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Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American 'Revolution'
Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American ‘Revolution’ Katherine Harper A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Arts Faculty, University of Sydney. March 27, 2014 For My Parents, To Whom I Owe Everything Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... i Abstract.......................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One - ‘Classical Conditioning’: The Classical Tradition in Colonial America ..................... 23 The Usefulness of Knowledge ................................................................................... 24 Grammar Schools and Colleges ................................................................................ 26 General Populace ...................................................................................................... 38 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter Two - Cato in the Colonies: Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................... 47 Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................................................... 49 The Universal Appeal of Virtue ........................................................................... -
The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen
Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... -
Herakleitos (121.6Kb)
The Reign of the Whirlwind 122 Chapter 7 Herakleitos ----------- 1. Life and book We have very little reliable information about the life of Herakleitos son of Bloson, of Ephesos. It is clear from the biographical accounts that survive, that the Alexandrian scholars could find little, even though they were not fussy about reliability. They made up anecdotes to fit some of the more striking sayings of this paradox-loving writer; and as a result, “Herakleitos the Dark” became even more obscure. We have to guess, first, at his dates. He knows something about Pythagoras and Xenophanes; and Parmenides seems to know something about him. We can hazard the conjecture that his book was written by 500 BCE (when Xenophanes had still the last quarter of his long life to live, and Pythagoras was in his last years). This would make 545 BCE a reasonable guess for his birth date. He probably died before 480.i Herakleitos belonged to the ancient royal clan of Ephesos. He is said to have deposited his book in the great temple of Artemis for which his native city was famous (22 A 1).ii We can fairly suppose that it was in his eyes the worthy trophy of a greater victory than any triumph in arms. Whether he was actually melancholic (“the weeping philosopher” as he came to be called)iii we cannot say. He was certainly both an angry man, and an intellectual aristocrat. There are some The Reign of the Whirlwind 123 “sayings” of his that were not in the book. In one plausible story, he “upbraids the Ephesians . -
Senecan Tragedy and Virgil's Aeneid: Repetition and Reversal
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 10-2014 Senecan Tragedy and Virgil's Aeneid: Repetition and Reversal Timothy Hanford Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/427 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SENECAN TRAGEDY AND VIRGIL’S AENEID: REPETITION AND REVERSAL by TIMOTHY HANFORD A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2014 ©2014 TIMOTHY HANFORD All Rights Reserved ii This dissertation has been read and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in Classics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ronnie Ancona ________________ _______________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Dee L. Clayman ________________ _______________________________ Date Executive Officer James Ker Joel Lidov Craig Williams Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract SENECAN TRAGEDY AND VIRGIL’S AENEID: REPETITION AND REVERSAL by Timothy Hanford Advisor: Professor Ronnie Ancona This dissertation explores the relationship between Senecan tragedy and Virgil’s Aeneid, both on close linguistic as well as larger thematic levels. Senecan tragic characters and choruses often echo the language of Virgil’s epic in provocative ways; these constitute a contrastive reworking of the original Virgilian contents and context, one that has not to date been fully considered by scholars. -
LUCAN's CHARACTERIZATION of CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH By
LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY (Under the Direction of Thomas Biggs) ABSTRACT This thesis examines Caesar’s three extended battle exhortations in Lucan’s Bellum Civile (1.299-351, 5.319-364, 7.250-329) and the speeches that accompany them in an effort to discover patterns in the character’s speech. Lucan did not seem to develop a specific Caesarian style of speech, but he does make an effort to show the changing relationship between the General and his soldiers in the three scenes analyzed. The troops, initially under the spell of madness that pervades the poem, rebel. Caesar, through speech, is able to bring them into line. Caesar caters to the soldiers’ interests and egos and crafts his speeches in order to keep his army working together. INDEX WORDS: Lucan, Caesar, Bellum Civile, Pharsalia, Cohortatio, Battle Exhortation, Latin Literature LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY B.A., The College of Wooster, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Elizabeth Talbot Neely All Rights Reserved LUCAN’S CHARACTERIZATION OF CAESAR THROUGH SPEECH by ELIZABETH TALBOT NEELY Major Professor: Thomas Biggs Committee: Christine Albright John Nicholson Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 -
Representing Roman Female Suicide. Phd Thesis
GUILT, REDEMPTION AND RECEPTION: REPRESENTING ROMAN FEMALE SUICIDE ELEANOR RUTH GLENDINNING, BA (Hons) MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DECEMBER 2011 Abstract This thesis examines representations of Roman female suicide in a variety of genres and periods from the history and poetry of the Augustan age (especially Livy, Ovid, Horace, Propertius and Vergil), through the drama and history of the early Principate (particularly Seneca and Tacitus), to some of the Church fathers (Tertullian, Jerome and Augustine) and martyr acts of Late Antiquity. The thesis explores how the highly ambiguous and provocative act of female suicide was developed, adapted and reformulated in historical, poetic, dramatic and political narratives. The writers of antiquity continually appropriated this controversial motif in order to comment on and evoke debates about issues relating to the moral, social and political concerns of their day: the ethics of a voluntary death, attitudes towards female sexuality, the uses and abuses of power, and traditionally expected female behaviour. In different literary contexts, and in different periods of Roman history, writers and thinkers engaged in this same intellectual exercise by utilising the suicidal female figure in their works. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council for providing the financial assistance necessary for me to carry out this research. The Roman Society also awarded a bursary that allowed me to undertake research at the Fondation Hardt pour I'etude de I'antiquite classique, in Geneva, Switzerland (June 2009). I am also grateful for the CAS Gender Histories bursary award which aided me while making revisions to the original thesis. -
Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf
Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Catherine Connors, Chair Alain Gowing Stephen Hinds Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics © Copyright 2014 Laura Zientek University of Washington Abstract Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Catherine Connors Department of Classics This dissertation is an analysis of the role of landscape and the natural world in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. I investigate digressions and excurses on mountains, rivers, and certain myths associated aetiologically with the land, and demonstrate how Stoic physics and cosmology – in particular the concepts of cosmic (dis)order, collapse, and conflagration – play a role in the way Lucan writes about the landscape in the context of a civil war poem. Building on previous analyses of the Bellum Civile that provide background on its literary context (Ahl, 1976), on Lucan’s poetic technique (Masters, 1992), and on landscape in Roman literature (Spencer, 2010), I approach Lucan’s depiction of the natural world by focusing on the mutual effect of humanity and landscape on each other. Thus, hardships posed by the land against characters like Caesar and Cato, gloomy and threatening atmospheres, and dangerous or unusual weather phenomena all have places in my study. I also explore how Lucan’s landscapes engage with the tropes of the locus amoenus or horridus (Schiesaro, 2006) and elements of the sublime (Day, 2013). -
Julius Caesar
DISCOVERY GUIDE 2009 Julius Caesar Directed by Robert Currier Costume Design - Claire Townsend Set Design - Mark Robinson Lighting Design - Ellen Brooks Properties Design - Joel Eis Stage Manager - Allison Ward Producer - Lesley Currier Discovery Guide written by Luis Araquistain www.marinshakespeare.org 415/499-4488 Welcome to the Discovery Guide for Julius Caesar Introduction---------------------------------------------------- Marin Shakespeare Company is thrilled to present Shakespeare’s riveting historical drama, Julius Caesar. As one of Shakespeare’s most notable and often quoted plays (“Et tu, Brute?”), this show makes an intriguing introduction to ‘the Bard’ for students who are new to Shakespeare and an action-packed re-introduction for students already familiar with Shakespeare’s plays. The story is both an exciting adventure, as well as a portrait of political greatness in action, with lessons to teach about ancient Rome and the world today. This DISCOVERY GUIDE will provide you with some background on the play, explanations of characters and plot lines and pre- and post-show activities, exercises and discussion questions for further deepen your theatre-going experience! Let us know if this DISCOVERY GUIDE is helpful ([email protected])! Enjoy! Contents---------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 1 Discover: the origins of the play PAGES 2 - 4 Discover: the characters (including actor headshots) PAGES 4 - 7 Discover: the story of the play (or hear a recording at marinshakespeare.org) PAGE 8 Discover: -
Gajus Julius Caesar
Gajus Julius Caesar Mitt anspråkslösa föredrag rör sig kring Julius Caesar, människan, politikern, statsmannen och krigaren/ fältherren men också ”tyrannen”. Av många ansedd som en av de mest betydelsefulla historiska personer om vilken de forskas och författas i mängder även idag. Hur kan vi veta så mycket om Caesar? De årtionden som C levde anses vara de bäst dokumenterade i den romerska historien. Förutom Caesar själ som författare finns Cicero och Cato d.y. Cicero Cicero var en romersk politiker, talare och författare under antiken. Han levde mellan 106 och 43 före Kristus. Cicero var konsul och kämpade för att behålla republiken när Caesar och andra ledare skaffade sig alltmer makt. Han blev till slut mördad av sina motståndare. Cicero är mest känd för att ha varit en ovanligt skicklig talare som var bra på att övertyga andra. Han talade dels i politiska debatter, dels i rättegångar där han försvarade oskyldiga personer. Cicero bearbetade sina tal och gav ut dem i böcker, och han skrev även tal som bara kom i bokform. Genom historien har många människor försökt lära sig att tala på samma sätt som Cicero. Cicero skrev läroböcker i filosofi och retorik, alltså konsten att tala väl. Han tyckte att det var viktigt för en god talare att ha bra allmänbildning och goda kunskaper i filosofi. Dessutom skrev Cicero mängder av brev som finns bevarade och som handlar om allt från vardagsproblem till politiska frågor. Cato d.y. (Maʹrcus Poʹrcius Cato), 95–46 f.Kr., romersk senator, sonsonson till Cato d.ä. Han kombinerade en strängt republikansk hållning med en stoisk filosofi och blev i senaten ledande för de konservativas kamp mot Caesars och Pompejus maktsträvanden; dessutom inskred han mot den utbredda korruptionen under valkampanjerna. -
Anatomizing Civil War
0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Anatomizing Civil War Anatomizing Civil War Studies in Lucan’s Epic Technique • Martin T. Dinter The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © Martin T. Dinter 2012 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2015 2014 2013 2012 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Dinter, Martin T. Anatomizing Civil War : studies in Lucan’s epic technique / Martin Dinter. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 472- 11850- 2 (hardback) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 02871- 9 (e- book) 1. Lucan, 39– 65. Pharsalia. 2. Lucan, 39– 65— Technique. 3. Epic poetry, Latin— History and criticism. 4. Rome— History— Civil War, 49– 45 B.C.— Literature and the war. I. Title. PA6480.D56 2012 873'.01— dc23 2012042614 parentibus optimis Acknowledgments • With great pleasure I thank the following institutions for their kind and gener- ous support in the course of my research: DAAD, Cusanuswerk— bischöfliche Studienförderung e.V., University of Heidelberg-C ambridge Programme, AHRC, St. John’s College Benefactor Scholarships, The Cambridge European Trust, The Jebb Fund, The Kurt Hahn Trust, The Fondation Hardt. -
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EDUCATIOWAL. RA LROADS WINTER RPRORTS, PROPQSAjS. ORANTED LICENSES. AN UP-TO-DATE AmmUELANC3, 33 mAMN HOUs FLEET EVOLUTIONS Number of Retail Ones Issned Yea- WAaSamNOTON. BALTIMORE AND AMr.AnM ,. I. X Freedamen's Hospital Provides Itself on Oa PROMIL'I VATION 03'F Schedule in eeta. Directly 6=L 4 0- noGat LT FAL .TEPOTMAC. terday Afternoon. Of NOW ]= satbats Relator. W With a Muelk-Ieeded Aeeessary. I1ANO LOtW -M'WIAL ATfEITION PAi) Leave Washington fregs statics earner The Great Power o wi receiveSI- The excise board afternoon to beginners; papua taken rm iz years up. Jersey avenne and street. - £4-lUCHAS. ZVANS. utlNOON or BAT 6AY =H late yesterday The ambulance-service of Washington is . Iias for eixeSvA shaft for the Address W.tar ere. fe7t* For Chicage and Northwest, Vestinle4 D(VLG BBUNSWIK granted the following retail liquor licenses: to be increased on Monday or soon there- trains 31:5 a.. :00 s. wheel pits of the compa gs bouse at Great Maneuvers of the North For and Imnapb. Vbdi- Pactfie ave., above Now York, Atlantle it. falls, Said shaft will be- by eight feet in Projected T. F. Kinslow, 2155 Pennsylvania ave.; Cas- after by the ambulance of Fradmen's Cincinnai, St. Look cp3 n aB the year steam heat; rates, $, bitadmenion, t de ale F. buled Limited 3:0 p.m. espress 12:1 Night. an iiJW CHAS El KM titonty Verti Atlantio Naval M. Leahy, 1001 6th at. sw.; Ernest Hospital. This will answer emegency For Pittsburg and-Cevelad, dsm1 11:0 fLB $3Pa day. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.