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Colleen McCullough | 864 pages | 07 Aug 2003 | Cornerstone | 9780099460435 | English | London, United Kingdom Caesar (title) - Wikipedia

A series of successful military and political maneuvers, along with the support of Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus known as the richest man in , helped Caesar get elected as senior in 59 B. The union terrified the Roman Senate who knew that a partnership between three such powerful men would prove unstoppable. They were right, and the triumvirate soon controlled Rome. Caesar was appointed governor of the vast region of Gaul north-central Europe in 58 B. During the subsequent , Caesar conducted a series of brilliant campaigns to conquer and stabilize the region, earning a reputation as a formidable and ruthless military leader. But his great successes in the region caused Pompey to resent him and complicated the already-strained relationship between Pompey and Crassus. As Caesar conquered Gaul, the political situation in Rome became increasingly volatile, with Pompey its lone consul. Caesar refused and, in a bold and decisive maneuver, directed his army to cross the River into , triggering a civil war between his supporters and those of Pompey. Caesar and his armies pursued Pompey to , Greece and, finally, Egypt. Caesar became her lover and partnered with her to overthrow Ptolemy and make her ruler of Egypt. The pair never married but their long-term affair produced a son, Ptolemy XV Caesar, known as . In 46 B. Many people still consider Caesar a great leader with keen insights into human nature. Over the centuries, many of his words have become famous quotes, such as:. Caesar declared himself dictator for life in 44 B. Fearing he would become king, a group of senators conspired to end his life. On the March 15, 44 B. Set in 44 B. The play is thought to have made its debut in at the Globe Theater in London and continues to mesmerize audiences to this day, inspiring songs, novels, films, television shows and even comedy acts. It has also provided many well-known quotes — attributed to Shakespeare, not Caesar — including:. A Timeline of the Life of . Julius Caesar. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Houghton Mifflin Books. Start your free trial today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. On March 15, 44 B. The dictator fell bleeding to his death from 23 stab wounds before the horrified eyes of the rest of the house. It was a little after noon on the Ides of March, as Gaius Julius Caesar arrived in the world on July 13, B. Although the procedure existed at the time, it was usually fatal to the mother and therefore Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian of Imperial College London argue that the Roman general may have been afflicted by cerebrovascular disease. Their study, published The Roman politician and general 83—30 B. His romantic and political Under Caesar, a significant amount of authority was vested in his lieutenants, [99] mostly because Caesar was frequently out of Italy. Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates, and all consuls and tribunes. Several Senators had conspired to assassinate Caesar. Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca , and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off. The plotters, however, had anticipated this and, fearing that Antony would come to Caesar's aid, had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of the , where the session was to be held, and detain him outside , however, assigns this action of delaying Antony to Brutus Albinus. When he heard the commotion from the Senate chamber, Antony fled. According to Plutarch , as Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. Both Plutarch and say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence! Casca simultaneously produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in , "Casca, you villain, what are you doing? Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the dictator. Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenceless on the lower steps of the portico. According to Eutropius , around 60 men participated in the assassination. He was stabbed 23 times. According to Suetonius, a physician later established that only one wound, the second one to his chest, had been lethal. However, Suetonius' own opinion was that Caesar said nothing. Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. Then fall, Caesar. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators; they, however, fled the building. Caesar's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it. Caesar's body was cremated. A crowd which had gathered at the cremation started a fire, which badly damaged the forum and neighbouring buildings. On the site of his cremation, the was erected a few years later at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum. Only its altar now remains. In the chaos following the death of Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian later Caesar , and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would culminate in the formation of the . The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates , perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir hence the name Octavian , bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic. The crowd at the funeral boiled over, throwing dry branches, furniture, and even clothing on to Caesar's funeral pyre, causing the flames to spin out of control, seriously damaging the Forum. The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius, where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty, ultimately providing the spark for the civil war , fulfilling at least in part Antony's threat against the aristocrats. Octavian, aged only 18 when Caesar died, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription , abandoned since . Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, , intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC and suicide in Egypt in 30 BC, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first , under the name Caesar Augustus, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority. Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia , the Caucasus , and Scythia , and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe. These plans were thwarted by his assassination. Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. The appearance of a comet during games in his honour was taken as confirmation of his divinity. Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death, he may have received divine honours during his lifetime: [] and shortly before his assassination, Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen priest. Based on remarks by Plutarch, [] Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. Modern scholarship is sharply divided on the subject, and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria, particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s. Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth. The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died. The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia , which can cause epileptoid seizures. In , psychiatrist Harbour F. Hodder published what he termed as the "Caesar Complex" theory, arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination. A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear: "Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf". The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made. By covering his ear, Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defence. Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian suggest that Caesar's behavioral manifestations—headaches, vertigo, falls possibly caused by muscle weakness due to nerve damage , sensory deficit, giddiness and insensibility—and syncopal episodes were the results of cerebrovascular episodes, not epilepsy. reports in his Natural History that Caesar's father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes. These events can be more readily associated with cardiovascular complications from a stroke episode or lethal heart attack. Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease. Suetonius , writing more than a century after Caesar's death, describes Caesar as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes". The standard abbreviation was C. In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied. Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus. Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible , which contains the famous verse " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's". This means that for almost two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. Grandchild from Julia and Pompey , dead at several days, unnamed. Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity , regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, "Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar. The stories were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio , even under oath on one occasion. wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers, [] but later apologised. Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors. Suetonius described Antony's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander. Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor as Augustus. During his lifetime, Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin —even spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. A few sentences from other works are quoted by other authors. Among his lost works are his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his , a document written to defame Cato in response to Cicero's published praise. Poems by Julius Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front. They may have been presented as public readings. The texts written by Caesar, an autobiography of the most important events of his public life, are the most complete primary source for the reconstruction of his biography. However, Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind, so historians must filter the exaggerations and bias contained in it. The modern historiography is influenced by the Octavian traditions, such as when Caesar's epoch is considered a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire. Still, historians try to filter the Octavian bias. Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar. The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. Charles V ordered a topographic study in France, to place The Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict. The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries , and translated them to Turkish language. Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of , a form of political rule led by a charismatic whose rule is based upon a , whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order , and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government. Bust in Naples National Archaeological Museum , photograph published in Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Museum. Atrebates , Aduatuci. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Roman general and dictator. This article is about the . For other uses, see Julius Caesar disambiguation and Caesar disambiguation. The Tusculum portrait , possibly the only surviving sculpture of Caesar made during his lifetime. Archaeological Museum, Turin , Italy. Rome , Italy , Roman Republic. Bellum Gallicum Bellum Civile. Main article: Early life and career of Julius Caesar. Main article: Gallic Wars. Main article: Caesar's Civil War. Main article: Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar. See also: Assassination of Julius Caesar. See also: Divus Julius and Caesar's Comet. Main article: Gaius Julius Caesar name. Main article: Julio-Claudian family tree. Main article: Caesarism. Main article: Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar. Modern bronze statue of Julius Caesar, Rimini , Italy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 30 May Archived from the original on 13 February Life of Caesar. Project Gutenberg e-text. Archived from the original on 9 December The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century Suda kappa Julius was not the first to bear the name, and in his time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar's mother Aurelia lived long after he was born. Archived from the original on 22 March Plutarch Caesar 1. Velleius Paterculus Roman History Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group. Caesar de Bello Gallico. Cambridge Elementary Classics. Retrieved 26 December Lives of the Caesars. Translated by J. In Flower, Harriet ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2 ed. Cambridge University Press. The Classical Outlook. A History of the British Isles. Palgrave MacMillan. Retrieved 6 April Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes. Retrieved 15 February Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late. In Weiland, J. Erasmus of Rotterdam: the man and the scholar. Leiden, Netherlands: E. Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Women in the ancient world. Roetzel, Continuum International Publishing Group, Technically, Caesar was not appointed dictator with a term of 10 years, but he was appointed annual dictator for the next 10 years in advance. Yale University. Retrieved 28 April J C Rolfe". Rolfe translation of " The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations. London: Routledge. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Works of . London: Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 8 January Roman Religion. : An Introductory History. University of Oklahoma Press. Trends in Parasitology. Cell Press. Retrieved 2 May Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. Retrieved 11 May If so, what was the etiology? Epilepsy Behav. The Journal of the Florida Medical Association. Schneble 1 January German Epilepsy Museum. Retrieved 28 August Harvard, Boston: Harvard University. Neurological Sciences. Junius Brutus ," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 , p. This would appear to be a misreading, given Syme's fuller argument twenty years later in "No Son for Caesar? See also Poems by Julius Caesar. Transaction Publishers. History Compass. Unpatriotic History of the Second World War. John Hunt Publishing. Latin and English, cross-linked: the English translation by J. Rolfe English translation, modified. Abbott, Frank Frost Elibron Classics. Canfora, Luciano Julius Caesar: The People's Dictator. Edinburgh University Press. Freeman, Philip Julius Caesar. Simon and Schuster. Fuller, J. Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant. Goldsworthy, Adrian Caesar: Life of a Colossus. Yale University Press. Grant, Michael New York: McGraw-Hill. . New York: Penguin Books. Griffin, Miriam, ed. A Companion to Julius Caesar. Holland, Tom Anchor Books. Kleiner, Diana E. Cleopatra and Rome. Harvard University Press. Meier, Christian Caesar: A Biography. Fontana Press. Tucker, Spencer History of the Roman People. Weinstock, Stefan Divus Julius. Oxford University Press. Caesars Entertainment | Hotels, Casinos & Experiences

Galba helped solidify "Caesar" as the title of the designated heir by giving it to his own adopted heir, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus. Galba's reign did not last long and he was soon deposed by Marcus Otho. Otho did not at first use the title "Caesar" and occasionally used the title "Nero" as emperor, but later adopted the title "Caesar" as well. Vitellius did not adopt the cognomen "Caesar" as part of his name and may have intended to replace it with "Germanicus" he bestowed the name "Germanicus" upon his own son that year. Nevertheless, Caesar had become such an integral part of the imperial dignity that its place was immediately restored by Titus Flavius Vespasianus "Vespasian" , whose defeat of Vitellius in 69 AD put an end to the period of instability and began the Flavian dynasty. By this point the status of "Caesar" had been regularised into that of a title given to the Emperor-designate occasionally also with the honorific title Princeps Iuventutis , "Prince of Youth" and retained by him upon accession to the throne e. The popularity of using the title Caesar to designate heirs-apparent increased throughout the third century. Many of the soldier emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century attempted to strengthen their legitimacy by naming heirs, including Maximinus Thrax , Philip the Arab , Decius , Trebonianus Gallus and Gallienus. Some of these were promoted to the rank of Augustus within their father's lifetime, for example Philippus II. The same title would also be used in the Gallic Empire , which operated autonomously from the rest of the Roman Empire from to , with the final Gallic emperor Tetricus I appointing his heir Tetricus II Caesar and his consular colleague for Despite the best efforts of these emperors, however, the granting of this title does not seem to have made succession in this chaotic period any more stable. Almost all Caesars would be killed before or alongside their fathers, or at best outlive them for a matter of months, as in the case of Hostilian. The sole Caesar to successfully obtain the rank of Augustus and rule for some time in his own right was Gordian III , and even he was heavily controlled by his court. On 1 March , Diocletian established the Tetrarchy , a system of rule by two senior Emperors and two junior sub-Emperors. The two coequal senior emperors were styled identically to previous Emperors, as Imperator Caesar NN. Pius Felix Invictus Augustus Elagabalus had introduced the use of Pius Felix , "the Pious and Blessed", while Maximinus Thrax introduced the use of Invictus , "the Unconquered" and were called the Augusti , while the two junior sub-Emperors were styled identically to previous Emperors-designate, as Nobilissimus Caesar. Likewise, the junior sub-Emperors retained the title "Caesar" upon accession to the senior position. The Tetrarchy was quickly abandoned as a system though the four quarters of the empire survived as praetorian prefectures in favour of two equal, territorial emperors, and the previous system of Emperors and Emperors-designate was restored, both in the Latin -speaking West and the Greek -speaking East. The title of Caesar remained in use throughout the Constantinian period, with both Constantine I and his co-emperor and rival Licinius utilising it to mark their heirs. In the case of Constantine, this meant that by the time he died, he had four Caesars: Constantius II , Constantine II , Constans and his nephew Dalmatius , with his eldest son Crispus having been executed in mysterious circumstances earlier in his reign. In the event, Constantine would be succeeded only by his three sons, with Dalmatius dying in the summer of in similarly murky circumstances. Constantius II himself would nominate as Caesars his two cousins Constantius Gallus and Julian in succession in the s, although he first executed Gallus and then found himself at war with Julian before his own death. After Julian's revolt of , the title Caesar fell out of imperial fashion for some time, with emperors preferring simply to elevate their sons directly to the post of Augustus, as with . It would be revived only nearly three quarters of a century later when Theodosius II used it to mark his nephew Valentinian III before successfully installing him upon the western throne vacated by the boy's other uncle Honorius. Thereafter it would receive limited use in the Eastern Roman Empire, for example, in the designation of the future Leo II in the final months of his grandfather 's life. Originally, as in the late Roman Empire , it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the "awarded" dignities. From the reign of Theodosius I , however, most emperors chose to solidify the succession of their intended heirs by raising them to co-emperors. Hence the title was more frequently awarded to second- and third-born sons, or to close and influential relatives of the Emperor: thus for example Alexios Mosele was the son-in-law of Theophilos ruled — , Bardas was the uncle and chief minister of Michael III r. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I created the title of sebastokrator , kaisar became third in importance, and fourth after created the title of , which it remained until the end of the Empire. The family name of Julius Caesar and of the next eleven rulers of Rome , who were emperors. Sidney, "Sid" , —, U. Matthew See how many words from the week of Oct 12—18, you get right! Example sentences from the Web for Caesar Perhaps the greatest irony remains that civil rights titan Caesar Chavez was a lifelong opponent of illegal immigration. Serapis, Complete Georg Ebers. Cuba Past and Present Richard Davey. The Portrait of a Lady Henry James. Caesar's body was cremated. A crowd which had gathered at the cremation started a fire, which badly damaged the forum and neighbouring buildings. On the site of his cremation, the Temple of Caesar was erected a few years later at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum. Only its altar now remains. In the chaos following the death of Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian later Augustus Caesar , and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would culminate in the formation of the Roman Empire. The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates , perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir hence the name Octavian , bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic. The crowd at the funeral boiled over, throwing dry branches, furniture, and even clothing on to Caesar's funeral pyre, causing the flames to spin out of control, seriously damaging the Forum. The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius, where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty, ultimately providing the spark for the civil war , fulfilling at least in part Antony's threat against the aristocrats. Octavian, aged only 18 when Caesar died, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription , abandoned since Sulla. Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC and suicide in Egypt in 30 BC, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority. Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia , the Caucasus , and Scythia , and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe. These plans were thwarted by his assassination. Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. The appearance of a comet during games in his honour was taken as confirmation of his divinity. Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death, he may have received divine honours during his lifetime: [] and shortly before his assassination, Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen priest. Based on remarks by Plutarch, [] Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. Modern scholarship is sharply divided on the subject, and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria, particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s. Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth. The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died. The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia , which can cause epileptoid seizures. In , psychiatrist Harbour F. Hodder published what he termed as the "Caesar Complex" theory, arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination. A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear: "Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf". The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made. By covering his ear, Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defence. Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian suggest that Caesar's behavioral manifestations—headaches, vertigo, falls possibly caused by muscle weakness due to nerve damage , sensory deficit, giddiness and insensibility—and syncopal episodes were the results of cerebrovascular episodes, not epilepsy. Pliny the Elder reports in his Natural History that Caesar's father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes. These events can be more readily associated with cardiovascular complications from a stroke episode or lethal heart attack. Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease. Suetonius , writing more than a century after Caesar's death, describes Caesar as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes". The standard abbreviation was C. In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied. Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus. Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible , which contains the famous verse " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's". This means that for almost two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. Grandchild from Julia and Pompey , dead at several days, unnamed. Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity , regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, "Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar. The stories were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio , even under oath on one occasion. Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers, [] but later apologised. Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors. Suetonius described Antony's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander. Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor as Augustus. During his lifetime, Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin —even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. A few sentences from other works are quoted by other authors. Among his lost works are his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato , a document written to defame Cato in response to Cicero's published praise. Poems by Julius Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front. They may have been presented as public readings. The texts written by Caesar, an autobiography of the most important events of his public life, are the most complete primary source for the reconstruction of his biography. However, Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind, so historians must filter the exaggerations and bias contained in it. The modern historiography is influenced by the Octavian traditions, such as when Caesar's epoch is considered a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire. Still, historians try to filter the Octavian bias. Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar. The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. Charles V ordered a topographic study in France, to place The Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict. The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries , and translated them to Turkish language. Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism , a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality , whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order , and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government. Bust in Naples National Archaeological Museum , photograph published in Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Museum. Atrebates , Aduatuci. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Roman general and dictator. This article is about the Roman dictator. For other uses, see Julius Caesar disambiguation and Caesar disambiguation. The Tusculum portrait , possibly the only surviving sculpture of Caesar made during his lifetime. Archaeological Museum, Turin , Italy. Rome , Italy , Roman Republic. Bellum Gallicum Bellum Civile. Main article: Early life and career of Julius Caesar. Main article: Gallic Wars. Main article: Caesar's Civil War. Main article: Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar. See also: Assassination of Julius Caesar. See also: Divus Julius and Caesar's Comet. Main article: Gaius Julius Caesar name. Main article: Julio-Claudian family tree. Main article: Caesarism. Main article: Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar. Modern bronze statue of Julius Caesar, Rimini , Italy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 30 May Archived from the original on 13 February Life of Caesar. Project Gutenberg e-text. Archived from the original on 9 December The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century Suda kappa Julius was not the first to bear the name, and in his time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar's mother Aurelia lived long after he was born. Archived from the original on 22 March Plutarch Caesar 1. Velleius Paterculus Roman History Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group. Caesar de Bello Gallico. Cambridge Elementary Classics. Retrieved 26 December Lives of the Caesars. Translated by J. In Flower, Harriet ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2 ed. Cambridge University Press. The Classical Outlook. A History of the British Isles. Palgrave MacMillan. Retrieved 6 April Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes. Retrieved 15 February Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late. In Weiland, J. Erasmus of Rotterdam: the man and the scholar. Leiden, Netherlands: E. Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Women in the ancient world. Roetzel, Continuum International Publishing Group, Technically, Caesar was not appointed dictator with a term of 10 years, but he was appointed annual dictator for the next 10 years in advance. Yale University. Retrieved 28 April J C Rolfe". Rolfe translation of " The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations. London: Routledge. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Works of William Shakespeare. London: Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 8 January Roman Religion. Ancient Rome: An Introductory History. University of Oklahoma Press. Trends in Parasitology. Cell Press. Retrieved 2 May Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Caesar | Definition of Caesar at

Perhaps the greatest irony remains that civil rights titan Caesar Chavez was a lifelong opponent of illegal immigration. Caesar smuggled the pictures out of Syria when he fled last year in fear for his life. He started working at age 11 in the onion fields of Colorado, rising to become an organizer with Caesar Chavez. I can be hunched over, or push my chest out more and give Caesar strength and physicality. How has the technology changed in capturing Caesar from Rise to Dawn? He might be Caesar Borgia come to life again, in a modern Spanish uniform. Caesar 's desire was to rid you of adversaries even against your will. There should be no scandal about Caesar 's wife, you know; and, as I say, she has always hoped to marry Caesar. First Caesar was consul : then, four years later , Crassus and Pompeius. The family name of Julius Caesar and of the next eleven rulers of Rome , who were emperors. Sidney, "Sid" , —, U. Matthew Fearing he would become king, a group of senators conspired to end his life. On the Ides of March March 15, 44 B. Set in 44 B. The play is thought to have made its debut in at the Globe Theater in London and continues to mesmerize audiences to this day, inspiring songs, novels, films, television shows and even comedy acts. It has also provided many well-known quotes — attributed to Shakespeare, not Caesar — including:. A Timeline of the Life of Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Houghton Mifflin Books. Start your free trial today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. On March 15, 44 B. The dictator fell bleeding to his death from 23 stab wounds before the horrified eyes of the rest of the house. It was a little after noon on the Ides of March, as Gaius Julius Caesar arrived in the world on July 13, B. Although the procedure existed at the time, it was usually fatal to the mother and therefore Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian of Imperial College London argue that the Roman general may have been afflicted by cerebrovascular disease. Their study, published The Roman politician and general Mark Antony 83—30 B. His romantic and political The son of a great military leader, he escaped family intrigues to take the throne, but his Greek philosophy and rhetoric moved fully into Latin for the first time in the speeches, letters and dialogues of Cicero B. A brilliant lawyer and the first of his family to achieve Roman office, Cicero was one of the He shrewdly combined military Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent first with her father, then with her two younger brothers and finally with her son for almost three decades. She was part of a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during Live TV. This Day In History. History at Home. Pirates Capture Caesar In 75 B. Political Rise Caesar soon began his political career in earnest. Caesar in Gaul Caesar was appointed governor of the vast region of Gaul north-central Europe in 58 B. The unexpected. Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The Death of Hannibal.

CAESAR - Northwestern University

It is improbable that Caesar deliberately sought monarchical power until after he had crossed the Rubicon in 49 bce , though sufficient power to impose his will, as he was determined to do, proved to mean monarchical power. In 83 bce Lucius Cornelius Sulla returned to Italy from the East and led the successful counter-revolution of 83—82 bce ; Sulla then ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia. Caesar refused and came close to losing not only his property such as it was but his life as well. He found it advisable to remove himself from Italy and to do military service, first in the province of Asia and then in Cilicia. His first target, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, was defended by Quintus Hortensius , the leading advocate of the day, and was acquitted by the extortion-court jury, composed exclusively of senators. Caesar then went to Rhodes to study oratory under a famous professor, Molon. En route he was captured by pirates one of the symptoms of the anarchy into which the Roman nobility had allowed the Mediterranean world to fall. Caesar raised his ransom, raised a naval force , captured his captors, and had them crucified—all this as a private individual holding no public office. In his absence from Rome, Caesar was made a member of the politico-ecclesiastical college of pontifices ; and on his return he gained one of the elective military tribuneships. In 69 or 68 bce Caesar was elected the first rung on the Roman political ladder. In public funeral orations in their honour, Caesar found opportunities for praising Cinna and Marius. Caesar afterward married , a distant relative of Pompey. Caesar served his quaestorship in the province of Farther Spain modern Andalusia and Portugal. Caesar was elected one of the curule aediles for 65 bce , and he celebrated his tenure of this office by unusually lavish expenditure with borrowed money. He was elected pontifex maximus in 63 bce by a political dodge. By now he had become a controversial political figure. It seems unlikely that either of them had committed himself to Catiline; but Caesar proposed in the Senate a more merciful alternative to the death penalty , which the consul Cicero was asking for the arrested conspirators. Caesar was elected a for 62 bce. Caesar consequently divorced Pompeia. He obtained the governorship of Farther Spain for 61—60 bce. His creditors did not let him leave Rome until Crassus had gone bail for a quarter of his debts; but a military expedition beyond the northwest frontier of his province enabled Caesar to win loot for himself as well as for his soldiers, with a balance left over for the treasury. Three years later, however, Crassus was killed in a battle in Syria. Around this time, Pompey— his old suspicions about Caesar's rise reignited—commanded that Caesar disband his army and return to Rome as a private citizen. Rather than submit to Pompey's command, on January 10, 49 B. As Pompey further aligned himself with nobility, who increasingly saw Caesar as a national threat, civil war between the two leaders proved to be inevitable. Pompey fled Rome and eventually landed in Greece, where his troops were defeated by Caesar's legions. By late 48 B. The Egyptians, however, knew of Pompey's defeats and believed the gods favored Caesar: Pompey was assassinated as soon as he stepped ashore in Egypt. Caesar claimed to be outraged over Pompey's murder. After having Pompey's assassins put to death, he met with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Upon his triumphant return to Rome, Caesar was hailed as the father of his country and made dictator for life. Caesar greatly transformed the empire, relieving debt and reforming the Senate by increasing its size and opening it up so that it better represented all Romans. He altered the and reorganized the construction of local government. Caesar also resurrected two city-states, Carthage and Corinth, which had been destroyed by his predecessors. And he granted citizenship to a number of foreigners. A benevolent victor, Caesar even invited some of his defeated rivals to join him in the government. At the same time, Caesar was also careful to solidify his power and rule. He stuffed the Senate with allies and required it to grant him honors and titles. He spoke first at assembly meetings, and Roman coins bore his face. While Caesar's reforms greatly enhanced his standing with Rome's lower- and middle-class populations, his increasing power was met with envy, concern and angst in the Roman Senate. A number of politicians saw Caesar as an aspiring king. And Romans had no desire for monarchical rule: Legend has it that it had been five centuries since they'd last allowed a king to rule them. Caesar's inclusion of former Roman enemies in the government helped seal his downfall. Caesar was assassinated by political rivals on the Ides of March March 15th , 44 B. It's not clear whether Caesar knew of the plot to kill him: By all accounts, he planned to leave Rome on March 18 for a military campaign in what is now modern-day Iraq, where he hoped to avenge the losses suffered by his former political ally Crassus. Cassius and Brutus dubbed themselves "the liberators. Brutus' involvement in the killing packed the most complicated backstory. But after Caesar's victory over Pompey, Brutus was encouraged to join the government. His mother, Servilia, was also one of Caesar's lovers. After his death, Caesar quickly became a martyr in the new Roman Empire. A mob of lower- and middle-class Romans gathered at Caesar's funeral, with the angry crowd attacking the homes of Cassius and Brutus. Just two years after his death, Caesar became the first Roman figure to be deified. Caesar noun. Save Word. Caesar biographical name. Gaius Julius —44 b. Roman general, statesman, and writer. First Known Use of Caesar Noun circa , in the meaning defined at sense 1. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More about Caesar. Time Traveler for Caesar The first known use of Caesar was circa See more words from the same year. From the Editors at Merriam-Webster. Trending: Ides Trending: Ides Watch your back. Statistics for Caesar Look-up Popularity. Comments on Caesar What made you want to look up Caesar?

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