DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding the Role of LC4-Like in the Regulation of the Wave Initation Point of Flagellar Beats in Trypanosomatids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding the Role of LC4-Like in the Regulation of the Wave Initation Point of Flagellar Beats in Trypanosomatids Understanding the role of LC4-like in the regulation of the wave initation point of flagellar beats in trypanosomatids Lore Baert Student number: 01509541 Promoter Ghent University: Prof Dirk de Graaf Erasmus/Opinno Promoter: Dr Richard Wheeler Scientific supervisor: Dr Richard Wheeler Master’s dissertation submitted to Ghent University to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Major Microbioloby Academic year: 2019 – 2020 Ghent University - Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology - Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom - Nuffield Department of Medicine Preface The past year has been unforgettable, to say the least While the world was affected by a virus I am sure we are all tired of hearing about, I spent my time writing this thesis, a work which marks a huge turning point in my life. I cannot express how grateful I am for all the chances I got along the way. Nevertheless, I would like to take this opportunity to thank some people for making this thesis a reality. First of all, I want to express my gratitude to Richard Wheeler and Jack Sunter for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in their labs and introducing me to the marvellous world of parasites. Although my time there was cut short, this international experience has helped me grow, both as a person and a scientist. Thank you to Prof. Dirk de Graaf as well, for being my Belgian promoter. In particular, I want to thank Richard, for his time and guidance, and especially for managing to come up with a new project when the coronavirus interfered with the original one. Also thanks for the weekly skype meetings, the support and the constructive feedback. Moreover, I want to thank all the wonderful people in the Wheeler, Gluenz and Sunter labs for immediately making me feel welcome and making my stay in Oxford the amazing experience it was. Thank you in particular to Lara, Andreia and Sophia, for letting me stay in their homes. I also want to thank my family. My mum, for the unconditional support and love, and for always making me coffee. My sister, for taking over my responsibilities in my youth movement, so I could focus on writing this thesis. Dobby, for forcing me to take a break from my computer screen every day, to take her on a much needed walk. And finally, I want to thank my Bro’z form the Boekenclub: Gloe, Naomi, Bosper, Julie, Cilinder, Marie and Eva. As I am writing this on my GamePC, I cannot help but look back at all the wonderful times we have had together in the past five years. Talking people under the table, crying on the floor while eating bread, flying heads and collecting garden material… So thanks for all these moments, I cannot imagine it any other way. In short, thank you to everyone who believed in me and supported me along the way. Lore I Table of contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... I Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... II List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. IV Preamble ................................................................................................................................................. V Summary ................................................................................................................................................ VI 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Trypanosomatids ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The role of the flagellum .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Introduction of the different flagellar beat types of trypanosomatids ...................................... 3 1.4 Overview of the flagellar structures ............................................................................................ 4 1.4.1 Axoneme ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.2 Paraflagellar rod (PFR) .......................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Role of calcium in flagellar regulation ....................................................................................... 11 1.6 The regulatory role of the ODA and IDAs in trypanosomes: Determination of wave initation point .................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.7 ODA asymmetries in other organisms ....................................................................................... 13 2. Aim .................................................................................................................................................... 14 3. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Understanding the calcium binding properties of EF-hand containing proteins ..................... 16 3.1.1 Selection and mapping the localisation of the EF-hand containing proteins ....................... 16 3.1.2 Description of the canonical binding loop sequence ........................................................... 18 3.1.3 The EF-hands in axonemal proteins have a lower predicted calcium affinity than PFR proteins ......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.4 The EF-hand containing proteins in the distal flagellar end show different properties ...... 21 3.2 Determination of distal flagellar proteins complexes based on localisation profiles .............. 22 3.2.1 Calculation of intensity profiles of proteins located to the distal flagellum ........................ 22 3.2.2 There are four possible functional protein complexes with a distal flagellar localisation ... 26 3.2.3 Paralogues with a different flagellar localisation show differences in either the N- or C- terminal end .................................................................................................................................. 28 3.3 Understanding how the LC4-like and the dDCs are targeted to the distal flagellum ............... 29 3.4 Evolutionary analysis of the outer dynein arm light chains ...................................................... 33 4. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 The evolution of the outer dynein arm light chains .................................................................. 37 4.2 Unravelling the complexity of the distal asymmetry along the flagellum ............................... 38 II 4.3 The distal flagellar proteins are likely not regulated by calcium-binding ................................ 40 4.4 The distal flagellar localisation profile is not mediated by a single localisation signal ........... 42 5. Material and methods ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 Comparison of EF-hand domain properties between different flagellar localisations ............ 45 5.1.1 Selection and mapping of EF-hand containing proteins ...................................................... 45 5.2.2 Scoring of binding loop sequences ....................................................................................... 45 5.2.3 Statistical tests ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Construction and comparison of intensity profiles of the distal flagellar proteins ................. 46 5.2.1 Selection of proteins and measurements of intensity along flagellum ................................ 46 5.2.2 Calculation of intensity profiles ............................................................................................ 46 5.2.3 Clustering of intensity profiles ............................................................................................. 48 5.2.4 Sequence analysis ................................................................................................................. 48 5.3 Evolutionary analysis of the outer dynein arm light chains ...................................................... 48 References............................................................................................................................................. 50 Attachments .......................................................................................................................................... 58 III List of abbreviations HAT Human African Trypanosomiasis DALY Disability-adjusted life years VSG Variable surface glycoprotein ODA Outer dynein arm IDA Inner dynein arm FAZ Flagellar attachment zone PFR Paraflagellar rod CP Central pair N/DRC Nexin-dynein regulatory complex RS Radial spokes AAA ATPases associated with cellular activities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ATTACHMENT 5 Lrgo-C960965-00-V
    ATTACHMENT5 4. SHOCIqVIBRATION, AND ACOUSTICSANALYSIS 5. DESIGN GOALS/REQUIREMENTS vtHg-2-0!'5 REV. O SPECIfICATIONS TITLE DOCUMENTNO. REV. EquipmentSpecif cations Main RoughingPurnp Carts v049-2-001 Main TurbomolecularPump Cans v049-2-002 4 Auxiliary TurbomolecularPump Cans v049-2-003 Ion Pumps v049-2-004 2 ll2 and 122cm GateValves v049-2-005 J 10" and 14" GateValves v049-2-006 I VacuumGauges v049-2-007 0 BakeoutBlanlet System v049-2-009 I PortableSoft Wall CleanRooms vM9-2-010 0 CleanAir Supplies v049-2-011 I LN: Dewars v049-2-013 1 VacuumJack*ed Piping v049-2-016 PI BellowsExpansion Joints v049-2-017 I AmbientAir Vaporizers v049-2-055 0 80K PumpRegaroation Heater v049-2-056 0 SmallVacuum Valves v&9-2-059 0 CleanQh Tum Valves v049-2-050 0 CryogenicControl Valves v049-2-062 0 BakeoutCart v049-2-068 2 LrGO-C960965-00-v TITLE DOCUMENTNO. REV. Instrument& Control Specifications InstrumentList v049-l -036 0 E&lConstructionWork v049-2-022 0 PersonalComputers v049-2-049 0 BakeoutSystem Thermocouple v049-2-050 I MeasurementSystem T/C MeasurementPLC Interface v049-2-051 0 BakeoutPLC-TCInterface Soft ware v049-2-053 1 Functionality BakeoutSystem PC-PlC Interface v049-2-057 0 BakeoutSystem PC InterfaceSoftware v049-2-058 0 PitotTubes v049-2-079 0 DifferentialPressure Transmitlers v049-2-088 0 LevelTransmitters v049-2-089 0 PressureTransmitters v049-2-090 0 TemperatureElements v049-2-091 0 Interlocks,Permissives and Software AIarms v049-2-092 0 Material Specifications O-fungs v049-2-045 0 StainlessSteel Vessel Plate v049-2-041 1 StainlessSteel Flange Forgings v049-2-040 4 StainlessSteel Vessel Heads v049-2-039 3 LIGO VACUUM EQUIPMENT FINAL DESIGNREPORT CDRL 03 VOLUME TABLE OF CONTENT VOLUME TITLE VolumeI Project ManagementPlan VolumeII Design VolumeII AuachmentI Calculations VolumeII Attachment2 Calculations VolumeII Attachment3 Calculations Volumell Attachment4 Calculations VolumeII Attachment5 Specifications/Ir,lisc.
    [Show full text]
  • EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual
    All rights reserved. No part of this manual covered by copyrights hereon may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright holder. The EORTC QLQ-C30 (in all versions), and the modules which supplement it, are copyrighted and may not be used without prior written consent of the EORTC Data Center. Requests for permission to use the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the modules, or to reproduce or quote materials contained in this manual, should be addressed to: QL Coordinator Quality of Life Unit, EORTC Data Center, Avenue E Mounier 83 - B11, 1200 Brussels, BELGIUM Tel: +32 2 774 1611 Fax: +32 2 779 4568 Email: [email protected] Copyright © 1995, 1999, 2001 EORTC, Brussels. D/2001/6136/001 ISBN 2-9300 64-22-6 Third edition, 2001 EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual The EORTC QLQ-C30 Introduction The EORTC quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) is an integrated system for assessing the health- related quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients participating in international clinical trials. The core questionnaire, the QLQ-C30, is the product of more than a decade of collaborative research. Following its general release in 1993, the QLQ-C30 has been used in a wide range of cancer clinical trials, by a large number of research groups; it has additionally been used in various other, non-trial studies. This manual contains scoring procedures for the QLQ-C30 versions 1.0, (+3), 2.0 and 3.0; it also contains summary information about supplementary modules. All publications relating to the QLQ should use the scoring procedures described in this manual.
    [Show full text]
  • Latent Class Analysis to Classify Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis by Signs and Symptoms
    Neurol Ther DOI 10.1007/s40120-015-0028-y ORIGINAL RESEARCH Latent Class Analysis to Classify Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis by Signs and Symptoms Jose Alvir . Michelle Stewart . Isabel Conceic¸a˜o To view enhanced content go to www.neurologytherapy-open.com Received: February 21, 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ABSTRACT status measures for the latent classes were examined. Introduction: The aim of this study was to Results: A four-class latent class solution was develop an empirical approach to classifying thebestfitforthedata.Thelatentclasseswere patients with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) characterized by the predominant symptoms based on clinical signs and symptoms. as severe neuropathy/severe autonomic, Methods: Data from 971 symptomatic subjects moderate to severe neuropathy/low to enrolled in the Transthyretin Amyloidosis moderate autonomic involvement, severe Outcomes Survey were analyzed using a latent cardiac, and moderate to severe neuropathy. class analysis approach. Differences in health Incorporating disease duration improved the model fit. It was found that measures of health Electronic supplementary material The online status varied by latent class in interpretable version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40120-015-0028-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to patterns. authorized users. Conclusion: This latent class analysis approach On behalf of the THAOS Investigators. offered promise in categorizing patients with ATTR across the spectrum of disease. The four- Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, class latent class solution included disease NCT00628745. duration and enabled better detection of J. Alvir (&) heterogeneity within and across genotypes Statistical Center for Outcomes, Real-World and than previous approaches, which have tended Aggregate Data, Global Medicines Development, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Pfizer, Inc., to classify patients a priori into neuropathic, New York, NY, USA cardiac, and mixed groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Asphalt Pavement Crack Detection and Classification Using Deep
    Asphalt pavement crack detection and classification using deep Convolutional Neural Networks A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Akshata Arvind Desai In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology August 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Akshata Arvind Desai Asphalt pavement crack detection and classification using deep Convolutional Neural Networks Approved by: Dr.Yi-Chang (James) Tsai, Advisor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Anthony Joseph Yezzi School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: [May 14, 2020] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Yi-Chang (James) Tsai for providing invaluable guidance throughout my thesis research. I am extremely grateful for his time and effort in providing crucial feedback through this journey. I would also like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Anthony Joseph Yezzi for agreeing to be on the thesis committee. I would also like to thank my team for helping me all along this research. I am grateful for their time and advice. I express my thanks to Yung-An Hsieh, Lucas Yu and Zhongyu Yang. I am extremely grateful to all my other colleagues who have been helpful in one way or another. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………… iii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………...... vi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………… vii SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………..... ix CHAPTER 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Proposal Organization………………………………………………………………….. 2 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review………………………………………………………….. 3 2.1 Pavement Condition Evaluation Practices – Crack Type Classification…………... 3 2.1.1 Crack Properties………………………………………………………………… 7 2.2 Review of Automatic Crack Classification Methods………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • DNV Classification Note 31.2 Strength Analysis of Hull Structure in Roll
    CLASSIFICATION NOTES No. 31.2 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURE IN ROLL ON/ROLL OFF SHIPS AND CAR CARRIERS APRIL 2011 The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV). The user accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV's prior written consent. DNV is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others. DET NORSKE VERITAS Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11 FOREWORD DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, property and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions. Classification Notes Classification Notes are publications that give practical information on classification of ships and other objects. Examples of design solutions, calculation methods, specifications of test procedures, as well as acceptable repair methods for some components are given as interpretations of the more general rule requirements. All publications may be downloaded from the Society’s Web site http://www.dnv.com/. The Society reserves the exclusive right to interpret, decide equivalence or make exemptions to this Classification Note.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 65, No. 69/Monday, April 10, 2000
    19188 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 69 / Monday, April 10, 2000 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND timely will be available for public 3. Payment ProvisionsÐFacility-Specific HUMAN SERVICES inspection as they are received, Rate generally beginning approximately 3 II. Update of Payment Rates Under the Health Care Financing Administration weeks after publication of a document, Prospective Payment System for Skilled Nursing Facilities in Room 443±G of the Department's A. Federal Prospective Payment System 42 CFR Parts 411 and 489 office at 200 Independence Avenue, 1. Cost and Services covered by the Federal SW., Washington, DC, on Monday [HCFA±1112±P] Rates through Friday of each week from 8:30 2. Methodology Used for the Calculation of RIN 0938±AJ93 to 5 p.m. (phone: (202) 690±7061). the Federal Rates FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: B. Case-Mix Adjustment and Options C. Wage Index Adjustment to Federal Rates Medicare Program; Prospective Dana Burley, (410) 786±4547 or Sheila Payment System and Consolidated D. Updates to the Federal Rates Lambowitz, (410) 786±7605 (for E. Relationship of RUG±III Classification Billing for Skilled Nursing FacilitiesÐ information related to the case-mix Update System to Existing Skilled Nursing classification methodology). Facility Level-of-Care Criteria AGENCY: Health Care Financing John Davis, (410) 786±0008 (for III. Three-Year Transition Period Administration (HCFA), HHS. information related to the Wage IV. The Skilled Nursing Facility Market Index). Basket Index ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. Bill Ullman, (410) 786±5667 (for A. Facility-Specific Rate Update Factor information related to consolidated B. Federal Rate Update Factor SUMMARY: This proposed rule sets forth V.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Evaluation of Loess Collapsibility of Oil and Gas Pipeline
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comprehensive evaluation of loess collapsibility of oil and gas pipeline based on cloud theory Xiaohui Liu1,3, Manyin Zhang2*, Zhizhong Sun2, Huyuan Zhang1 & Yimin Zhang3 The comprehensive evaluation of pipeline loess collapsibility risk is a necessary means to control the safety risks of pipelines in the collapsible loess section. It is also one of the critical scientifc bases for risk prevention, control, and management. The comprehensive evaluation system of cloud theory consists of quantitative and qualitative indexes, and the evaluation system has the characteristics of randomness and fuzziness. In view of this problem, the standard qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation methods have intense subjectivity in dealing with the uncertainty problems such as randomness and fuzziness of the system, the cloud theory, which can efectively refect the randomness and fuzziness of things at the same time, is introduced. The state scale cloud and index importance weight cloud of pipeline loess collapse risk are constructed by the golden section method. The uncertainty cloud reasoning process of the quantitative indexes and the expert scoring method of the qualitative indexes are proposed. The comprehensive evaluation model of loess collapsibility risk of oil and gas pipeline is established, and the engineering example is analyzed. The complete evaluation results of 10 samples to be evaluated are consistent with the results of the semi- quantitative method and are compatible with the actual situation. The evaluation process softens the subjective division of index boundary, simplifes the preprocessing of index data, realizes the organic integration of quantitative and qualitative decisions, and improves the accuracy, rationality, and visualization of the results.
    [Show full text]
  • Sledge Hockey
    SLEDGE HOCKEY... PAST TO PRESENT HockeyCanada.ca/SledgeHockey Table of Contents Introduction .................................................3 Appendix 6. History of the Paralympic Games .......................12 Lesson 1. People With Disabilities .................................4 Appendix 7. About Sledge Hockey ................................13 Lesson 2. History of the Paralympic Games ..........................5 Appendix 8. Sledge Hockey Timeline ..............................14 Lesson 3. Computer Lab ........................................6 Appendix 9. World Sledge Hockey Challenge Schedule .................15 Lesson 4. Video: Sledhead ......................................6 Appendix 10. Resource Summary ................................15 Activity 1. Learn to Sledge.......................................7 Activity 2. See the Sport Live! ....................................7 Hockey Canada greatly acknowledges the following individuals for their contribu- Appendix 1 Specific Disabilities ..................................8 tion to the manual: Appendix 2. Inclusion and Equity..................................9 Todd Sargeant - President, Ontario Sledge Hockey Association / Chair, 2011 Appendix 3. The Role of Sport ....................................9 World Sledge Hockey Challenge Appendix 4. Sports of the Paralympics.............................10 Jackie Martin - Tourism London, Sport Tourism Assistant Appendix 5. The International Paralympic Committee ..................12 © Copyright 2011 by Hockey Canada HockeyCanada.ca/SledgeHockey
    [Show full text]
  • SELECTION POLICY for CANADIAN PARA-CYCLING TEAMS Issued & Effective from April 1, 2013
    SELECTION POLICY FOR CANADIAN PARA-CYCLING TEAMS Issued & Effective from April 1, 2013 Note: In case of any wording discrepancies between the English and French versions of the selection policy, the English wording takes precedence. INTRODUCTION This Policy is in two parts. Part A sets out the background and procedure for selection of riders to all Canadian Road Pools and Teams. Part B sets out the general Selection Criteria and Schedules 1 to 3 set out the Specific Selection Criteria for each Category, namely: Schedule 1 – General competition and training camp programs ........ p. 11 Schedule 2 – Para-cycling road worlds’ ................................................. p. 18 Schedule 3 – Para-cycling track worlds .................................................. p. 20 Appendix 1 – Road time standards……………………………………………………..p. 22 Appendix 2 – Track time standards……………………………………………………. p. 23 1 2013 Selection Policy for 2013 Para-cycling teams | Cycling CANADA PART A - GENERAL Part A of this Policy sets out the scope and purpose of the Policy, who it applies to, the procedure of the Cycling CANADA Cyclisme (CC) Selection Committee, the eligibility and communication requirements for riders seeking selection and how this Policy can be amended. 1. SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF POLICY a. This Policy is issued by CC to clearly set out the process and criteria on which riders will be selected to be members of the Road Pools and Teams for the period 1 March, 2013 to 31 December, 2013. b. Subject to clauses 1.c (Part A) and 12.d (Part B), this Policy covers the selection of riders to Pools and Teams for the following Programs: •Greenville, USA P1 •Baie-Comeau, CAN •TBC •Road WC #1, ITA •Road WC #2, ESP •Nationals Dev camp, CAN •Road WC #3 (HP), CAN •Road WC #3 (Dev), CAN General competition and Road World Track World training camp Championships Championships programs c.
    [Show full text]
  • IAEA TECDOC SERIES Integrated Integrated of Mechanical Components for Fusion to Safety Classification Approach Applications
    IAEA-TECDOC-1851 IAEA-TECDOC-1851 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Integrated Approach to Safety Classification of Mechanical Components for Fusion ApplicationsApproach to Safety Classification of Mechanical Components for Fusion Integrated IAEA-TECDOC-1851 Integrated Approach to Safety Classification of Mechanical Components for Fusion Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978-92-0-105518-7 ISSN 1011–4289 @ INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SAFETY CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS FOR FUSION APPLICATIONS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PALAU ALBANIA GHANA PANAMA ALGERIA GREECE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANGOLA GRENADA PARAGUAY ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PERU ARGENTINA GUYANA PHILIPPINES ARMENIA HAITI POLAND AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PORTUGAL AUSTRIA HONDURAS QATAR AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHAMAS ICELAND ROMANIA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RWANDA BELARUS IRAQ SAINT VINCENT AND BELGIUM IRELAND THE GRENADINES BELIZE ISRAEL SAN MARINO BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SENEGAL STATE OF JAPAN SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BRAZIL KENYA SINGAPORE BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BULGARIA KUWAIT SLOVENIA BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CAMEROON LATVIA SUDAN CANADA LEBANON SWEDEN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
    [Show full text]
  • IPC Classification
    A guide to current Internaonal Paralympic Commiee Classificaons Archery is open to athletes with a physical impairment and classificaon is broken up into three classes: ARW1: spinal cord and cerebral palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs ARW2: wheelchair users with full arm funcon ARST (standing): athletes who have no impairments in their arms but who have some impairment in their legs. This group also includes amputees, les autres and cerebral palsy standing athletes. Some athletes in the standing group will sit on a high stool for support but will sll have their feet touching the ground. Athlecs uses a system of leers and numbers is used to disnguish between them. A leer F is for field athletes, T represents those who compete on the track, and the number shown refers to their impairment. 11-13: track and field athletes who are visually impaired 20: track and field athletes who are intellectually disabled 31-38: track and field athletes with cerebral palsy 41-46: track and field amputees and les autres T 51-56: wheelchair track athletes F 51-58: wheelchair field athletes Blind athletes compete in class 11 and are permied to run with a sighted guide, while field athletes in the class are allowed the use of acousc signals, for example electronic noises, clapping or voices, if they compete in the 100m, long jump or triple jump. Athletes in classes 42, 43 and 44 must wear a prosthesis while compeng, but this is oponal for classes 45 and 46. Boccia (a bowling game) is open to athletes with cerebral palsy and other severe physical impairments (eg, muscular dystrophy) who compete from a wheelchair, with classificaon split into four classes: BC1 : Athletes may compete with the help of an assistant, who must remain outside the athlete's playing box.
    [Show full text]
  • Strength Analysis of Hull Structures in Bulk Carriers
    CLASSIFICATION NOTES No. 31.1 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF HULL STRUCTURES IN BULK CARRIERS JUNE 1999 DET N ORS KE VERIT AS Vcritasveien 1, N-1322 Hfl!vik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11 FOREWORD DET NORSKE VERJTAS is an autonomous and independent Foundation with the objective of safeguarding life, property and the environment at sea and ashore. DET NORSKE VERlTAS AS is a fully owned subsidiary Society of the Foundation. It undertakes classification and certification of ships, mobile offshore units, fixed oftshore structures, facilities and systems for shipping and other industries. The Society also carries out research and' development associated with these functions. DET NORSKE VERITAS operates a worldwide network ot survey stations and is authorised by more than 120 national administrations to carry out surveys and, in most cases, issue certificates on their behalf. Classification Notes Classification Notes are publications that give practical information on classification of ships and other objects. Examples of design solutions, calculation methods, specifications of test procedures, as well as acceptahle repair methods for some components are given as interpretations of the more general rule requirements. A list of Classification Notes is found in the latest edi6on of the Introduction booklets to the "Rules for Classification of Ships", the "Rules for Classification of Mobile Offshore Units" and the "Rules for Classification of High Speed and Light Craft". In "Rules for Classification of Fixed Offshore Installations", only those Classification Notes that are relevant for this type of structure, have been listed. The list of Classification Notes is also included in the current "Classification Services - Publications" issued by the Society, which is available on request.
    [Show full text]