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Mer D'aral Sont Nécessaires

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Mer D'aral Sont Nécessaires Section de Génie Civil UE : Environnement et Génie Civil Projet Aral Encadrement : Prof. A. Parriaux Prof. J.A. Hertig Prof. G. Berthoud Rapport fait par les étudiants du 1er semestre de master 2006-2007 Février 2007 UE : Environnement et génie civil Projet mer d’Aral Table des matières Table des matières...................................................................................................................... 2 Table des figures ........................................................................................................................ 7 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 9 2 Equilibre hydrologique ..................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Le bilan hydrique ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Le climat................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Rééquilibrage de la mer d’Aral :.............................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Détournement de l’Ob-Irtysh ........................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Autres sources de prélèvement d’eau............................................................... 14 2.3.3 Alternatives originales !................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Autres alternatives locales................................................................................ 16 2.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Apport des SIG......................................................................................................... 18 3 Pêcherie et biosphère aquatique........................................................................................ 19 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Evolution depuis 1920.............................................................................................. 19 3.3 Problèmes actuels..................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Solutions d’avenir.................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 La région nord .................................................................................................. 20 3.4.1.1 La mer .......................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1.2 Le fleuve....................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 La région sud.................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2.1 La mer .......................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2.2 Le fleuve et le delta ...................................................................................... 23 3.4.2.2.2 L’exemple de la Dombes.......................................................................... 23 3.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 24 4 Santé et environnement..................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 25 4.2 Etat des lieux actuel.................................................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Les maladies présentes dans la région d’étude................................................. 25 4.2.2 Système de santé et aide internationale........................................................... 26 4.2.2 Santé psychosociale.......................................................................................... 27 4.3 Causes des maladies................................................................................................. 27 Semestre hiver 2006/2007 Page 2/203 UE : Environnement et génie civil Projet mer d’Aral 4.3.1 Liés à l’eau potable .......................................................................................... 27 4.3.2 Liés au sol, aux poussières et à l’air................................................................. 28 4.3.3 Liés aux essais militaires.................................................................................. 30 4.3.4 Psychosociales.................................................................................................. 30 4.4 Solutions................................................................................................................... 31 4.4.1 Court terme....................................................................................................... 31 4.4.2 Moyen terme .................................................................................................... 32 4.4.3 Long terme ....................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 34 5 Agriculture et irrigation.................................................................................................... 35 5.1 L’agriculture et son irrigation au sein de la problématique de la mer d’Aral .......... 35 5.1.1 L’économie....................................................................................................... 35 5.1.2 La société.......................................................................................................... 36 5.1.3 L’écologie......................................................................................................... 36 5.2 L’agriculture et ses problèmes particuliers .............................................................. 36 5.2.1 Etude du secteur agricole de la région ............................................................. 36 5.2.2 Description et état du réseau d’irrigation ......................................................... 37 5.2.3 Diagnostic et analyse des sources de problèmes, alternatives possibles.......... 38 5.3 Concepts d’irrigation................................................................................................ 41 5.3.1 Amélioration de l’infrastructure....................................................................... 41 5.3.2 Amélioration des cultures................................................................................. 42 5.3.2.1 Kazakhstan ................................................................................................... 42 5.3.2.2 Ouzbékistan.................................................................................................. 42 5.3.2.3 Turkménistan................................................................................................ 43 5.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 44 6 Politique, économie et environnement ............................................................................. 45 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 45 6.2 Diagnostic................................................................................................................. 45 6.2.1 Description générale......................................................................................... 45 6.2.2 Contexte politique, économique....................................................................... 46 6.2.2.1 Le problème de l’eau.................................................................................... 46 6.6.2.2 Problème du coton........................................................................................ 46 6.2.2.3 Politique face à la religion / Influence de l’intégrisme religieux :............... 47 6.2.3 Politique et économie face au problème de la mer d’Aral ............................... 47 6.2.3.1 Des politiques concurrentes et contradictoires depuis la chute de l’URSS.. 47 6.2.3.2 Années 1990, premiers pas vers une concertation ....................................... 48 Semestre hiver 2006/2007 Page 3/203 UE : Environnement et génie civil Projet mer d’Aral 6.2.3.3 Une unité renforcée dans les années 2000 ................................................... 48 6.3 Analyse de l’Agenda 21 ........................................................................................... 50 6.4 Proposition de plan d’action..................................................................................... 51 6.4 Proposition de plan d’action..................................................................................... 52 6.4.1 Section 1: SOCIAL ET ECONOMIQUE......................................................... 54 6.4.2 Section 2: RESSOURCES ............................................................................... 54 6.4.3 Section 3: GRANDS GROUPES ..................................................................... 55 6.4.4 Section 4: MOYENS.......................................................................................
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