Gajus Julius Caesar

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Gajus Julius Caesar Gajus Julius Caesar Mitt anspråkslösa föredrag rör sig kring Julius Caesar, människan, politikern, statsmannen och krigaren/ fältherren men också ”tyrannen”. Av många ansedd som en av de mest betydelsefulla historiska personer om vilken de forskas och författas i mängder även idag. Hur kan vi veta så mycket om Caesar? De årtionden som C levde anses vara de bäst dokumenterade i den romerska historien. Förutom Caesar själ som författare finns Cicero och Cato d.y. Cicero Cicero var en romersk politiker, talare och författare under antiken. Han levde mellan 106 och 43 före Kristus. Cicero var konsul och kämpade för att behålla republiken när Caesar och andra ledare skaffade sig alltmer makt. Han blev till slut mördad av sina motståndare. Cicero är mest känd för att ha varit en ovanligt skicklig talare som var bra på att övertyga andra. Han talade dels i politiska debatter, dels i rättegångar där han försvarade oskyldiga personer. Cicero bearbetade sina tal och gav ut dem i böcker, och han skrev även tal som bara kom i bokform. Genom historien har många människor försökt lära sig att tala på samma sätt som Cicero. Cicero skrev läroböcker i filosofi och retorik, alltså konsten att tala väl. Han tyckte att det var viktigt för en god talare att ha bra allmänbildning och goda kunskaper i filosofi. Dessutom skrev Cicero mängder av brev som finns bevarade och som handlar om allt från vardagsproblem till politiska frågor. Cato d.y. (Maʹrcus Poʹrcius Cato), 95–46 f.Kr., romersk senator, sonsonson till Cato d.ä. Han kombinerade en strängt republikansk hållning med en stoisk filosofi och blev i senaten ledande för de konservativas kamp mot Caesars och Pompejus maktsträvanden; dessutom inskred han mot den utbredda korruptionen under valkampanjerna. Hans kompromisslöshet bidrog till bildandet av det första triumviratet 60 f.Kr. (Caesar, Crassus och Pompejus). Efter ett närmast påtvingat uppdrag på Cypern valde Cato vid återkomsten att stödja Pompejus i konkurrensen mellan denne och Caesar och medverkade till att Pompejus fick överbefälet inför inbördeskriget. Efter Pompejus nederlag vid Farsalos 48 ledde Cato sina trupper till Africa, nuvarande Tunisien, där han blev kommendant i Utica. För att inte falla i Caesars händer efter slaget vid Thapsus begick Cato självmord; efter sin död fick han ärenamnet Uticensis. Cato blev sedan symbol för det republikanska motståndet mot Caesar, som till och med såg sig tvungen att utge en särskild skrift, ”Anticato”, för att motverka denna idealbild. I senare romersk tradition kom dock Cato att framstå som sinnebilden för en omutlig, orädd romare i kamp mot enväldet. Caesars författarskap Caesar var en framstående talare och en driven författare, vars språk tillsammans med Ciceros uppfattats som normbildande för den högklassiska latinska prosan. Av hans skrifter är endast de bevarade som skildrar hans fälttåg i Gallien, Commentarii de bello Gallico (sju böcker), och inbördeskriget mot Pompejus, Commentarii de bello civili (tre böcker). Genom tillfogandet av en åttonde bok om det galliska kriget (av Aulus Hirtius) och böcker om de alexandrinska, afrikanska och spanska krigen (anonyma författare) har en sammanhängande skildring av Caesars krig 58–45 f.Kr. skapats. Böckerna om det galliska kriget, liksom senare biografier av Suetonius och Plutarchos, finns i svensk översättning. Något om Rom och stadsstatens tillväxt Vi måste återigen starta med det romerska riket…..en kort sammanfattning. Republiken grundades då Roms sista kung Tarquinius Superbus störtades 509 f.Kr., och varade i över 450 år. Under senare delen av republiken fördes flera inbördeskrig, och epoken kan sägas slutar antingen i Julius Caesars mord (44 f.Kr.), slaget vid Actium (31 f.Kr.) eller då Gaius Octavianus fick hederstiteln Augustus (27 f.Kr.). Den romerska republiken kännetecknades av patriciernas (aristokratin) och plebejernas (”folket”) klasskamp. Republiken regerades av två valda konsuler under ett år. Deras viktigaste uppgift var att leda republiken i krig. Konsulerna valdes av senaten, som endast bestod av patricier. År 451 f.Kr. utfärdades de första skriftliga lagarna, som kallades de tolv tavlornas lag. Den romerska republiken besegrade alla sina gamla fiender på den Apenninska halvön, och då Rom blev större fortsattes krigen mot länderna runt medelhavet. Efter de tre puniska krigen besegrades Karthago, och Rom underkuvade till slut alla sina fiender. Den snabba tillväxten och rikedomarnas ojämna fördelning orsakade inrikespolitiska spänningar, vilket ledde till blodiga inbördeskrig. Romerska kejsardömet avlöste den romerska republiken genom Octavianus/ Augustus. Under sin höjdpunkt omfattande det romerska riket med romarna cirka en fjärdedel av jordens dåvarande befolkning, vilket gör romerska riket till det relativt sett mest folkrika imperium som någonsin existerat. Sedan romarrikets delning 395 e Kr efter Theodosius död har många stater i världen ansett sig vara arvtagare till romerska riket. Bysantinska riket kallade sig romerska riket. Karl den store lät sig år 800 krönas till romersk kejsare, och titeln kejsare har använts av andra riken som hävdar ett romerskt arv, bland annat tysk-romerska riket, tyska kejsardömet, Österrike, franska kejsardömet och ryska kejsardömet. Romerska riket vid Cs födelse kring år 100 fvt. Vid tiden för Cs födelse var den romerska republiken den enda återstående stormakten i medelhavsområdet. Det var kolossalt rikt och mäktigt och det skulle växa ytterligare och bestå under 500 år. Den ursprungliga italiska statsbildningen hade utvecklats till en supermakt genom erövringar, grekerna som tidigare betraktat romarna som barbarer av föga betydelse, fick nu finna sig i att tjäna under den nye härskarstaten. Republikens struktur var så ordnad att ingen enskild individ eller samhällsskikt skulle kunna få ett avgörande maktinnehav, en garanti för att Rom skulle slippa revolter och inbördes stridigheter, något som hade hemsökt de flesta grekiska stadsstaterna. Samtidigt var strukturen löslig och anpassbar, rädslan för monarki var djupt rotad främst inom aristokratin som hade monopol på högre ämbeten. Makten var fördelad på institutioner där ämbetena, senaten och folkförsamlingen var de viktigaste. Ämbetsmännen hade avsevärd makt, de högsta hade imperium, rätt att föra befäl i fält och utmäta rättvisa, allt under en begränsad tid på tolv månader. De högsta med imperium var de två konsulerna med militär makt och sex praetorer med lägre makt t ex för vägar, vatten. Senaten bestod av ca 300 senatorer, de valdes inte utan blev inkallade av censorerna som genomförde folkräkning vart femte år. Senatorerna tillhörde riddarståndet, equites, ryttare, den rikaste jordägande klassen. Senaten sammanträdde under ledning av en ämbetsman. Folkförsamlingen valde ämbetsmännen, fastställde lagar och skulle formellt godkänna krigsförklaringar och fredsfördrag. Alla vuxna män som var i Rom ägde rösträtt, de rikaste hade flest röster men de var ofta i minoritet. Trots det fick deras röster oftast utslag. Endast riddarna kunde göra politisk karriär, den egna karriären tillmättes stor betydelse vid val liksom ättens insatser för republiken. I de fall en person utan tungt vägande meriter blev vald till ett ämbete kallades denne för homo novus- uppkomling- ny man. Under republiken (ca 500–27 f.Kr.) kunde ämbetsmän med imperium av senaten erhålla rätten att fira triumf. Då – och endast då – tilläts också beväpnade trupper att marschera in i Rom. I procession framfördes vagnar med exempel på krigsbytet samt tablåer eller målningar över segern. Därefter följde triumfatorns liktorer (rättstjänare) och han själv, iförd purpurfärgad toga och rödmålad i ansiktet (som Jupiterstatyn i templet på Capitolium), stående i ett fyrspann. Bakom honom skulle stå en slav som i hans öra viskade orden: ”kom ihåg att du är dödlig”. Därefter följde de förnämsta fångarna och slutligen hären. Processionen gick från Circus Maximus över Forum på Via Sacra och upp på Capitolium. Den avslutades vid altaret framför Jupiters tempel, där ett stort statsoffer utfördes. Den Juliska familjen/ ätten Caesar (Gaʹjus Juʹlius Caeʹsar), född 13 juli 100 f.Kr., död 15 mars 44 f.Kr., romersk fältherre och statsman. Caesar härstammade på fädernet från gens Iulia, en patricisk släkt som spelat en obetydlig politisk roll sedan mitten av 300-talet f.Kr., medan hans mor Aurelia (död 54 f.Kr.) och farmodern Marcia tillhörde politiskt ledande släkter inom den plebejiska nobiliteten. Caesars barndom karakteriserades dock av familjens återinträde i det politiska livet. En farbror blev konsul år 91, en avlägsnare släkting året därpå. Caesars far Gajus var praetor och ståthållare i Asia, men dog 85 f.Kr. utan att ha uppnått konsulatet. Av stor politisk vikt var också fastern Julias (död 68 f.Kr.) giftermål med Gajus Marius, sex gånger konsul 107–100 f.Kr. och till sin död år 86 den ledande företrädaren för popularpolitiken. Denna bakgrund – kombinationen av bördsstolthet (anspråk på släktens härkomst från Alba Longa, Aeneas och ytterst gudinnan Venus) och politisk radikalism (uppträdande som Marius politiske arvtagare) – skulle karakterisera Caesars karriär. Caesar. En av de många porträttbyster av statsmannen som tillverkades under antiken, förvarad på Nationalmuseet i Neapel. I enlighet med dåvarande romerskt stilideal utformades flertalet Caesarbyster med siktet inställt på att förläna den avbildade ett såväl realistiskt som värdigt utseende. Bysten återger Caesars drag under hans sista år. Ungdomsåren Caesars ungdomsår inföll under 80-talets inbördesstrider mellan popularerna
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