenhauer Miranderen pentsa- perdevano le loro tradizionali funzioni e venivano menduan, 1989).
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