DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Flat-Europe Hybrid Hazelnut (Corylus Heterophylla Fisch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Flat-Europe Hybrid Hazelnut (Corylus Heterophylla Fisch Biotechnology Journal International 17(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.BJI.31140 Previously known as British Biotechnology Journal ISSN: 2231–2927, NLM ID: 101616695 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Flat-Europe Hybrid Hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch. × C. avellana L.) Oil and Analysis of Its Components Chunmao Lv1*, Na Liu1, Xianjun Meng1, Changying Lu1 and Xiao Li1 1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author CL designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors NL, CL and XM managed the analyses of the study. Author XL managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJI/2017/31140 Editor(s): (1) Ghousia Begum, Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. Reviewers: (1) Gyula Oros, PPI HAS, Budapest, Hungary. (2) Lorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/17872 Received 22nd December 2016 Accepted 30th January 2017 Original Research Article th Published 17 February 2017 ABSTRACT Aim: The research aimed to evaluate the technological factors of the composite enzymatic extraction of Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil, and analyze the fatty acid composition, to lay the foundations for the industrialized production of this oil. Study Design: Based on single factor tests, the best conditions for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of the oil determined by response surface analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University between March 2014 and December 2015. Methodology: The composition of Flat-European hybrid hazelnut was determined using GC-MS. Results: Selection of suitable commercial enzymes is an important factor that can affect the extraction efficiency. Based on single factor tests, best conditions for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of the oil, determined by response surface analysis, were as follows: pH 6.13, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 59.9°C, dose of papain equal to 6% of seed weight, dose of α-amylase _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Lv et al.; BJI, 17(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.BJI.31140 equal to 4% of seed weight, seed/water ratio of 1:5 (w/v), and enzyme hydrolysis time of 4.78 hours. By means of GC-MS analysis oleic acid (77.22%), linoleic acid (14.06%), linolenic acid (0.13%), palmitic acid (5.04%), stearic acid (2.35%), and arachidonic acid (0.44%) were identified as the major compounds of the flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil. Conclusion: The mixture of papain (6% of seed weight) and α-amylase (4% of seed weight) was the best enzyme combination for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil. The best technological parameters for the oil extraction process were: seed/water ratio of 1:5 (w/v), pH value of 6.13, reaction temperature of 59.90°C, and reaction time of 4.78 h. With these conditions, the oil yield was 82.36%, where unsaturated fatty acids were 92% of the total. Keywords: Flat-European hybrid hazelnut; aqueous enzymatic extraction; hazelnut oil; response surface analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION are prevented, because of the mild extraction conditions, oil and protein are simultaneously Edible oil is an important component of the daily isolated. Although the aqueous enzymatic diet of many people. The consumption of high extraction of oil from corn, peanut, rice bran, and quality edible oil is also good for health. Hazelnut rapeseed has been studied [4-8], reports on has a high oil content, with unsaturated fatty hazelnut oil extraction are rare. Considering the acids representing more than 90% of the oil [1]. oil extraction yield and economic factors, this Oleic acid is the most abundant component of study aimed to evaluate the technological factors hazelnut oil, representing about 72%-82% of the of the composite enzymatic extraction of flat- total, which is the same proportion as in olive oil. European hybrid hazelnut oil, and analyze the Oleic acid is very effective for the treatment of fatty acid composition, to lay the foundations for heart and head blood-vessel diseases. Hazelnut the industrialized production of this oil. oil is rich in vitamins, β-sitosterol, carbolic acid and other special components [2]; it contains 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS paclitaxel, the world's highest-selling anti-cancer drug. Hazelnut oil also has a high economic and 2.1 Materials nutritional value. Flat-European hazelnut seeds were acquired Flat-European hybrid hazelnut is a new hazelnut from three professional production cooperatives variety, which was produced as the hybrid (Yang, Benxi, China). Papain (400 U/mg) and α- between the European hazelnut and a wild amylase (≥ 4000 U/mg, from Bacillus subtilis) hazelnut from northeast China. Flat-European were obtained from Dingguo Biochemical Co. hybrid hazelnut has a big pip with high kernel (Beijing, China). Cellulase (≥ 35 U/mg, from ratio and the tree produces high yields. The fruit Trichoderma) was purchased from Guoyao is oval or elliptic, plump, bright and clean with Biochemical Co. (Beijing, China). Nineteen kinds good flavor quality. Flat-European hybrid of grain fatty acid methyl ester were provided by hazelnut is cold-resistant, and is the only Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). All other reagents hazelnut variety of large fruit that can resist were of analytical grade unless otherwise temperatures below -35°C. Therefore, oil specified. extracted from flat-European hybrid hazelnut has bright prospects as functional edible oil. 2.2 Selection of Suitable Commercial Enzyme and Hydrolysis Conditions Aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil is an emerging technology that employs mechanical The dehulled hazelnut seeds were crushed by a and biological methods to destroy the cell walls grinder. The material that passed through 40- of the seeds and uses water as the extraction mesh sieve was used for the extraction. Ground and separation medium to release the oil from seeds (10 g) were mixed with distilled water at a the seeds. With this process, it is possible to ratio of 1:4 w/v. The mixture was boiled for 5 min eliminate not only the use of hexane but also and allowed to cool down to room temperature. some refining steps [3]. Hence, this is an The pH was then adjusted to 5.00 with 0.5 M environmentally friendly and safe alternative to NaOH and 0.5 M HCl [9]. The enzyme(s), either solvent extraction, because problems like alone or in combination (papain, α-amylase, flammability and the risk of explosion are avoided, cellulase), were then added to the mixture to a and the generation of toxic organic volatile gases final proportion of 2% of the seeds’ weight (v/w). 2 Lv et al.; BJI, 17(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.BJI.31140 The mixture was then placed in a water bath at Minitab version 15.1.0.0 (Minitab Inc., 60°C for 4 h. The temperature was then Pennsylvania, USA) was used for regression and increased to 90°C and kept at this temperature graphical analyses of the data. After analyzing for 10 min, cooled down to room temperature, the collected data, the three-dimensional and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min. The oil response surface curves and contour plots were phase and emulsion phase were collected drawn by the software and used for further separately. The emulsion phase was further investigations. The quality of the polynomial centrifuged to separate the oil. Oil samples were model equation was judged statistically by the carefully collected with a pipette, combined and coefficient of determination R2. The significance weighed. A suitable enzyme (or combination of level was set at p < 0.05. Their significance was enzymes) was selected based on the efficiency evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). of oil recovery. The selected enzyme, a combination of papain and α-amylase, gave the All experimental treatments were performed at best effect (Fig. 1) and was subsequently applied least two times, with triplicate samples for each in the single factor optimization process. The experiment. The values reported are the mean ± effects of enzyme concentration (1-10% v/w), SD. Statistical analysis of ANOVA was done incubation time (2 to 8 h), temperature (45-70°C), using SPSS ver. 17.0 for Windows (SPSS pH of reaction (4.00-9.00), and seed/water ratio Institute, Cary, N.C.). The equation of extraction (1:3-1:7, w/v) were analyzed. Controls lacking oil yield is listed below. Total oil in the seed was enzymes were used for all experiments. measured by the Soxhlet extraction method. 2.4 Analysis of Fatty Acid (FA) (1) Composition 2.3 Experimental Design and Statistical Samples were analyzed using an Agilent 6890 Analysis GC equipped with an Agilent 5973 mass selective detector, a 7694 auto-sampler and a Response Surface Methodology analysis (RSM) split-splitless injector. The GC was linked to an was used with the central composite design MS Chem Station HP vs. C.00·07. A Trace TR- (CCD) to investigate the effect of enzyme FAME (Thermo, Texas, USA) column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used. treatment on the amount of oil extraction yield -1 (yield, defined as the mass of oil (g) per mass of Flow rate was 0.90 mL min . The injector and hazelnut seeds (100 g)) [10,11]. Four interface were set at 150°C and 230°C, respectively. The oven temperature was independent parameters (seed/water ratio X1, pH programmed to rise from 80°C to 240°C (8°C value X2, hydrolysis temperature X3, and min-1), and was held at 240°C for 5 min.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Annie M. Chozinski for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture presented on November 23. 1994. Title: The Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Corvlus. Abstract approved: Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Anthesis of both staminate and pistillate flowers of Cory/us occurs in midwinter. To insure adequate pollination and nut set, these flowers must attain a sufficient hardiness level to withstand low temperatures. This study estimated cold hardiness of Cory/us cultivars and species using laboratory freezing of shoots without artificial hardening. In December, January and February of 1991-92 and 1992-93, one-year stems were collected 0 0 and frozen at regular intervals from -10 C to -38 C/ and visual browning assessed survival approximately 10 days after freezing. Elongated catkins were clipped prior to freezing. Percent flower bud survival was calculated and plotted against temperature. Linear regression generated an equation relating percent bud survival to temperature. From this equation, estimates of the LT^ (lethal temperature for 50% of the buds) was calculated for catkins, female inflorescences, and vegetative buds. C. avellana L. catkins, on average, were less hardy in both December and January than female inflorescences and vegetative buds. Maximum hardiness was reached in December and nearly all had elongated prior to the February freeze. Cultivars with the most hardy catkins were 'Morell', 'Brixnut', 'Creswell', 'Gem', 'Giresun OSU 54.080', 'Hall's Giant', 'Riccia di Talanico', 'Montebello' and 'Rode Zeller'. Maximum hardiness was observed for both vegetative and pistillate buds in January and was followed by a marked loss of hardiness in February.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Survey of Ex Situ Betulaceae Collections Global Survey of Ex Situ Betulaceae Collections
    Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections By Emily Beech, Kirsty Shaw and Meirion Jones June 2015 Recommended citation: Beech, E., Shaw, K., & Jones, M. 2015. Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections. BGCI. Acknowledgements BGCI gratefully acknowledges the many botanic gardens around the world that have contributed data to this survey (a full list of contributing gardens is provided in Annex 2). BGCI would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in the promotion of the survey and the collection of data, including the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Yorkshire Arboretum, University of Liverpool Ness Botanic Gardens, and Stone Lane Gardens & Arboretum (U.K.), and the Morton Arboretum (U.S.A). We would also like to thank contributors to The Red List of Betulaceae, which was a precursor to this ex situ survey. BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) BGCI is a membership organization linking botanic gardens is over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. www.bgci.org FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) FFI, founded in 1903 and the world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, based on sound science and take account of human needs. www.fauna-flora.org GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) GTC is undertaken through a partnership between BGCI and FFI, working with a wide range of other organisations around the world, to save the world’s most threated trees and the habitats which they grow through the provision of information, delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Corylus Heterophylla and Corylus Kweichowensis Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 145(5):289–298. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS04887-19 Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Corylus heterophylla and Corylus kweichowensis Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Tiantian Zhao, Wenxu Ma, Qinghua Ma, Zhen Yang, Lisong Liang, and Guixi Wang Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; and Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No.1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China Lujun Wang Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No.1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China; and Anhui Academy of Forestry, 820 Changjiang West Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. hazelnut, genetic variability, genetic differentiation, molecular markers, protection strategy, SSR ABSTRACT. Corylus heterophylla and Corylus kweichowensis are economically and ecologically important nut- producing woody shrubs that are distributed across northern and southern regions of China. However, few studies have examined the genetic diversity and genetic relationships between C. heterophylla and C. kweichowensis, and their taxonomic relationships have been questioned. In this study, 796 individuals collected from 34 natural populations (21 C. heterophylla and 13 C. kweichowensis populations) were investigated to assess the genetic diversity and population structure using 11 microsatellite loci. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that genetic differentiation of C. heterophylla and C. kweichowensis within populations accounted for 93.57% and 88.91% of total variation, respectively. The C. heterophylla and C.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family In
    Identication and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data Kai Liu Hebei Agricultural University Shugang Zhao ( [email protected] ) Hebei Agricultural University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-0382 Shuang Wang Hebei Agricultural University Hongxia Wang Hebei Agricultural University Zhihua Zhang Hebei Agricultural University Research article Keywords: Walnut, fatty acid, RNA-Seq, FAD gene family, FAD3 Posted Date: March 23rd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17547/v3 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on April 15th, 2020. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6692-z. Page 1/25 Abstract Background: Walnut kernels contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids for humans and have important effects on growth and health. The main function of fatty acid desaturase (FAD), which is widely distributed in organisms, is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to generate C=C bonds. Results: By performing a series of bioinformatics analysis, 24 members of the JrFAD gene family were identied from the genome database of walnut, and then compared with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that JrFADs were classied into four subfamilies: the SAD desaturase subfamily, Δ7/Δ9 desaturase subfamily, Δ12/ω-3 desaturase subfamily and "front-end" desaturase subfamily. Meanwhile, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, with expression of JrFAD3-1, which encodes an enzyme involved in linolenic acid synthesis, being particularly prominent.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation on Mechanisms of Blanked Nut Formation of Hazelnut (Corylus Heterophylla Fisch)
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(30), pp. 7670-7675, 12 April, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1192 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper An investigation on mechanisms of blanked nut formation of hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla fisch) Jian-feng Liu, Yun-qing Cheng*, Kun Yan and Qiang Liu College of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China. Accepted 22 July, 2011 The occurrence of blank nuts is common in Corylus heterophylla Fisch orchards of China. This study was aimed to find the possible mechanisms involved in blank nuts formation in wild C. heterophylla Fisch species. The effects of pollination, defoliation and girdling on fruit production of C. heterophylla Fisch were studied from northern China. The effect of pollination on various aspects of the reproductive output of C. heterophylla Fisch was studied by performing hand pollination, open pollination and no pollination. Different pollination types significantly affected flower cluster set including no flower cluster set produced in no pollination treatment. However, pollination type had no direct effect on nut and kernel traits. Three defoliation treatments (control, 50 and 100% leaf removal) were applied at branch level on 10 trees. Six branches were used per treatment in each tree and half of these branches were girdled (a ring of bark and cambium was removed from the branch base). Leaf removal from ungirdled branches had little effect on pistillate flower cluster set, fruit cluster set and nuts per cluster. However, these variables decreased as the extent of 100% defoliation increased on girdled branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Juglandaceae (Walnuts)
    A start for archaeological Nutters: some edible nuts for archaeologists. By Dorian Q Fuller 24.10.2007 Institute of Archaeology, University College London A “nut” is an edible hard seed, which occurs as a single seed contained in a tough or fibrous pericarp or endocarp. But there are numerous kinds of “nuts” to do not behave according to this anatomical definition (see “nut-alikes” below). Only some major categories of nuts will be treated here, by taxonomic family, selected due to there ethnographic importance or archaeological visibility. Species lists below are not comprehensive but representative of the continental distribution of useful taxa. Nuts are seasonally abundant (autumn/post-monsoon) and readily storable. Some good starting points: E. A. Menninger (1977) Edible Nuts of the World. Horticultural Books, Stuart, Fl.; F. Reosengarten, Jr. (1984) The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker New York) Trapaceae (water chestnuts) Note on terminological confusion with “Chinese waterchestnuts” which are actually sedge rhizome tubers (Eleocharis dulcis) Trapa natans European water chestnut Trapa bispinosa East Asia, Neolithic China (Hemudu) Trapa bicornis Southeast Asia and South Asia Trapa japonica Japan, jomon sites Anacardiaceae Includes Piastchios, also mangos (South & Southeast Asia), cashews (South America), and numerous poisonous tropical nuts. Pistacia vera true pistachio of commerce Pistacia atlantica Euphorbiaceae This family includes castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), rubber (Hevea), cassava (Manihot esculenta), the emblic myrobalan fruit (of India & SE Asia), Phyllanthus emblica, and at least important nut groups: Aleurites spp. Candlenuts, food and candlenut oil (SE Asia, Pacific) Archaeological record: Late Pleistocene Timor, Early Holocene reports from New Guinea, New Ireland, Bismarcks; Spirit Cave, Thailand (Early Holocene) (Yen 1979; Latinis 2000) Rincinodendron rautanenii the mongongo nut, a Dobe !Kung staple (S.
    [Show full text]
  • Institute of Forestry • Belgrade Institut Za Šumarstvo • Beograd Sustainable Forestry Održivo Šumarstvo Corylus L
    INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY • BELGRADE INSTITUT ZA ŠUMARSTVO • BEOGRAD SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY ODRŽIVO ŠUMARSTVO COLLECTION 81-82, 2020 ZBORNIK RADOVA 81-82, 2020 UDK 581.4:582.632.1=111 UDK 630*811:582.632.1=111 Original scientific paper CORYLUS L., ITS DIVERSITY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHO-ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENICS OF TURKISH HAZEL (CORYLUS COLURNA L.) Vlado ČOKEŠA1, Branka PAVLOVIĆ1, Snežana STAJIĆ1, Zoran PODUŠKA1, Đorđe JOVIĆ1 Abstract: Botanists have not yet reached an agreement regarding the number of species and lower taxa within the Corylus L. genus (hazel). According to different literature sources worldwide, 14, 16,18, or 20 species have been described within the genus. There are many synonyms in the scientific literature for the same species, which creates additional confusion in determining the total number of species within the genus. According to the WCSP (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families), (http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=47827), 16 species have been recognized worldwide. According to this valid classification based on morpho-anatomical characteristics, all hazels are divided into two sections, and each section into two subsections. The paper presents the main differences between these groups and subgroups, as well as their distribution in the world. Special attention is given to the range of distribution, morpho-anatomical characteristics, systematic classification, and relatedness of Corylus colurna L. to other species. Keywords: Genus Corylus L. – classification and distribution of species, Corylus colurna L. – morpho-anatomical characteristics and phylogeny. 1Mr Vlado Čokeša, MSc Branka Pavlović, dr Snežana Stajić, dr Zoran Poduška, dr Đorđe Jović, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, 3 Kneza Višeslava, Serbia 1 ROD CORYLUS L., DIVERZITET, GEOGRAFSKA SPECIJACIJA I MORFO-ANATOMSKE KARAKTERISTIKE SA POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA SISTEMATSKO MESTO I FILOGENIJU MEČJE LESKE (CORYLUS COLURNA L.) Izvod: U pogledu broja vrsta i nižih taksona, u okviru roda Corylus L.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying and Evaluating Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant
    IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT RESISTANT HAZELNUTS (CORYLUS SPP.) IN NEW JERSEY By JOHN MICHAEL CAPIK A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Plant Biology written under the direction of Dr. Thomas J. Molnar and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Identifying and Evaluating Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts (Corylus spp.) in New Jersey by JOHN MICHAEL CAPIK Thesis Director: Dr. Thomas J. Molnar Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is a destructive disease of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). While the wild North American hazelnut, C. americana, only experiences minor symptoms, commercially grown C. avellana is extremely susceptible. Anisogramma anomala, whose range includes much of the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains, is considered to be the main impediment to commercial hazelnut production in the East. As such, identifying and developing resistant C. avellana germplasm is critical to establishing an industry in this region. To support this goal, several research projects were undertaken. In the first study, 193 clonal hazelnut accessions spanning multiple Corylus species and inter-specific hybrids were examined for their disease response to EFB in New Jersey. In summary, despite the fact that many of the plants were shown to be resistant in Oregon, some accessions developed EFB in New Jersey. These results support previous work that suggests different isolates of the pathogen are present in the eastern U.S., and resistance may not hold up unilaterally.
    [Show full text]
  • Copy / Paste the Company's Name of This List Into the Relevant Datafield of Our Webpage by Using the Before Mentioned Link
    List of Operators subject to the organic control system according to Commission Regulations (EC) No 1235/2008 Article 11 (3e) and equivalent to (EC) No 834/2007, (EC) No 889/2008. This list has been updated bx Kiwa BCS on 22.04.2021 This list targets at providing information without any legally commitment. Only the Operators' current Certificate is legally binding. For any further questions related to the certification status of any EU-organic Operator certified by Kiwa BCS please contact https://www.kiwa.com/de/de/aktuelle-angelegenheiten/zertifikatssuche/ [email protected] copy / paste the Company's name of this list into the relevant datafield of our webpage by using the before mentioned link. Company Name Location Country Products Status 4 Elementos Industria Barueri BRAZIL Acai, Frozen Foods Certified Alimentos 854 Community Shunli Oil 158403 Hulin City, Heilongjiang CHINA Soybean meal Certified Processing Plant Province Absolute Organix Birnham Park, Gauteng ZA Suedafrika Products as per attachment Certified AÇAÍ AMAZONAS INDUSTRIA OBIDOS, PARA BRAZIL Acai coarse 14% (or special) 84 t; Acai Fine 8% (or Popular) 84 t; Certified E COMERCIO LTDA. Acai powder 1 t; Acai powder 100% pure RWD 1 t; Acerola powder 1 t; acerola powder RWD 1 t; Camu Camu Powder 2 t; Camu Camu Powder RWD 1 t; Camu Camu pulp 0,7 t; Graviola powder 1 t ; Graviola Powdered RWD 1 t; medium acai 11% - 84 t; medium acai 12% - 84 t; Passion fruit powder RWD 1 t; Passion fruit powder 1 t; powder Mango 1 t; powdered cupuaçu 1 t; Powdered cupuaçu RWD 1 t; powdered Mango RWD 1 t; Premix 80/20 Açaí Powder 2 t; Strawberry powder 1 t; Strawberry powder RWD 1 t ADPP Bissorá, Oio GW Guinea-Bissau Cashew nuts, Cashew nuts, raw with shell Certified AGA Armazéns Gerais Araxá Araxá BRAZIL Coffee Beans, Green (3000t) Certified Ltda.
    [Show full text]
  • Interspecific Hybridization in Hazelnut (Corylus)
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 125(4):489–497. 2000. Interspecific Hybridization in Hazelnut (Corylus) Veli Erdogan1 and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher2 Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Corylus avellana, filbert, taxonomy, incompatibility, incongruity ABSTRACT. Eight Corylus L. (hazelnut) species were intercrossed in all possible combinations to reveal genetic relation- ships. Pollinations were made on either individually bagged branches or trees covered entirely with polyethylene using mixtures of pollen of five genotypes to minimize low cluster set due to single incompatible combinations. Percent cluster set, seed germination, and hybrid seedling survival were determined. Hybridity of seedlings was verified by inspection of morphological traits. Based on percent cluster set, seed germination, and hybrid seedling survival along with observed morphological similarities, Corylus species were placed in three groups: 1) the tree hazels C. colurna L. (turkish tree hazel) and C. chinensis Franchet (chinese tree hazel), 2) the bristle-husked shrub species C. cornuta Marshall (beaked hazel), C. californica (A.DC.) Rose (california hazel), and C. sieboldiana Blume (manchurian hazel), and 3) the leafy-husked shrub species C. avellana L. (european hazel), C. americana Marshall (american hazel), C. heterophylla Fischer (siberian hazel) , and C. heterophylla Fischer var. sutchuensis Franchet (sichuan hazel). The two tree hazel species crossed with each other readily, as did the three bristle-husked shrub species. The frequency of blanks was low (<20%) for crosses of the tree hazels, and <50% for interspecific crosses within the group of bristle-husked species. The leafy-husked shrub species could be crossed with each other in all directions, although cluster set on C.
    [Show full text]
  • An Initial Investigation on the Distribution, Living Conditions and Traits of the Hazel in Great Xing’An Ridge Region
    Natural Resources, 2011, 2, 234-239 doi:10.4236/nr.2011.24029 Published Online December 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/nr) An Initial Investigation on the Distribution, Living Conditions and Traits of the Hazel in Great Xing’an Ridge Region Qian Wang1#, Shuchai Su1*, Wanping Liu1, Dejie Yin1, Zhongqiu Tang2, Di Xu2 1Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; 2Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute of Great Xing’an Ridge, Jiagedaqi, China. Email: *[email protected] Received August 6th, 2011; revised August 20th, 2011; accepted September 5th, 2011. ABSTRACT To take full advantage of the natural hazel resources and improve its yield and quality in Great Xing’an Ridge region, we carried out an initial investigation. The result showed that: there are two species in this area: Corylus heterophlla and Corylus mandshurica. They mainly distribute from south of Xinlin town, Huma county, Heilongjiang province to south boundary of Great Xing’an Ridge in mountain and hilly areas. Most of hazel in this area was under the state of natural growth with no scientific man-management. Soil where Corylus heterophlla grew was about 40 cm to 50 cm and Corylus mandshurica was 30 cm to 45 cm. The main plant disease was powdery mildew and insect pest were Curculio dieckmani, Zeuzera sp. and Faust Cockchafer. 100-seed weight of Corylus heterophylla was more than twice of Corylus mandshuria. However, Corylus mandshuria was plumper, had much more kernel and much less empty shell than Corylus heterophylla, and what’s more, shell sickness of it turned to be significantly thinner than Corylus heterophylla, all of which showed great cultivation value and economic commodity value.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods – UFORE Species Selection
    Methods Species Selector Application Tools for assessing and managing Community Forests Written by: David J. Nowak USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 A cooperative initiative between: For more information, please visit http://www.itreetools.org Species Selector Application Species Selector Application Introduction To optimize the environmental benefits of trees, an appropriate list of potential tree species needs to be identified based on the desired environmental effects. To help determine the most appropriate tree species for various urban forest functions, a database of 1,585 tree species (see Appendix A) was developed by the USDA Forest Service in cooperation with Horticopia, Inc (2007). Information from this database can be used to select tree species that provide desired functional benefits. This information, in conjunction with local knowledge on species and site characteristics, can be used to select tree species that increase urban forest benefits, but also provide for long-tree life with minimal maintenance. Purpose of Species Selection Program The purpose of the species selection program is to provide a relative rating of each tree species at maturity for the following tree functions, based on a user’s input of the importance of each function (0-10 scale): • Air pollution removal • Air temperature reduction • Ultraviolet radiation reduction • Carbon storage • Pollen allergenicity • Building energy conservation • Wind reduction • Stream flow reduction This program is designed to aid users in selecting proper species given the tree functions they desire. Methods Tree Information Information about the plant dimensions, and physical leaf characteristics (e.g., leaf size, type, and shape) of 5,380 trees, shrubs, cactus and palms were derived from the Horticopia database (www.horticopia.com).
    [Show full text]