DOCSLIB.ORG

Identifying and Evaluating Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identifying and Evaluating Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT RESISTANT HAZELNUTS (CORYLUS SPP.) IN NEW JERSEY By JOHN MICHAEL CAPIK A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Plant Biology written under the direction of Dr. Thomas J. Molnar and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Identifying and Evaluating Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts (Corylus spp.) in New Jersey by JOHN MICHAEL CAPIK Thesis Director: Dr. Thomas J. Molnar Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is a destructive disease of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). While the wild North American hazelnut, C. americana, only experiences minor symptoms, commercially grown C. avellana is extremely susceptible. Anisogramma anomala, whose range includes much of the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains, is considered to be the main impediment to commercial hazelnut production in the East. As such, identifying and developing resistant C. avellana germplasm is critical to establishing an industry in this region. To support this goal, several research projects were undertaken. In the first study, 193 clonal hazelnut accessions spanning multiple Corylus species and inter-specific hybrids were examined for their disease response to EFB in New Jersey. In summary, despite the fact that many of the plants were shown to be resistant in Oregon, some accessions developed EFB in New Jersey. These results support previous work that suggests different isolates of the pathogen are present in the eastern U.S., and resistance may not hold up unilaterally. A second study included searching for new sources of resistance to EFB. New hazelnut germplasm was collected from Russia, Poland, and Ukraine and exposed to EFB. After at least five years of exposure, plants were rated for ii the presence of EFB. At completion, 76 trees from 24 seed lots were found to be free of EFB with several trees that also produced excellent quality kernels. The final study was predicated on evaluating known resistant plants for their flowering phenology in New Jersey. Phenological timing of flowering in hazelnuts is critical to ensure complete pollination and high crop yields. Nineteen hazelnut accessions were evaluated compared to daily temperatures over 4 years. Results showed that the accessions followed a similar progression of bloom each year (both staminate and pistillate flowers), which allowed their placement into Early, Mid-, and Late flowering groups. These findings represent the first efforts to report on flowering and bud break phenology in New Jersey, where the winter climate is colder and more variable than that of Oregon and other commercial hazelnut growing regions. iii Acknowledgements. The author would like to thank C.R. Funk, A. Morgan, M. Muehlbauer, A. Novi, A. Morgan, S. Mehlenbacher, D. Zaurov, J. Honig, W. Meyer, B. Clark, and the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, OR, for their technical assistance and contribution of plant material. Funding for this research comes from the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, the Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Specialty Crops Research Initiative Competitive Grant 2009-51181-06028. Assessment of Host (Corylus spp.) Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey was originally published in the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 137:157-172. Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland was originally published in HortScience, Vol. 48:466-473. Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey was submitted for publication to HortTechnology on Jan. 1, 2014. iv Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments............................................................................................... iv List of Tables....................................................................................................... vi List of Figures...................................................................................................... vii Literature Review................................................................................................ 1 Literature Cited.......................................................................................... 12 Assessment of Host (Corylus spp.) Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey................................................................................ 15 Literature Cited........................................................................................... 44 Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland............................................................................................. 68 Literature Cited........................................................................................... 88 Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey..................................................................... 101 Literature Cited........................................................................................... 128 v List of Tables Assessment of Host (Corylus spp.) Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey Table 1. Disease attributes of Corylus accessions expressing eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala............................ 48 Table 2. Corylus accessions showing no signs or symptoms of infection by Anisogramma anomala................................................................. 52 Table 3. General attributes of hazelnut (Corylus spp.) species evaluated for their response to eastern filbert blight (EFB).................................. 62 Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland. Table 1. Summary of response of Corylus avellana germplasm from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland to eastern filbert blight................................... 92 Table 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of nut and kernel characteristics for all individual plants (n = 80) in the dataset.............................. 96 Table 3. Nut and kernel characteristics of select eastern filbert blight (EFB)-resistant hazelnut (Corylus avellana) selections from Russia and Ukraine............................................................................................................ 97 Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey Table 1. Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) accessions evaluated for flowering and bud break phenology in New Jersey over the winter seasons of 2008-2009 through 2011-2012............................................................................... 131 vi Table 2. Summary of staminate flower development (Stage 1-3) for 19 hazelnut accessions averaged across 4 years in New Jersey.............................. 132 Table 3. Summary of pistillate flower development (Stage 1-4) for 19 hazelnut accessions averaged across 4 years in New Jersey.............................. 133 Table 4. Summary of vegetative bud development (Stage 1-3) for 19 hazelnut accessions averaged across 4 years in New Jersey.............................. 134 Table 5. Monthly weather summary table and bloom period for staminate and pistillate flowers............................................................................... 135 List of Figures Assessment of Host (Corylus spp.) Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey Figure 1. Representative samples of nuts and kernels of hazelnut (Corylus sp.) species and interspecific hybrids evaluated in this study................ 64 Figure 2. Example of morphological difference observed in the nut husks (involucres) of the hazelnut (Corylus spp.) species and interspecific hybrids evaluated in this study.......................................................... 66 Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland. Figure 1. Whole nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of select EFB-resistant hazelnut accessions.......................................................................... 100 Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey vii Figure 1. Progression of staminate flower development in hazelnut..................... 136 Figure 2. Progression of pistillate flower development of hazelnut...................... 137 Figure 3. 4-year average flower and bud development for 19 Corylus accessions between Dec. 2008 and Apr. 2012.......................................... 139 Figure 4. Flower and bud development for 19 Corylus accessions between Dec. 2008 and Apr. 2009........................................................ 140 Figure 5. Flower and bud development for 19 Corylus accessions between Dec. 2009 and Apr. 2010........................................................ 141 Figure 6. Flower and bud development for 19 Corylus accessions between Dec. 2010 and Apr. 2011........................................................ 142 Figure 7. Flower and bud development for 19 Corylus accessions between Dec. 2011 and Apr. 2012........................................................ 143 viii 1 Literature Review The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHESTNUT (CASTANEA Spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION for COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION
    CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE By Ana Maria Metaxas Approved: James Hill Craddock Jennifer Boyd Professor of Biological Sciences Assistant Professor of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Director of Thesis) (Committee Member) Gregory Reighard Jeffery Elwell Professor of Horticulture Dean, College of Arts and Sciences (Committee Member) A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the Graduate School CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE by Ana Maria Metaxas A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science May 2013 ii ABSTRACT Chestnut cultivars were evaluated for their commercial applicability under the environmental conditions in Hamilton County, TN at 35°13ꞌ 45ꞌꞌ N 85° 00ꞌ 03.97ꞌꞌ W elevation 230 meters. In 2003 and 2004, 534 trees were planted, representing 64 different cultivars, varieties, and species. Twenty trees from each of 20 different cultivars were planted as five-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in four blocks of 100 trees each, amounting to 400 trees. The remaining 44 chestnut cultivars, varieties, and species served as a germplasm collection. These were planted in guard rows surrounding the four blocks in completely randomized, single-tree plots. In the analysis, we investigated our collection predominantly with the aim to: 1) discover the degree of acclimation of grower- recommended cultivars to southeastern Tennessee climatic conditions and 2) ascertain the cultivars’ ability to survive in the area with Cryphonectria parasitica and other chestnut diseases and pests present.
    [Show full text]
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Annie M. Chozinski for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture presented on November 23. 1994. Title: The Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Corvlus. Abstract approved: Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Anthesis of both staminate and pistillate flowers of Cory/us occurs in midwinter. To insure adequate pollination and nut set, these flowers must attain a sufficient hardiness level to withstand low temperatures. This study estimated cold hardiness of Cory/us cultivars and species using laboratory freezing of shoots without artificial hardening. In December, January and February of 1991-92 and 1992-93, one-year stems were collected 0 0 and frozen at regular intervals from -10 C to -38 C/ and visual browning assessed survival approximately 10 days after freezing. Elongated catkins were clipped prior to freezing. Percent flower bud survival was calculated and plotted against temperature. Linear regression generated an equation relating percent bud survival to temperature. From this equation, estimates of the LT^ (lethal temperature for 50% of the buds) was calculated for catkins, female inflorescences, and vegetative buds. C. avellana L. catkins, on average, were less hardy in both December and January than female inflorescences and vegetative buds. Maximum hardiness was reached in December and nearly all had elongated prior to the February freeze. Cultivars with the most hardy catkins were 'Morell', 'Brixnut', 'Creswell', 'Gem', 'Giresun OSU 54.080', 'Hall's Giant', 'Riccia di Talanico', 'Montebello' and 'Rode Zeller'. Maximum hardiness was observed for both vegetative and pistillate buds in January and was followed by a marked loss of hardiness in February.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Profile for California Live Oak (Quercus Agrifolia)
    California Phenology Project: species profile for California Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) CPP site(s) where this species is monitored: Redwood Regional Park, Roberts Regional Recreation Area What does this species look like? This large evergreen tree has a dark grey, stout, short trunk and wide spreading branches. The leathery leaves are shiny on the upper surface and dull on the lower surface, which is covered with fuzzy hairs. The leaf margins are spiny and holly-like. The individuals are monoecious; each tree bears both male and female flowers but the male flowers produce only anthers and the female flowers produce only pistils. The yellow-green male flowers are clustered in elongated, drooping catkins that are 4-10 cm long, and the female flowers are clustered in reddish green spikes. When monitoring this species, use the USA-NPN broadleaf evergreen (with pollen) trees and shrubs Photo credit: randomtruth (Flickr) datasheet. Species facts! • The CPP four letter code for this species is QUAG. • This oak is very fire resistant. Adaptations to fire include evergreen leaves, thick bark, and the ability to sprout post-fire from the roots, trunk, and upper crown. • Individuals can live up to 250 years. • Susceptible to Sudden Oak Death disease. • Wind pollinated. • Each acorn takes a full year to develop from a pollinated flower. Photo credit: randomtruth (Flickr) Where is this species found? • In valleys, slopes, mixed-evergreen forest, and woodlands at elevations less than 1500 meters. • Endemic to California; found in North Coast Ranges, Central Western California, and SW California. • Occurs on soils ranging from silts and clays to weathered granite.
    [Show full text]
  • Salix Caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Goat Willow Is a Small Multi Stemmed Deciduous Tree Native to Europe and Western Asia
    Salix caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Goat willow is a small multi stemmed deciduous tree native to Europe and western Asia. It is growing a silky male flower called catkins in early spring Female and male flower grows in a different tree.The leaves are dark green and hairy underneath. Mainly the weeping cultivate is used in gardens. It likes sun and well-drained soil, and benefits from a severe pruning every 2 or 3 years. Grow it where late winter and early spring interest are needed in the garden. Landscape Information French Name: Saule marsault Pronounciation: SAL-iks Plant Type: Tree Origin: Europe and western Asia. Heat Zones: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Hardiness Zones: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Uses: Screen, Hedge, Specimen, Container, Windbreak, Cut Flowers / Arrangements Size/Shape Growth Rate: Fast Tree Shape: Upright, Weeping Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Canopy Density: Medium Canopy Texture: Medium Height at Maturity: 5 to 8 m Spread at Maturity: 3 to 5 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 10 to 20 Years Plant Image Salix caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Deciduous Leaf Type: Odd Pinnately compund Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Ovate Leaf Margins: Entire, Dentate Leaf Textures: Glossy, Medium Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Green Flower Image Flower Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Flower Type: Catkin Flower Sexuality: Diecious (Monosexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Flat-Europe Hybrid Hazelnut (Corylus Heterophylla Fisch
    Biotechnology Journal International 17(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.BJI.31140 Previously known as British Biotechnology Journal ISSN: 2231–2927, NLM ID: 101616695 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Flat-Europe Hybrid Hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch. × C. avellana L.) Oil and Analysis of Its Components Chunmao Lv1*, Na Liu1, Xianjun Meng1, Changying Lu1 and Xiao Li1 1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author CL designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors NL, CL and XM managed the analyses of the study. Author XL managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJI/2017/31140 Editor(s): (1) Ghousia Begum, Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. Reviewers: (1) Gyula Oros, PPI HAS, Budapest, Hungary. (2) Lorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/17872 Received 22nd December 2016 Accepted 30th January 2017 Original Research Article th Published 17 February 2017 ABSTRACT Aim: The research aimed to evaluate the technological factors of the composite enzymatic extraction of Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil, and analyze the fatty acid composition, to lay the foundations for the industrialized production of this oil. Study Design: Based on single factor tests, the best conditions for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of the oil determined by response surface analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Qrno. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CP 2903 77 100 0 Cfcl3
    QRNo. General description of Type of Tariff line code(s) affected, based on Detailed Product Description WTO Justification (e.g. National legal basis and entry into Administration, modification of previously the restriction restriction HS(2012) Article XX(g) of the GATT, etc.) force (i.e. Law, regulation or notified measures, and other comments (Symbol in and Grounds for Restriction, administrative decision) Annex 2 of e.g., Other International the Decision) Commitments (e.g. Montreal Protocol, CITES, etc) 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 Prohibition to CP 2903 77 100 0 CFCl3 (CFC-11) Trichlorofluoromethane Article XX(h) GATT Board of Eurasian Economic Import/export of these ozone destroying import/export ozone CP-X Commission substances from/to the customs territory of the destroying substances 2903 77 200 0 CF2Cl2 (CFC-12) Dichlorodifluoromethane Article 46 of the EAEU Treaty DECISION on August 16, 2012 N Eurasian Economic Union is permitted only in (excluding goods in dated 29 may 2014 and paragraphs 134 the following cases: transit) (all EAEU 2903 77 300 0 C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113) 1,1,2- 4 and 37 of the Protocol on non- On legal acts in the field of non- _to be used solely as a raw material for the countries) Trichlorotrifluoroethane tariff regulation measures against tariff regulation (as last amended at 2 production of other chemicals; third countries Annex No. 7 to the June 2016) EAEU of 29 May 2014 Annex 1 to the Decision N 134 dated 16 August 2012 Unit list of goods subject to prohibitions or restrictions on import or export by countries- members of the
    [Show full text]
  • 20-053 — Provisional Recommendations And
    Factsheet #20-053 | AGDEX 240 | AUGUST 2020 Provisional Recommendations and Descriptions of Hazelnut Varieties in Ontario T. Leuty INTRODUCTION potential market uses and yield and sensitivity to The Ontario hazelnut industry is currently in a state winter injury (hardiness zone). of early commercial development. Hazelnut cultivars are being evaluated as potential crop cultivars and Hazelnuts are self-incompatible. This means that pollen source cultivars, based on their ability to a hazelnut plant will not pollenize its own female tolerate minimum winter temperatures, spring frost flowers or pollenize female flowers of other and manage native diseases, mainly Eastern filbert hazelnut plants within the same variety. Hazelnut blight (EFB) and bacterial blight. Maturing orchards varieties must cross-pollenize with other compatible have begun to produce an annual hazelnut crop. varieties in order to set and grow a nut crop. It is Kernels are being evaluated for quality attributes recommended that growers provide three to five and for various market uses including fresh, different compatible pollen source varieties for each confectionary and other value-added products. crop cultivar to ensure successful pollen transfer and optimize crop yield. The timing of pollen Table 1 provides provisional hazelnut variety release is also a factor. Male catkin flowers should recommendations for Ontario with revised release pollen when the female crop flowers are tolerance/susceptibility to Eastern filbert blight, open and receptive. Table 1. Provisional
    [Show full text]
  • Filberts PART I
    Station Bulletin 208 August, 1924 Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station Filberts PART I. GROWING FILBERTS IN OREGON PART II. EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON FILBERT POLLINATION By C. E. SCHUSTER CORVALLIS, OREGON The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to the residents of Oregon who request them. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENT STATION HON.J. K. WEATI-IERFORS, President Albany I-ION. JEFEERSON MYERS, Secretary Portland Hon. B. F. IRVINE, Treasurer Portland HON.WALTER M. PIERCE, Governor Salem - HON.SAss A. KOZER, Secretary of State--.. - Salem I-ION. J A. CHURCHILL, Superintendent of Public instruction ......Salem HON. GEommcE A. PALM ITER, Master of State Grange - Hood River - HON. K. B. ALDRICH . - . .Pertdleton Hon. SAM H. BROSvN Gervams HON.HARRY BAILEY .......... Lakeview I-ION. Geo. M. CORNWALL Portland Hon. M. S. \OODCOCX Corvallis Hon. E. E. \VILON Corvallis STATION STAFF 'N. J. KERR, D.Sc., LL.D... President J. T. JARDINE, XIS Director E. T. DEED, B.S., AD... Editor H. P. BARSS, A.B., S.M - - .Plant Pathologist B. B. BAYLES - Jr Plant Breeder, Office of Cer. loses., U. S. Dept. of Agri. P. M.BRAND-C,B.S , A M Dairy Husbandmami - Horticulturist (Vegetable Gardening) A.G. G. C. BOUQUET, BROWN, B.S B.......Horticulturist, Hood River Br Exp. Station, Hood River V. S. BROWN, AD., M S Horticulturist in Charge D. K. BULL1S, B.S - Assistant Chemist LEROY CHILOC, AD - .Supt Hood River Branch Exp. Station, Hood River V. Corson, MS. .. Bacteriologist K. DEAN, B.S..............Supt. Umatilla Brsnch Exp. Station, Hermiston FLOYD M.
    [Show full text]
  • Filbert European Corylus Avellana Corylus Avellana Commonly Called
    Filbert European Corylus avellana Corylus avellana commonly called European Filbert, European hazel, cobnut and Harry Lauder’s walking stick is a deciduous, thicket-forming, multi-trunked suckering shrub. Common names of filbert and hazel are likely interchangeable. Hazel is more often used in reference to wild specimens and filbert is more likely to be used in reference to cultivated plants. The filbert nuts to be produced in commerce primarily come from plants (C. avellano x C. maxima). ‘Contorta’, commonly called contorted filbert, corkscrew hazel or Harry Lauder’s Walking Stick, is contorted version of the species plant. It was discovered growing as a sport in an English hedgerow In the mid-1800s by Victorian Gardner Cannon Ellacombe. This plant was given the common name of Harry Lauder’s walking stick in the 1900s in honor of the Scottish entertainer Harry Lauder. The European Filbert leaves are dark green, slightly covered with fine soft hairs above and beneath; alternate; 2-4” in length, somewhat circular to egg – shaped or heart – shaped, abruptly tapers to a point at apex, edge doubly toothed, often with lobes, petiole ¼” to ½” long. The twigs are brown, glandular – hairy. Buds green to brown, hairless with hairy scale; overlapping, egg shaped to round. Flowers/Fruit: Flowers monoecious; male flowers are large (2”to 3”) catkins, yellow – brown, late winter to early spring blooming; female flowers inconspicuous. Fruit a nut; nuts inside involucre, which is toothed or lubed and nearly the length of the nut; ¾” in length; edible fruit grown commercially as a crop. European Filbert bark is pale to gray – brown, smoother with age, not an ornamental feature.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritive Value and Degradability of Leaves from Temperate Woody Resources for Feeding Ruminants in Summer
    3rd European Agroforestry Conference Montpellier, 23-25 May 2016 Silvopastoralism (poster) NUTRITIVE VALUE AND DEGRADABILITY OF LEAVES FROM TEMPERATE WOODY RESOURCES FOR FEEDING RUMINANTS IN SUMMER Emile JC 1*, Delagarde R 2, Barre P 3, Novak S 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] mailto:(1) INRA, UE 1373 FERLUS, 86600 Lusignan, France (2) INRA, UMR 1348 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France (3) INRA, UR 4 URP3F, 86600 Lusignan, France 1/ Introduction Integrating agroforestry in livestock farming systems may be a real opportunity in the current climatic, social and economic conditions. Trees can contribute to improve welfare of grazing ruminants. The production of leaves from woody plants may also constitute a forage resource for livestock (Papanastasis et al. 2008) during periods of low grasslands production (summer and autumn). To know the potential of leaves from woody plants to be fed by ruminants, including dairy females, the nutritive value of these new forages has to be evaluated. References on nutritive values that already exist for woody plants come mainly from tropical or Mediterranean climatic conditions (http://www.feedipedia.org/) and very few data are currently available for the temperate regions. In the frame of a long term mixed crop-dairy system experiment integrating agroforestry (Novak et al. 2016), a large evaluation of leaves from woody resources has been initiated. The objective of this evaluation is to characterise leaves of woody forage resources potentially available for ruminants (hedgerows, coppices, shrubs, pollarded trees), either directly by browsing or fed after cutting. This paper presents the evaluation of a first set of 12 woody resources for which the feeding value is evaluated through their protein and fibre concentrations, in vitro digestibility (enzymatic method) and effective ruminal degradability.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptors for Hazelnut (Corylus Avellana L.)
    Descriptors for Hazelnut(Corylus avellana L.) List of Descriptors Allium (E, S) 2001 Pearl millet (E/F) 1993 Almond (revised)* (E) 1985 Pepino (E) 2004 Apple* (E) 1982 Phaseolus acutifolius (E) 1985 Apricot* (E) 1984 Phaseolus coccineus* (E) 1983 Avocado (E/S) 1995 Phaseolus lunatus (P) 2001 Bambara groundnut (E, F) 2000 Phaseolus vulgaris* (E, P) 1982 Banana (E, S, F) 1996 Pigeonpea (E) 1993 Barley (E) 1994 Pineapple (E) 1991 Beta (E) 1991 Pistachio (A, R, E, F) 1997 Black pepper (E/S) 1995 Pistacia (excluding Pistacia vera) (E) 1998 Brassica and Raphanus (E) 1990 Plum* (E) 1985 Brassica campestris L. (E) 1987 Potato variety* (E) 1985 Buckwheat (E) 1994 Quinua* (E) 1981 Cañahua (S) 2005 Rambutan 2003 Capsicum (E/S) 1995 Rice* (E) 2007 Cardamom (E) 1994 Rocket (E, I) 1999 Carrot (E, S, F) 1998 Rye and Triticale* (E) 1985 Cashew* (E) 1986 Safflower* (E) 1983 Cherry* (E) 1985 Sesame (E) 2004 Chickpea (E) 1993 Setaria italica and S. pumilia (E) 1985 Citrus (E, F, S) 1999 Shea tree (E) 2006 Coconut (E) 1995 Sorghum (E/F) 1993 Coffee (E, S, F) 1996 Soyabean* (E/C) 1984 Cotton (revised)* (E) 1985 Strawberry (E) 1986 Cowpea (E, P)* 1983 Sunflower* (E) 1985 Cultivated potato* (E) 1977 Sweet potato (E/S/F) 1991 Date Palm (F) 2005 Taro (E, F, S) 1999 Durian (E) 2007 Tea (E, S, F) 1997 Echinochloa millet* (E) 1983 Tomato (E, S, F) 1996 Eggplant (E/F) 1990 Tropical fruit (revised)* (E) 1980 Faba bean* (E) 1985 Ulluco (S) 2003 Fig (E) 2003 Vigna aconitifolia and V.
    [Show full text]
  • Anisogramma Anomala
    EPPO quarantine pest Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Anisogramma anomala IDENTITY Name: Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller Synonyms: Apioporthe anomala (Peck) Höhn Cryptosporella anomala (Peck) Saccardo Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Diaporthales Common names: Eastern filbert blight (English) Bayer computer code: CRYPAN EPPO A1 list: No. 201 HOSTS Anisogramma anomala is a biotrophic parasite of Corylus spp., which is grown in culture only with difficulty (Stone et al., 1994). It is indigenous on Corylus americana, a common understorey shrub of forests in eastern USA. It causes the severe disease eastern filbert blight on cultivated hazelnut, Corylus avellana. It has also been reported on other Corylus spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Occurring naturally on wild Corylus spp. in eastern USA (Barss, 1930), A. anomala spread to Washington in 1973 (Cameron & Gottwald, 1978), to Oregon in 1986, and from those states to British Columbia (Canada). EPPO region: Absent. North America: Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia). USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin). EU: Absent. BIOLOGY Ascospores are the only known spore type; they are discharged from perithecia on diseased branches from autumn to late spring (Pinkerton et al., 1990). Wetting of the stromata causes perithecial ostioles to open. Ascospores are then transported by rain water and splash droplets. Short periods of rainfall are sufficient to release spores and inoculate trees. The ascospores infect young vegetative tissue in spring (Gottwald & Cameron, 1980a), after budburst, through leaf emergence and shoot elongation (Stone et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 1994). Once established, A. anomala colonizes the cambial tissue.
    [Show full text]