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INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART ICS International Commission on Stratigraphy mehtonoE mehtonoE mehtonoE mehtonoE mehtarE mehtarE mehtarE mehtarE seireS seireS seireS doireP doire doireP doireP hcopE hcopE hcopE metsyS met metsyS metsyS egatS egatS egat PSSG PSSG PSSG PSSG ASSG egA egA egA noE egA noE egA noE noE egA egA syS arE arE arE arE aM aM aM aM P S

145.5 ±4.0 359.2 ±2.5 542 * yranretauQ * Tithonian Famennian 0.0117 150.8 ±4.0 Upper 374.5 ±2.6 Neo- ~635 Upper Upper Kimmeridgian Frasnian ~ 155.6 385.3 ±2.6 proterozoic 850 0.126 nainoveD “Ionian” Oxfordian Givetian 0.781 161.2 ±4.0 Middle 391.8 ±2.7 1000 Calabrian Callovian Eifelian ciozoretorP 1.806 164.7 ±4.0 397.5 ±2.7 1200

cissaruJ Meso- Gelasian Bathonian Emsian 2.588 Middle 167.7 ±3.5 407.0 ±2.8 proterozoic 1400 Piacenzian Bajocian Lower Pragian 3.600 171.6 ±3.0 411.2 ±2.8 1600 Zanclean Aalenian Lochkovian c i o z o s e M e s o z o i c

5.332 175.6 ±2.0 P r e c 416.0a ±2.8m b r i n a 1800 Messinian Toarcian Pridoli enegoeN Paleo- 7.246 183.0 ±1.5 418.7 ±2.7 2050 Tortonian Pliensbachian Ludfordian proterozoic c i o z o n e C e n o z o i c 11.608 Lower 189.6 ±1.5 Ludlow 421.3 ±2.6 2300 Serravallian Sinemurian Gorstian

Miocene 13.82 196.5 ±1.0 nairuliS 422.9 ±2.5 2500 Langhian Hettangian Homerian 15.97 199.6 ±0.6 Wenlock 426.2 ±2.4 Burdigalian Rhaetian Sheinwoodian 20.43 203.6 ±1.5 428.2 ±2.3 2800 Upper Norian Telychian naehcrA c i o z o r e n a h P h a n e r o z o i c P h a n e r o z o i c 23.03 P h a n e 216.5r ±2.0o z o i c 436.0 ±1.9 cissairT

Chattian Carnian a l e o z o i c Llandovery Aeronian 28.4 ±0.1 ~ 228.7 439.0 ±1.8 3200 Ladinian Rhuddanian 33.9 ±0.1 Middle 237.0 ±2.0 443.7 ±1.5 Anisian Hirnantian enegoelaP 37.2 ±0.1 ~ 245.9 445.6 ±1.5 3600 Olenekian Upper Katian 40.4 ±0.2 Lower ~ 249.5 naicivodrO 455.8 ±1.6 Induan Sandbian 48.6 ±0.2 251.0 ±0.4 P 460.9 ±1.6 4000 Changhsingian Darriwilian 55.8 ±0.2 253.8 ±0.7 Middle 468.1 ±1.6 Hadean (informal) Wuchiapingian Dapingian 58.7 ±0.2 260.4 ±0.7 471.8 ±1.6 ~4600 Capitanian Floian ~ 61.1 265.8 ±0.7 Lower 478.6 ±1.7 Subdivisions of the global geologic record are naimreP Wordian Tremadocian 268.0 ±0.7 formally defined by their lower boundary. Each unit 65.5 ±0.3 488.3 ±1.7 of the Phanerozoic (~542 Ma to Present) and the Maastrichtian Roadian 10 70.6 ±0.6 270.6 ±0.7 ~ 492 * base of Ediacaran are defined by a basal Global

Campanian a l e o z o i c Kungurian Stage 9 Standard Section and Point (GSSP ), whereas 83.5 ±0.7 275.6 ±0.7 ~ 496 * units are formally subdivided by Santonian Artinskian Paibian absolute (Global Standard Stratigraphic Age, 284.4 ±0.7 Upper 85.8 ±0.7 ~ 499 GSSA). Details of each GSSP are posted on the

Coniacian Sakmarian nairbmaC Guzhangian c i o i c ~ 88.6 294.6 ±0.8 ~ 503 ICS website (www.stratigraphy.org). suoecaterC z o s e M e s o z Turonian Asselian 3 Drumian Numerical ages of the unit boundaries in the 93.6 ±0.8 299.0 ±0.8 ~ 506.5 Phanerozoic are subject to revision. Some stages Cenomanian Gzhelian Stage 5 P within the will be formally named upon 99.6 ±0.9 nainavly Upper 303.4 ±0.9 ~ 510 * -nneP Albian suorefinobraC Kasimovian Stage 4 international agreement on their GSSP limits. Most 112.0 ±1.0 307.2 ±1.0 Series 2 ~ 515 * sub-Series boundaries (e.g., Middle and Upper Aptian s Middle Moscovian Stage 3 Aptian) are not formally defined. 125.0 ±1.0 311.7 ±1.1 ~ 521 * Colors are according to the Commission for the Barremian Lower Bashkirian Stage 2 Geological Map of the World (www.cgmw.org). Lower 130.0 ±1.5 318.1 ±1.3 ~ 528 * The listed numerical ages are from 'A Geologic

Hauterivian -sis Upper Serpukhovian Fortunian naippis 542.0 ±1.0

~ 133.9 siM 328.3 ±1.6 Time Scale 2004', by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, Valanginian Middle Visean This chart was drafted by Gabi Ogg. Intra Cambrian unit ages A.G. Smith, et al. (2004; Cambridge University Press) 140.2 ±3.0 345.3 ±2.1 with * are informal, and awaiting ratified definitions. and “The Concise ” by J.G. Ogg, Berriasian Lower Tournaisian 145.5 ±4.0 359.2 ±2.5 Copyright © 2008 International Commission on Stratigraphy G. Ogg and F.M. Gradstein (in press) * The status of the Quaternary is not yet decided. Its base may be assigned as the base of the Gelasian and extend the base of the Pleistocene to 2.6 Ma. The “” comprises the and and has no official rank.