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ADB RETA 5771 Poverty Reduction & Environmental Management in Remote Greater Mekong Subregion Watersheds Project (Phase I)

RRA REPORT ATTAPEU WATERSHED

ATTAPEU & CHAMPASSACK PROVINCE, LAO PDR

Special Report

By

Latsamay Sylavong

1. General Background

Attapeu watershed is located in the Southern part of Lao PDR. This watershed is covered in 2 provinces as the whole of Attapeu province and a small part of Champassack provinces (the Plateau Boloven). There are about 900 Kilometres from Vientiane Municipality and 180 kilometres from Pakse. Access to those 4 villages differs from one to another village due to the selection criteria for the RRA survey in order to cover the main ethnic minorities in the watershed area. It is found easy access to 2 villages of Champassack province (Boloven Plateau) for both seasons and very difficult to get to other 2 villages of Attapeu province, especially during raining season.

The purpose of this survey is to describe the existing agroecosystems within the watershed area as the relationship to the use of forest resource by human population. In addition, Attapeu watershed is one of the shortlist watersheds priorities in Lao PDR. In the Attapeu watershed 4 villages were studied and detailed information of demographic survey in different ethnic villages as Nha Heune, Alak, Laven and Chung. The number of villages depends on the time available for this survey and the difficulty in access within this area, and the time spending at each village also depends on the size of the village.

All 4 villages were selected by the survey team together with the local authorities of both provinces as Champassack and Attapeu. These 4 villages are located in both provinces, 2 villages in Champassack and 2 villages in Attapeu provinces.

2. Methodology

The main tool for watershed survey is RRA methodology, as the checklist for interviewing both village and household levels were prepared. These checklists had adapted from various surveys from others countries and within country. Observations were also made under different issues to get a complete picture beside the questionnaires.

The composition of the team carry out this survey is as follows:

1. Mr. Gerard Diffloth, ethnolinguistic Page 2 of 9

2. Ms. Samruan Wonjaroen

3. Ms. Soutsada Chanthasiri, socio-economist.

This survey took 11 days including 2 days trip from Vientiane to Pakse (date: 20-31/12/1998). There are 4 villages selected for this socio-economic survey including visits provincial and district officers of 2 provinces. These visited villages were selected by the survey team and the local authority in order to cover main ethnic minority and activities in the watershed area. Guidelines for doing this survey composes of checklists for interviewing village, household and other stakeholders in the area. The report of ethnolinguistic specialist will be a separate report beside this report.

Beside the primary data gathered by interviewing and observations, there are also secondary data collected during the field and discussions with government officials at all levels and other related stakeholders.

The information of each village was not similar due to the availability of time for this RRA, therefore household interview was carried out only in 2 villages as Houay Jot and Pakpe villages which took 3 days each village.

The watershed profile of Attapeu was summarised by Mrs Latsamay Sylavong (Project Coordinator) from the field survey of 4 visited villages carried out by Ms Soutsada and some available information collected during the field visit.

3. Socio-economic Information

3.1 Background

It is very difficult to summarise the overall description of the whole watershed from 4 visited villages during such a short period of time (only 11 days survey), but this can give the picture of the existing agroecosystem within the watershed area as related to their use by human population.

At each village, the team met all administration at the village level such as the Youth Organisation, the Lao Women’s Union, the Construction Front (Neo Hom, elderly organization), village guards and economists. Most of the information were elicited from all village members who keep all types of village information.

Disparities in wealth can be easily recognised in all visited villages, with the well-off households possessing a large number of livestock, large paddy rice fields of good quality, and comfortable houses; while the poor have almost nothing. The poorer groups also experience shortages of labour, or often their labour is less than optimal due to chronic illness or the death of a spouse. But there are still signs of cooperation within the village during the main activities, such as seeding and harvesting.

3.2 Climate & Water resources

The climate in Attapeu watershed is similar to that of the highland and plateau because this watershed is located in the mountainous agroecological zone, which differ both by the altitude and the population group which inhabit them. The main group of the population living in this watershed area is Lao Theung who inhabit the upland and high plateaus where are often found between 100 and 500 m in altitude.

This watershed is rich in water resources as many streams, lakes and rivers found on watershed areas, and fish are their main protein source for the local villagers in the Attapeu watershed.

3.3 Forest Resources & Inhabitation

Forest vegetation is abundant in the area with various flora and fauna compared to other watersheds in the country. The estimate of forest cover in Attapeu province is about ? percent. Large portion of forest covers are in the northern part of the province as Dong Ampham, Boloven Plateau and Phou Kathong. These 3 mentioned forest area were designated as NBCAs by Lao Government.

Diverse habitats as different of forest types found in the area are lowland evergreen, semi-evergreen, mixed- deciduous, hill evergreen and fagaceous found in the area. Wildlife species including endangered species also found in this area e.g. 84 types of mammals (bats & rodents, cats), over 200 birds species including Page 3 of 9

siamese fireback, crested argus, riverine sps, vultures and hornbills (?,?).

The forest vegetation in the watershed area is essential part to the life of all ethnic minorities living within the watershed area. As you may know already, the local people (all ethnic minorities) brings the location for their village settlement or for their livelihood is the most important as a source of food, shelter and others for their living condition.

3.4 Human Population

The majority of population in the visited villages is the main ethnic minorities living in the area. These people are uplanders who live in this watershed area and practice shifting cultivation as their main activities for their livelihood. The size of visited villages are quite similar, 3 villages with over 100 households to 340 households. The age of each village is old from 170 to 300 years based on the information from local authority.

According to the difficulties in accessibility throughout Attapeu province, the field survey was conducted to only some villages with other observations throughout the watersheds. Four villages were selected for village and households interviews. Village profile is clearly summarised in the appendices. All 4 villages are populated by main ethnic minorities living in the southern part of Lao PDR as Nha Heune, Alak, Laven and Chung.

Table 1: Population in visited villages

Village name Total number Female Male No of Ethnicity population households 1. Jot 373 204 169 105 Nha Heune 2. Pakpe 128 77 51 28 Alak 3. Nongpanouan 474 221 253 Laven 4. Phok 975 502 473 339 Chung

3.4.1 Population Related Issues

Health

In general, there is no village dispensary found for the service in the village, villagers usually use the district hospital. There exists a revolving fund established in some visited villages for villagers to use in the emergency (see Table 2). There are at least twice visits from district health service for vaccination children and pregnancy women in the village.

Hygiene and cleanliness for all visited villages are still found low because livestock as their cattle and buffaloes still left under and around their houses and villagers drink unboiled water. Malaria, diarrhoea and goiter are the main diseases for all visited villages. Most villagers drink unboiled water from wells and streams.

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Table 2: Access to health service in visited villages

Village Name Dispensary Revolving No of local Distance to Remark fund for health services hospital medicines 1. Houay Jot No Yes 1 (2*) 19km 1 visit form district-health 2. Pakpe No No 1 (4*) 36 km " 3. Nongphanouan 1(but not in Yes 1(1) 15 km 2 visits from service) dist.-health 4. Phok No No 5 (9) 1.5 2 visits from district-health

* = sharman

Education

Each village has one primary school, out of the total 4 villages there is 2 primary school with all 5 grades operated in the village. The other 2 villages have only 2 grades and then children have to joint neighboured school for the remained grades.

As seen the number of children attend school was relatively high at the first 2 grades and then dropped about half to be continued to the rest of primary school, and very few children continue the lower secondary school. Lower secondary school only found in one village of Phok village and has very low number of students attend (10 persons) and all are boys. The number of children dropped out from primary school was not collected due to the lack of keeping records at the village level. The reason of leaving school is the requirement of labour for household work or farming, especially for the girls.

There is at least one teacher per class. Most of teachers in both primary and secondary schools are found more men than women due to the opportunities for further study were given to men more than women.

Table 3: Summary of school information in all visited villages

Village Name School No of No of pupils in No of No of Remark classes the school Female teachers 1. Jot 1 P 2 30 15 1

1* P 3 (36) (23) (2)

0 LS 0 - - - 2. Pakpe 1 P 2 8 2 1 3. Nongpanouan 1 P 5 82 35 6 4. Phok 1 P 5 148 59 6

1 LS 3 10 0 4

(x) no of pupils/teachers from other nearby school

4. Food Security

Rice sufficiency is the main indication of poverty at both household and village levels. Producing enough rice for the whole years’ consumption is the main responsibility for households to carry, since rice is their staple food. In all parts of the country, other agricultural products are classed as being of secondary importance to their livelihood. Although these products were the main concern for people, their production could not meet Page 5 of 9

their needs.

In general, rice production is the major indicator of the socio-economic status of villages and households. Nearly every village was found to suffer degrees of rice shortage.

Upland villagers faced with rice shortage each year due to the low productivity of upland rice production and labour input on farm to expanse their fields. The rice shortage status is interrelated to the socio-economic stratum given by the village committee. Villagers at most villages faced with rice shortage of over 3 months for the better-off and averaged households and 3 to 6 months for the poor households. Supplementary during the rice deficit is gathering forest products as honey, wild vegetables (Mak Chong and others) and income from selling coffee production and livestock.

Table 5: Rice Deficit for the whole year consumption

Village Name < 3 months 3-6 months > 6 months Remarks 1. Jot 84 21 0 (wood, honey) 2. Pakpe 0 25 3 FP (NTFP & Mak Chong) 3. Nongpanouan 7 104 3 4. Phok 0 52 287 Selling livestock

5 Livelihoods

Land Use, Tenure & Shifting Cultivation

Current land use for Attapeu watershed or classification categories for this watershed were not yet carried out but there exists for both provinces. The data on land use was also collected at all visited villages (see Table 6). Each village has its own boundary, forest area in the village in which community forest clearly identified for the village use. In most village, old fallow area was also demarcated under village area and belong to villager’s use rights as community, reserve and protected forest area. In all villages, swidden fields are classified under agriculture land.

Although there are differences in the size and type of activities (wet season rice, upland rice, and upland crops) the farmers at all 4 villages are owner (of rights)-farmers. In general, paddy rice fields at all sites are titled to farmers.

For the poor farmers who have not enough rainfed paddy fields have to lease other villagers. Farmers have to pay for the rent and are responsible for the tax payment for that particular plot each year. The majority of farmers who own paddy fields, especially Phok village are better off than in other villages. The reason of not finding rainfed rice fields is due to the high cost of preparing paddy fields in mountainous areas.

Each household has access to land for cultivation, but with the different in quality and size of land rights owned, especially in Nongphanouan where there is high competition in producing different commodities for markets as coffee plantation. Using other upland field plots is often undertaken at all sites but agreement between owners of these fallow rights, farmers, and local authorities is needed before cultivating.

Rural communities have free access to the use of fallows for cultivation. Today, the implementation of local authority (the village committee, district committee and district agricultural staff) means that shifting cultivators who have worked for three years continuously on a particular plots are entitled to the title to that plot. This means that villagers have to shorten their fallow period and the productivity is less than that of the previous rotation based on the information gathered from the survey.

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Table 6: Land Use (in hectares) under different categories in all 4 visited villages

Category of land use Houay Jot Pak Pe Nongphanouan Phok 1. Forest Land Na Reserve forest 305.4 Protected forest 300 400 988.5 Community forest Others 2. Agriculture land Rainfed rice fields 2 1.5 4 237 Swidden fields 22 25.6 39.10 0 Coffee plantation 70.5 - 100.20 0 Cardamon 2 - 15 0 Fish pond 2.5 - 2 - Old fallow area for 1039 - - swidden agriculture 3. Other lands Total 3,000? 1,070 6,500 2,123

5.1 Agriculture Production

Shifting cultivation is the main activity involved by villagers in the visited villages, as seen on Table ? the number of upland rice fields overweight that of rainfed rice fields except for Phok village that has rainfed rice production as their main activity. Besides the rice production of both upland and paddy fields, coffee and cardamon become more interesting by villagers in this watershed.

Table 7: Areas under all agriculture practices (hectares)

Villge Name Paddy Upland fields Community Coffee Remark Fields Forest Plantation 1. Houay Jot 2 22 300 46 2ha of cardamon plantation 2. Pakpe 1.5 25.6 400 - 1039 ha as fallows 3. Nongpanouan 4 39.10 17.5 100 15 ha of cardamon, 2ha of fish pond 4. Phok 237 No 222 >1200ha forest area

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Table 8: Production of all agriculture products in all 4 villages ( in tonnes)

Village Name Paddy Upland fields Coffee Remark rice 1. Houay Jot 1.2 17.6 6.6 2. Pakpe 0.3 36 - 3. Nongpanouan 2.5 Na Na 4. Phok 355 0 0

5.2 Livestock Production

Livestock is raised traditionally; that is, stock are left to roam freely in the village vicinity during the dry season (after harvesting time) and in the forests around the village for the rainy season. This is because there is no land demarcated for such activity yet in all visited villages. One reason that populations in the remote areas are not really involved in livestock raising is because wild animals are their basic diet and access to these animals is quite easy for them. Raising livestock is a preferred activity for some villagers due to the low time and labour requirements for this activity, but there is large economic investment for such activities.

In general, livestock production can be used to determine the socio-economic status of the village and households. The wealthy households usually possess more large livestock (especially buffaloes as draught animals) while the poor could never own any of these animals. Poor villagers have to hire these animals to prepare their fields; often they cannot afford such input and as a consequence the land has a low output. Similarly, the socio-economic status of the whole village is characterised by the number of wealthy families with high numbers of large livestock, or the number of families with sufficient rice for a whole years’ consumption.

Small livestock, especially pigs and poultry, are quite important in visited villages as compared to other animals. High epidermal infections in small livestock is quite severe at all villages. The actual data of trading livestock both large and small livestock is not available at all visited villages.

Table 9: Livestock holding at visited villages

Village Name No of No. of cattle No of pigs No of poultry Remark buffaloes 1. Houay Jot 46 2 10 150 2. Pakpe 10 0 41 128 3. Nongpanouan 82 61 10 650 1 elephant, 20 horses 4. Phok 873 7 462 2837

5.3 Forest Products

The livelihood of rural communities depends on forest products as well as agricultural production. Hunting of wild animals is carried out by all visited villages due to the distance to the deep forests. There exists regulations set by all villagers to control hunting at all villages but implementation in control on hunting is not yet applied properly. One of the reason is the high growth rate of the population in all surrounding villages including the increase in the number of immigration in the surrounding area. All types of tools for hunting are found in all villages such as trapping, night-lighting and hunting with dogs.

Gathering non-timber forest products is important for rural communities for their subsistence. This seasonal activity is carried out according to labour availability and rice sufficiency within each household. Trading of the forest products collected is always undertaken during the dry season due to the accessibility of traders and Page 8 of 9

purchasers into those areas. Mak Chong, cardamon and others are found as main commodities collected by villagers in this watershed area.

The main subsistence for the livelihood of rural communities comes from forests. Wild root tubers and other cereals are the major supplementary foods during rice shortages of more than 6 months for most villages in most villages. Many types of forest products that are also used and consumed in the household are important for their daily life.

Gathering non-timber forest products is carried out by these communities all year round. However, gathering wild plants during the rainy season is more difficult due to accessibility and transportation to markets. Wild plants are considered to be the main dietary item for rural people, and numerous species of wild plants are collected by villagers for their daily meals as mushroom, wild vegetables and roots. The use of wild plant species is quite similar across villages, but with differences in preparation of food and medicines.

6. Problems/Constrainsts

Main problems and constraints found in all visited villages can be summarised as follows:

Rice shortage found at all visited villages of at least 3 to 6 months for the majority of the population in the watershed area.
Difficult in access to all villages therefore improving road condition for better access to most villages of the area
Low productivity of upland rice production by reduce the number of fallow period and limitation of land for production
Limitation of flat land for expansion of paddy rice fields
Lack of tools and equipment for field works.
Lack of fund / access to credit for improving their farm activities.
Damage from drought and infestation to their agriculture production.
Difficult in access to the extension services for their assistance in animal diseases .
Access to hospital for their sickness treatment or no dispensary in the village to cure the minor illnesses.

7. Opportunities/ Idea for future development

Idea for future development in Attapeu watershed can be summarised prior to the needs of local communities based on both interviews and observations as follows:

Land allocation (clear land tenure)
Expansion of suitable flat land for paddy field.
Access to credit/loan
Revolving fund for rice bank and other agriculture types
Extension services to provide alternatives to SC (plantation of teak, coffee, cardamon & improving livestock) and ways to protect their agriculture production from the effects of rats and insects.
Improving access to most villages in the watershed area.
Infrastructure as school, dispensary and markets

Appendix 1

Houay Jot Village Profile

Data of Pakpe village

Data of Nongphanuane village

Data of POK village Page 9 of 9

Appendix 2

Village authority committee met in Houay Jot village, Pak Pe village, Nong Phanouan village and Pok village

Summery Data from 3 families of better-off households in Houay Jot village

Summery Data from 3 averaged households in Houay Jot village

Summary Data from 3 poor households in Houay Jot village

Summary table of Income and Expenditure within 3 socio- economic groups of Hoyjot village

Summery Data from 5 families of better-off households of Pak Pe village

Summery Data from 5 families of Averaged households of Pak Pe village

Summery Data from 3 families of poor households of Pak Pe village

Income and Expenditure Comparison between three socio -economic strata of Pak Pe village Page 1 of 15

Appendix I:

HOUAY JOT VILLAGE PROFILE

I. Village Background:

Hoauy Jot village, Paksong district, Champasack province, is big village located near Pha Nuan reservoir about 1.5 kilometres to the North, with Nong Hen Village about 27 kilometres in the South, with Nam Kong village about 12 kilometres to the East, and 20 kilometres West with Pha Nouan Dong village. This village is accessible for both seasons due to the location near the main road from Pakse to Paksong, as 50 kilometres from Pakse and 46 kilometres from Paksong. This village is surrounded by 4 lakes as Houay Lieng, Houay Se Piene, Houay Por and Houay Lom. Besides, villagers used water from the upper stream as drinking and household use.

There is no dispensary in the village but it still find one medical bank with two local nurses stayed in the village. Villagers have to go to the district hospital about 19 kilometres far from the village for the severe illnesses. The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others. Most villagers usually cure their sickness in the village by purchasing tablets and seeking sharman advices. Children and women under pregnancies got vaccination.

There is one rice mill found in this village. Other durable goods that were shown as assets for villagers are as follows: 8 motorcycles, 79 bicycles, 8 sewing machines, 10 tapes recorder and 10 radios.

II. History

Hoauy Jot village was established about 170 years ago, and the population in this village were from difference places as from Se Pien, Houay Phieo and Old Hoauy Jot villages. All three villages were emerged into current Hoauy Jot village.

Nha Heune is the main ethnic group found for all villagers. Mr. Sam, the first of Nha Heun ethnic leader was the first settler this village. The reason to settle this village at this location due to the availability of the plains and the quality of the soil suitable for agriculture practices.

All villagers practice their traditional animistic practices as seen they are seeking advices from sharman for village ceremony and household works as funeral, curing their sickness, and others. Village ceremony was organised each year, and killing buffaloes, pigs and chicken and alcohol were served during 3 days ceremony. It is unlikely to accept outsiders during their funeral and treatment of their illnesses as clearly indicated by the sign in the village gate.

III. Demography

Hoauy Jot village is located in Paksong district, Champasack Province. There are 105 households of 373 inhabitants in the village; 154 men and 219 women. In the village, there are about 173 persons can be accounted as main labors, 28 secondary labors (helpers in the family) and 2 Government officers (Soldiers).

The population of Hoauy Jot village was 373 people at that time of the visit. There is no immigration in the village by village headman record. It is recorded that about 5 births each year and also 5 deaths in which 3 were died by malaria.

Table below is given the picture of the total population under different age groups which is shown the labour input is under the fourth age group including supported labour (helpers). The indication of the number of children in the village is clearly shown in all 3 first age groups, this means that the number of children and elders in the village is overweight that of total labour input in the village.

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Summary of population by age and sex in the village:

No. Age Total number Female Male 1. 1 - 4 years old 60 37 23 2. 5 - 9 years old 57 24 33 3. 10 – 14 years old 55 31 24 4. 15 – 60 years old 173 91 82 5. Over 60 years old 28 21 7 Total 373 204 169

IV. Education

There is one primary school with 2 grades classes operated in the village, and the rest of 3 grades joined in another neighboured school. Only one teacher is found in the school of 2 grades (of 30 hours average per week). There are 56 pupils, in which half is girls of the total number pupils in the school, but in reality the number of girls in the highest grade is relatively lower than half of the total number pupils in that grade and no female as one fourth or one fifth . Based on the village information, there are 30 pupils finished primary school, in which 19 are males. This means that there is some number of students dropped out from school each year due to the high requirement of labour in the family. Although there is no secondary school in the village, but 8 children (all males) finished lower secondary school.

Number of school and student enrollment rate of the village

Type of school Number of school number of Number of the student the class Total Male Female Pre-school No No No No No Primary school 1 1st. class 1 21 10 11 2 nd. Class 1 9 5 4 3 th. Class Share school with 16 10 6 another village 4 th. Class 13 9 4 5 th. Class 7 4 3 Lower secondary school No No No No No Higher secondary school No No No No No

V. Livelihood Systems:

Agriculture:

Based on the socio-economic, population in the village can be classified under 84 better-off households, 15 averaged households, and 6 poor households. Main activities of population in this village is shifting cultivation practices, as seen every household has upland fields of rice and coffee plantation, except for only 3 households own rainfed paddy rice fields of 2 hectares of rainfed paddy rice fields.

The total rice production for the village is about 18,764 kilograms which cannot supplement the village needs for 3 months from August till October.

Livestock as buffaloes, cattle, pigs found raised at each household. There are 46 buffaloes, 2 cattle, 10 pigs and 150 poultry for the whole village. Page 3 of 15

The total area under coffee plantation is about 46 ha, and half of these are productive. About 300 ha is specified as community forest. The yield of upland rice production is relatively low, as 800 kg per ha. Besides cardamon plantation of 2 ha is also found only in one household.

The main source of income generating for villagers is from coffee plantation and others from non-timber forest products. About 28 million kips is income from coffee and others for the whole village beside the main activity as upland crops accounted of 1,000,000 kips for the whole village.

Hunting, Gathering and Fishing

Villagers are relied upon natural resources for their livelihood. Most of forest products were still undertaken by villagers but these were carried out for home consumption. Forest products as non-timber forest products and wild animals are important for their livelihood besides the agriculture products. Forest products like sawn timber, firewood, wood pile for fencing, and other non-timber forest products e.g. honey, wild vegetables, rattan, bamboos and others are collected for household use and consumption. It is also reported that about 80% of the total area of the village is under forest cover.

The establishment of some rules for managing forest and control of hunting wild animals was settled by all villagers but encouraging these activities is still weak as seen the continuation of hunting (based on the village headman’s report, there are 8 rifles found in the village) and encroaching to the dense forests. Land allocation was not yet implemented in this village.

Fishing is still found as important activity and fish is still abundant in this village due to the existing of various streams around the village. There are many types of fish found in this area. - Natural fish, such as: Pajat, Carp, Pako, Palat, Pakang, Pafa and etc. Besides, fishpond also found adopted by villagers about 2.47 ha and the majority of fish are carps.

Nowadays, wild animals that still found abundant around this village are as follows: muntjak deer, wild boar, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cat, tiger, elephants, bears, red monkey, others.

Major expenditures that households usually spend in the market are as follows: rice, medicine, clothing and other necessary needs as salt,

Gender Issues:

There are 14 women headed –households in the village. The major responsibilities of women are as follows:

Upland agriculture activity

Handicraft

Looking after the family

Gardening

Besides, women have also responsible to household workloads including fetching rice for milling, fetching water for household use, fire woods, cooking and supports to farm activities as growing vegetables, weeding and harvesting. These activities are usually their daily activities together with looking after many children in the family.

It is still found that women have no input for the family income, decision making, education and participation in social work.

VI. Opportunities and Development Priorities

Opportunities

Enough agriculture land. Enough tool and material for their practices Enough buffaloes as draught animals for the land preparation. Page 4 of 15

Problems/Constraints:

The agriculture production facing with the drought and infested by insects. No market access for production selling Not enough tools and equipment for agriculture activity Rice shortage during August to October. Rats and insects affect their agriculture production.

Needs:

Better housing settlement
Better access road
Reduce the number of fallow period
Needed more fallows/land to cleared

Agricultural activities schedule

Items of activities Period of agriculture activities Remark

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Upland Agriculture

- Slashing

- Sowing

- Weeding

- Harvesting

Rainfed Rice

- Plowing the soil

- Making the seed bed

- Transplanting

- Harvesting

Coffee plantation

- Slashing

- Burning

- Plan ting

- Weeding

- Harvesting

- The diseases occurred with the animals in Hoyjot village as follows:

Pig died in (November, December, January, February and March).
Poultry died in (November).
no approaches to solve animal diseases.
No visit by the extension services. Page 5 of 15

DATA OF PAKPE VILLAGE

Data 28/12/1998

I. Background of the village:

Pak Pe village is bordered to May Phoudeng village on the North, to Houay Soi village on the South where the dam is built, to Hine Dam village on the East, and Nam Pa river on the Western side. This village is far from the district town, about 25 kilometres with the road access to the village.

Population in Pak Pe village were from different places e.g. Darkalak, Darkloy, Tamoron and old Pak Pe.

Mr. Theua and Mr. Meui chief of Tamoron and old Pakpe Village of Alak ethnic minority is the current village leadership. Villagers left this village during the war from 1964 till 1973 to stay in the forest area. The current Pak Pe village was established in 1991.

This village is located near Houay Pe watershed about 6 kilometres. The reason that population migrated from the old Pak Pe and other villages is the occurrence of severe diseases that led to many deaths in the village. This village was selected prior to the availability of the plains along valleys on both sides and the existing of stream for both drinking and use water. There are 3 main streams found nearby this village as Houay Pe, Haouy Heo, and Houay Nam Touy. These water sources are the main natural ressources of fishing, drinking and using in the vilalge.

There is no dispensary and no medical bank in the village. It was reported that there is no medical assistance in the village. Villagers cure their severe illnesses in the hospital far from village about 36 kilometres. There is one local traditional health service. ? - 4 mid - wife

Main religious festival, Kaokieb was in March every year. During this festival, alcohol (Lau Hai) is made and offered to guests and between themselves. Phakhao festival, one of religious days was organised in October. Making alcohol and killing buffaloes was specific offers during this festival as drinking and dancing. Killing buffaloes was also done during the wedding ceremony and others ceremony to their ancestors.

Other durable goods found in the village can be accounted as main assets own by villagers are13 bicycles, 15 tapes recorder, 1 sewing machine, 7 rifles

II. Demography

Pak Pe village is jurisdicated to Sanexay district of Attapeu Province. There are 28 households with the total population of 128, out of which 78 are women. About half of the total population in the village can be accounted as main labour for farm activities. All villagers are Alak ethnic minority.

Summary of population by age and sex in the village:

No. Age Total number Female Male 1. 0 - 4 years old 25 14 11 2. 5 - 9 years old 12 9 3 3. 10 - 14 years old 19 11 8 4. 15 - 60 years old 68 42 26 5. Over 60 years old 4 1 3

It was reported that there are 7 deaths which can be represented as 4.5 % of the total population in the village. The main disease found in most deaths are malaria and dengue fever. There are about 8 births each year with 1 malnutrition child and very few immigration to the village due to the marriage to villagers.

Livelihood Systems: Page 6 of 15

The population in this village indicates in 3 different socio-economic stratum as 10 better-off households, 15 averaged households and 3 poor households. Their main occupation is mainly relied on shifting cultivation as found only 3 households have paddy fields of 1.5 hectares. The total area of upland field plots are recorded as 25.6 hectares for the whole village, this means that average holding upland field is about 1.3 hectares per household with the average yield of 1.4 tons per hectare. Rice shortage is found for 3 months of the year for most households. Villagers have to supplement these by selling their livestock.

Livestock rearing is quite important for this village, as found 40 heads of buffaloes, 41 pigs and 128 poultry. Livestock production is produced for only household consumption. Fishing is also carried out for both household consumption and income for other household needs. Selling fish is also found seasonal (only in the dry season) due to the accessibility to the village. Major diseases that caused several deaths of their livestock each year are found in pigs during August and September and in poultry in June. This is likely usual story each year for villagers due to the lack of prevention treatments from local extension services.

Handicraft is considered as the secondary occupation for villagers based on the consumed time for this specific activities beside the income from selling non-timber forest products of about half of all income as sawn timber, and mak chong.

The total figure of income for the whole village is about 6.4 millions kips annually from the main activities, 2 millions kips from secondary activities including selling of non-timber forest products as Mak Chong and fish. Besides, some handicraft was excluded in the secondary income due to the low income and the majority of this activity was produced for their own use.

It was reported that about 400 hectares are under community forest area and 1,039 hectares recognised as old fallows areas. About 1,070 hectares is accounted as the total village area. Land allocation programme was not yet implemented in this village as seen villagers still followed their own system as fallow period of 10 years. Some rules related to control on cutting trees and hunting wildlife animals were set between village headman and villagers are as follows:

Cutting trees under the permission of village authority, if not, pay fine of 30,000 kips per tree.

Hunting wild animals with fine of 10,000 to 75,000 kips per head.

Fish as main protein source for villagers and various types of fish found in the area are pachat, palannam, pahangdeng, palat, snack head, pado, catshish, pakeng, pasoy, pakot, turtle, pafa

Villagers highly rely on forest resources as sawn wood for house construction, fuelwood for household use and woodlots for fencing. Wild animals still found based on villager ’s reports, such as muntjak deer, wild pig, siamese fireback, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cat, tiger, elephant, bear and others.

- The household expenditure of Pakpe village

for rice

for medicine

for clothing and other necessary need.

- The population of Pakpe village never gets the loans from outside.

- At night the villagers used kerosene and Kabong for lighting

Constraints:

Lack of labour for working in the field. Lack of buffaloes as draught animal for site preparation (as found only 9 households own buffaloes) Agriculture production faced with calamities as draught and attacked by insects and rats.

Needs: Page 7 of 15

Expansion of rainfed rice fields Access to credit for expansion of paddy rice fields Access to tools and equipment for improving their production Protection their agriculture production from rat and insect attacks.

Agricultural activities schedule

Items of activities Period of agriculture activities Remark

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Upland Agriculture

- Slashing

- Sowing

- Weeding

- Harvesting

Rainfed Rice

- Plowing the soil

- Making the seed bed

- Transplanting

- Harvesting

III. Health

There is 1 dispensary where villagers usually used to cure their sicknesses. Besides, villagers often buy medicines from the markets. The majority of the population still follwed their traditional way to treat their sickness. Visit from the district health service was undertaken at least once per year for vaccination children and pregnancy’ women.

There are 2 main sources of water for using and drinking, with 2 latrines for the whole village use. Livestock still found left under houses and in the village.

The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others.

IV. Education

There is one school with 1 grade operated in the village. There are only 8 pupils in that school, and other 8 pupils joining neighboured school. Girls attend only the first grade in the village, and then very few follows the second grade.

There is one school operated in the village of one grade with one teacher. Based on the village information, there are 68 people were attended school, this means that they can read and write, but none of them was finished primary school. It was reported that 3 people finished lower secondary school, out of which all are males. The attendance of children was not stable and the majority of children have to help their parents in the farm activities and also looking after their brothers and sisters. The number of girl’s attendency is relatively higher than that of boy’s attendancy.

Page 8 of 15

Number of school and student enrollment rate of the village

Type of school Number of Number of Number of the student school the class Total Male Female Pre-school No no No no No Primary school 1 1st. 1 8 1 7 class

2 nd. learn at other 8 6 2 class village Total 16 7 9

Gender Issues:

There are 6 female headed households who have the whole family responsibilities. Main responsibilities for all women are household workloads as fetching water and rice to the milling, fire woods, cooking, supports to upland agriculture production as growing vegetables, weeding and harvesting, handicrafts, and looking after families including children and the elders.

These workloads were taken their whole day together with the main women’s role as looking after many children. Labour distribution among gender is similar to other villages as decision-making is unlikely for women ’s role in the family but participation in addressing some idea still accepted by men.

Needs:

1. Appropriate house system in the village.

1. Better access to the village

2. Alternatives as permanent upland rice for all villagers or cash crop plantation as teak and coffee in order to reduce shifting cultivation.

DATA OF NONGPHANUANE VILLAGE

Data 30/12/1998

I. Background of the village:

Nong Phanouan Village was established about 300 years ago. Before the settlement of this village, villagers used to live in Kok Koysung village where was situated 8 kilometres far from the current village. It is reported that Kok Koysung village was split into different places as Nam Kang, Houay Xay, Koy Makchanh, Houay Sekatam and Nong Phanouan villages. This was due to the severe rice shortage and the potential land for their agricultural practices. This village was selected for the existing of plains suitable for agriculture and livestock production.

Nong Phanouane village is jurisdicated to Paksong district, Champasack Province and located near Tha Oy village about 6 kilometres on the North, Hoauy Jot about 0.5 kilometre in the South, Lasasin about 8 kilometres in the East and Nong Phanouan Dong about 22 kilometres in the West. The total are of this village is about 6,500 hectares. Page 9 of 15

Villagers have strong beliefs in their own culture as careful looking for the suitable location to settle their houses. They all are animist and believe their ancestor spirit, e.g. wedding ceremony, and curing their sickness.

There is no dispensary in the village, villagers used to go to district hospital about 15 kilometres far from the village. Villagers have 2 community wells for household use and drinking water.

As per record of durable goods owning by villagers, there are 62 motorcycles, 20 bicycles, 6 hand tractors, 25 tapes recorders, 1 water pump, 4 rice mills, 1 electricity machine, 8 rifles, 10 radios, 10 sewing machines, 10 rifles, 5 televisions and 1 video.

The major expenditures of Nong Phanouane village are as follows:

rice

medicine

clothing and other necessary need

II. Demography:

Nong Phanouan village is a big village with 120 households (124 families) of 474 people as the total population in the village. Out of the total population, there are 226 females, and about 196 people can be accounted as main labour in the village. This also includes other outsiders living in the village as 7 district officers, 2 soldiers and 4 transport and communication officers. All villagers are Laven ethnic minority living in the village.

Summary of population by age and sex in the village:

No. Age Total number Female Male 1. 0 - 4 years old 81 31 50 2. 5 - 9 years old 62 28 34 3. 10 - 14 years old 66 32 34 4. 15 - 60 years old 224 112 112 5. over 60 years old 41 18 23

Livelihood:

The total population in this village can be groupped into 3 socio-economic stratum as 7 better-off households, 104 averaged households and 13 poor households. Shifting cultivation is the main activity practised by all villagers as seen nearly 40 hectares of upland rice fields while there exists only 4 ha of paddy rice fields. This also included coffee plantation of about 100 hectares. Besides, plantation of cardamon is also found interested by villagers. As per villager’s report, the total rice production for the whole village is about 29,800 kg. About 5 months is the rice shortage period annually.

Fishing is found important to their livelihood as seen many water resources found in the surrounding area as Houay Lieng, Houay Sepiane, Houay Phanouane, Nongngat and Nong Ngu. The first river source is the main water source for both drinking and household use while other water sources for fishing due to the abundancy of fish in that area. Many types of fish found in this area are palangnam, patong, pahangdeng, palat, pakang, pako (snack head), pado, catfish, pakeng, pakot and turtles. Beside fishing activity, fish pond is attractive to some villagers as seen about 2 ha of fish pond found in this village.

Livestock raising found relatively important as main assets for households and also for their daily use as drought animals, and source of protein for households. There are 82 buffaloes, 61 cattle, 1 elephant, 20 horses, 10 pigs and 650 of poultry.

The estimate annually income of the population in all village = 34,362,600 kip/year.

Hunting, Gathering & Fishing Page 10 of 15

About 17.5 hectares is under village forest community. Villagers usually get wood for their household use as for house construction, fuelwood and woodlots for fencing both their house and their fields. Wild animals that villagers often found are as muntjak deer, wild pig, squirrel, chip munk, tiger, elephant, bear, red monkey and others.

Opportunities:

Availability land for their agriculture practices Enough tools for their current practices The majority households own buffaloes for their agriculture practices

Constrainst/Problems

Main activities and time spent are for upland agricultural practices Agriculture production was affected by insect. Lack of some tools and equipment for agriculture activity. Rice shortage for 3 months (August – October) Infestation by rats, wild boars and insects.

Main deseases found in this village are

Buffalo decease

Pig died in (November, December, January, February and March).

Poultry died in (November).

- The village has not approach to solved problems of animal died.

- No services from the district extension staff to come and vaccine only for buffalo.

Page 11 of 15

Agricultural activities schedule

Items of activities Period of agriculture activities Remark

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Upland Agriculture

- Slashing

- Sowing

- Weeding

- Harvesting

Rainfed Rice

- Plowing the soil

- Making the seed bed

- Transplanting

- Harvesting

Coffee plantation

- Slashing

- Burning

- Plan ting

- Weeding

- Harvesting

III. Health

There was one dispensary in the village but nowaday it is not operated. Villagers often go to the district hospital far from village about 15 kilometres. There is also 1 nurse in the village and 1 local health service. Some villagers also used neighboured dispensary and they used to buy medicines for the shop. Traditional medicine still found in use for this village.

Main deseases found in this village are malaria, dengue fever and diarhoea. The majority of the population in this village drink unboiled water from well and rivers. Villagers left their livestock in the village under their houses.

Vaccination for children and pregnancies found twice per year by the visit of district ’s health. There is 8 deaths and 14 births recorded from the village’s headman. There is about 6 persons immigrated to live in the village.

IV. Education

There is one complete primary school with the total number of pupils of 82 children, out of which 25 are girls. There are 6 teachers in the village school. As per villager’s report, there are 80 people finished primary school including 20 women. Eventhough there is no lower and higher secondary school there are about 50 persons finished lower secondary school, 4 persons finished higher secondary school and 5 persons finished college, Page 12 of 15

all of them are males. It is also recorded that some children still drooped out from primary school due to the requirement of family for labour and helping their parents.

Number of school and student enrollment rate of the village

Type of school Number of Number of Number of the student school the class Total Male Female Pre-school No No No No no Primary school 1 1st. class 1 36 20 16 2 nd. Class 1 11 5 6 3 th. Class 1 12 6 6 4 th. Class 1 13 9 4 5 th. Class 1 10 7 3 Total 5 82 47 25 Lower secondary school No No No No no Higher secondary School No No No No no

Gender Issues:

Main activities for women in the village are upland farm activity, handicraft and gardening. There are 30 female-headed household. Household workloads as looking after children, feeding animal, fetching water and fuelwood, cooking and farm works are women’s responsibility in the family. They are working hard all day.

Needs:

1. Coffee plantation 2. Improving livestock. 3. Expansion agricultural land.

DATA OF POK VILLAGE

Data 28/12/1998

I. Background of the village:

Pok village is jurisdicated to Saysetha district, Attapeu Province. Pok village is bordered with Xaysamakhy district in the West, the rice fields of Khamakong, Phanteng and Ban Xay on the East, Xaysy village in the South, and Hatsaty and Thalane’s rice field in the North. There is a big village of about 2,123 hectares as village boundary. All villagers are Chung ethnic minorities except 2 Lao Lum married to this ethnic group.

Pok village has one hospital close to the village about 1.5 kilometres. There is no dispensary and nor medical bank. There is one medical assistance, 5 local health services, and 9 mid wives. The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others. About 59 wells found as main water source for both drinking and using, and 3 of those wells belong to the whole community. There is one school with 5 grades were operated in the village.

There are 5 rice mills, 90 bicycles, 1 pump and 2 sewing machines found in this village. Torch and lamp are the main tool used at nights. Page 13 of 15

- The household expenditure of Hoyjot village

for rice

for medicine

For clothing and others home necessary need.

- There were 19 families of Pok village received loans from Agriculture Promotion Bank (APB) with 18% as the rate of interest for agriculture activities. There is no problem in paying back to the bank from the past experiences.

II. Village History

Pok Village was established about 300 years ago. This village was resettled and renamed twice from the previous villages as Na Khinou and Na Kosok villages. At first, Na Khinou villagers were fled to settle new village as Na Kosok due to the high epidermic which caused many deaths. Then Na Kosok villagers left their village to settle Pok village due to the village fire. The reason to select this new village is the existing of vaste plains suitable for agriculture practices.

All villagers are ananimist as seen they believe their ancestor spirits and their traditional culture to celebrate ceremonies and treatment their sickness. Having pigs and chicken for their belief ceremony was carried out each year. Nowadays, Lao Lum culture influenced into their culture as seen similar wedding ceremony to Lao Lum culture.

There were numbers of men were died during 1970 -1975 in this surrounding villages especially in Ban Pok. Villagers believed that they had disturb by spirit (inform by villagers and representative of Front Organization), So that the villagers had panicked and run away by making houses outside of village at the field. Number of the people, who lived in the village, was very limited. The village authority had persuade them to return back and limited the time for returning from 1998 - 2000, otherwise will be pay fine about 20,000 kip.

III. Demography

It was composed by 301 household; 339 families; 1,769 peoples; 6 persons were the government’s officers (2 persons were solders and 4 persons were officer of the transport and communication sector of district); 861 peoples were main labors and 155 people secondary labors.

There were reported that about 7 deaths found in last year (all adults), out of which 3 were females. About 25 child were born and 18 persons immigrated to settle in the village in 1998.

Villagers used to go the district dispensary to cure their sickness. Villagers often buy medicines together with some traditional medicines. Villagers drink unboiled water and keep livestock within the village under their houses. Visits of health services were found twice last year for vaccination children and pregnancies.

Livelihood systems:

The socio-economic of the population in this village can groupped under 3 different strata as follows: 52 better- off households, 231 averaged households, and 56 poor households. The main activity is rainfed paddy rice production as seen the total areas of paddy rice fields in this village is about 237 hectares with the average yield of 3.5 tons per hectare.

As per village headman’s report, the annual total rice production is about 290 tons for the whole village, and there is a rice shortage for 6 months.

Livestock raising is found as secondary activity for villagers, as seen 873 buffaloes, 7 cattle, 462 pigs and 2837 poultry. Besides, fishing are also found as secondary activity in this village, as some fish types found consumed by villagers as pajat, carpe, pako, palat, pakang and pafa. Selling labour working in other ‘s rice fields are found as secondary activities for villagers. The average annual income for the whole village is approximate 17 millions kips.

Hunting, Gathering & Fishing: Page 14 of 15

Villagers together set rules of forest and wildlife conservation based on the forest law. About 1,258 hectares are accounted as forest area, in which 305 ha identified as reserve forest, and the rest as forest production. There is no upland fields, but it is reported that there is production forest for the village use of about 220 hectares. Villagers still have access to the use of forest resources as cut some trees for their house construction based on their requests to the village committee, fuelwood, and small logs for fencing.

Villagers also reported that wild animals still found in this areas as muntjak deer, wild boar, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cats, Tiger, elephants, bears, red monkey and others.

There are 3 main streams found nearby these villages (Houay pok, Khykai and Khynou) with other 2 wetlands as Nong Hoy and Nong Sala.

Opportunities:

Each household has enough land for agriculture practices

Enough tools /equipment for agriculture activities at household level.

Enough buffaloes as drought animals for site preparation.

Contraints/Problems:

Low productivity.

Fund supported for expanding their paddy fields (grant or loan)

draught, wild animal attack and insects damage agriculture production

Severe diseases occurred each year and affected livestock, esp. buffaloes (6,7, 10 & 11 month), pigs (3-6) & poultry (7).
Some families still not have buffaloes for their site preparation
Limitation of flat land for expansion their fields
Limitation of tools/equipment for their practices
Rice shortage during August till October

Agricultural activities schedule

Items of activities Period of agriculture activities Remark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rice plantation - Plowing - Seed bed - Transplanting - Harvesting - Threshing Gardening - Planting

IV. Education

One school with 5 complete grades is operated in the village with 6 teachers (all men). There are 148 pupils as the total number of total children attend school, one third of the total pupils are girls. The majority of girls is dropped after the second grade (see Table bellow) or very few still joint the three last grades. The reason of leaving school is for helping their parents household workload. It is also found about 10 pupils (all boys) attend lower secondary school at nearby village. Page 15 of 15

Number of school and student enrollment rate of the village

Type of school Number of Number of Number of the student school the class

Total Male Female

Pre-school No No no No No

Primary school 1

1st. class 2 73 23 50

2nd class 1 30 22 8

3rd class 1 16 16

4th class 1 10 10

5th class 1 19 18 1

148 89 59

Lower secondary school learn at the other village

1 st. year 4 4

2 nd. Year 5 5

3 th. Year 1 1

Higher secondary learn at the no no no other village School

Gender Issues:

All farm activities are shared by all members in the family. Labour within the family is distributed based on the size of workload and the culture, as women are responsible for transplanting rice seedlings, handicraft production for both household use and trading, and caring all household workload as feeding animals, fetching water for household use, firewood, children, cooking and cleanliness in the house. It is found there is high birth rate in this village due to many children found at each household.

In most activities in both village and household levels, women share their idea and experiences along with men as decision making, education and social works, but looking after household budget is women responsibilities.

Needs:

1. Primary school in the village

2. Strengthening the village organisation/committee

3. Settle a dispensary/health service in the village

4. Built road for better access to the village.

5. Electricity for the village use

Go back the Main Report Page 1 of 10

Appendix II

Village authority committee met in Houay Jot village

0. Mr. Bounlent, Village chief 1. Mr. Bounlieng, Deputy of village chief 2. Mr. Kien, Village agriculturist 3. Mr. Ninh, teacher 4. Mr. Thit, nurse 5. Mr. Noy Nhay, representative of the Youth Organisation 6. Mrs Meu, representative of Lao Women Union 7. Mr. Bounlieng, village security 8. Mr. Thit Lam, Volunteer 9. Mr. Ninh Noy, Front Organisation

Village authority committee met in Pak Pe village

1. Mr. Khampheo Chief of the village 2. Mr. Lamthong Deputy Chief of the village 3. Mr. Thongcheng Agriculture 4. Mr. Khamduang Education and Health 5. Mr. vilayphone Youth organization 6. Mrs. Pheune Loa women union 7. Mr. Lam Security 8. Mr. Thongcheng Clarify Committee 9. Mr. Thongcheng, Bounching and Lam Volunteer 10. Mr. Seum Front organization

Village authority committee meet in Nong Phanouan village

Village authority was composed with different sectors:

1. Mr. Khamphou Chief of the village 2. Mr. Thom Deputy Chief of the village 3. Mr. Not member 4. Mr. Bouasone Agriculture 5. Mr. Suang Health Education 6. Mr. Leb Youth organization 7. Mrs. Mouy Loa women union 8. Mr. Bouakham Clarify Committee 9. Mr. Suang Volunteer 10. Mr. Luam Front organization

Village authority committee met in Phok village

Village authority was composed with different sectors:

1. Mr. Kaykeo, Chief of the village 2. Mr. Soukhankeo, Deputy Chief of the village 3. Mr. Saysamone, ="= 4. Mr. Soukhanhkeo, village agriculturist 5. Mr. Pheng, Health service 6. Mr. Saysamone Representative of Youth organization 7. Mrs. Pheuy, Representative of Lao women’s union 8. Mr. Boun ngong , village security 9. Mr. Saysamone Volunteer 10. Mr. Duangpy Front organization

Page 2 of 10

Summary Data from 3 families of better -off households in Houay Jot village

Items unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mr. Mr. Mr. Ninh Bounlieng Bounlent 1. Number of people in family person 3 4 2 9 3 - female person 2 2 1 5 1 -main labor person 3 4 2 9 3 - secondary labor person 2. Area for production activities ha - rained upland rice ha - garden ha 1 1 1 3 1 - upland rice ha 0,5 1,5 0,5 1,5 0,5 - rice production kg 100 1200 400 1700 566,6 - rice sufficient month 12 10 12 34 9 - insufficient rice month 0 2 0 2 - - fish pond area ha 0,5 0,5 0,16 3. Livestock - Buffalo head 8 8 2 - Cattle head 2 2 - - Goat head - Horse head - Pig head - Chicken head 10 30 6 46 15 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip - Selling banana kip - Selling vegetables kip - Selling Honey kip 200,000 500,000 700,000 233,333 - Seeing coffee kip 1,000,000 5,000,000 600,000 6,600,000 2,200,000 - Selling Basket kip - Selling rice box kip - Selling mat kip 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip - Pig kip - Chicken kip - Duck kip - Fish kip - Wild animal kip 320,000 320,000 106,666 - Other kip 10,000 250,000 20,000 280,000 180,000 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 320,000 320,000 106,666 - for medicine kip 10,000 250,000 20,000 280,000 180,000 Page 3 of 10

- for clothes kip 20,000 300,000 40,000 360,000 120,000 - for gasoline kip 80,000 74,500 30,000 184,500 61,500 - for MSG kip 85,000 60,000 30,000 175,500 58,333 - for Salt kip 25,000 25,000 8,333 - for cigarette kip 70,000 150,000 220,000 73,333 - for education material kip - Other kip 65,000 215,000 95,000 375,000 125,000

Summary Data from 3 averaged households in Houay Jot village

Items unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mr. Nging Mr. Nieng Mr. Nimnoy 1. Number of people in family person 6 4 7 17 5 - female person 3 2 4 9 3 -main labor person 2 2 2 6 2 - secondary labor person 2 1 3 1 2. Area for production activities ha - rained upland rice ha - garden ha 1 1,5 2,5 0,8 - upland rice ha 1 0,2 0,5 1,7 0,5 - rice production kg 800 130 500 1,53 510 - rice sufficient month 8 5 5 18 6 - insufficient rice month 4 7 7 18 6 - fish pond area ha 3. Livestock - Buffalo head - Cattle head - Goat head - Horse head - Pig head - Chicken head 20 10 3 33 11 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip - Selling banana kip - Selling vegetables kip - Selling Honey kip 200,000 450,000 40,000 690,000 230,000 - Seeing coffee kip 900,000 900,000 300,000 - Selling Basket kip - Selling rice box kip - Selling mat kip 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip Page 4 of 10

- Pig kip 10,000 10,000 3,333 - Chicken kip 9,000 18,000 27,000 9,000 - Duck kip - Fish kip - Wild animal kip 318,000 318,000 106,000 - Other kip 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 300,000 480,000 540,000 1,320,000 440,000 - for medicine kip 20,000 5,000 20,000 450,000 15,000 - for clothes kip 220,000 30,000 25,000 275,000 91,666 - for gasoline kip 13,000 50,500 12,000 65,000 21,666 - for MSG kip 27,500 28,000 36,000 91,500 30,500 - for Salt kip - for cigarette kip - for education material kip 20,000 300 20,300 6,766 - Other kip 35,000 33,000 31,000 99,000 33,000

Summary Data from 3 poor households in Houay Jot village

Items unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mrs. Ngot Mrs. Ouy Mrs. Soy 1. Number of people in family person 3 1 4 8 2 - female person 1 1 2 4 1 -main labor person 1 old woman 1 2 2 - secondary labor person 2 2 1 2. Area for production activities ha - rained upland rice ha - garden ha - upland rice ha 0,25 0,25 0,11 - rice production kg 20 20 7 - rice sufficient month 2 2 6 - insufficient rice month 10 10 3 - fish pond area ha 2 2 0,06 3. Livestock - Buffalo head - Cattle head - Goat head - Horse head - Pig head - Chicken head 6 3 2 11 4 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip - Selling banana kip Page 5 of 10

- Selling Labor kip 258,000 682,000 940,000 313,333 - Selling vegetables kip - Selling Honey kip - Seeing coffee kip - Selling Basket kip - Selling rice box kip - Selling mat kip 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip - Pig kip - Chicken kip 6,000 6,000 2,000 - Duck kip - Fish kip 50,000 50,000 16,666 - Wild animal kip - Other kip 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 195,000 600,000 795,000 265,000 - for medicine kip 20,000 30,000 50,000 16,666 - for clothes kip 10,000 10,000 3,333 - for gasoline kip 15,000 15,000 30,000 10,000 - for MSG kip 15,500 20,000 35,000 11,666 - for Salt kip 5,000 5,000 1,666 - for chili kip 4,000 4,000 1,333 - for cigarette kip - for education material kip - Other kip 21,000 32,000 53,000 17,000

Summary table of Income and Expenditure within 3 socio- economic groups of Hoyjot village

No. Items Unit Better-off Average Poor Total Average Total Average Total Average I. Income 1. - Income from occupation Kip 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. - Income from secondary Kip 7,300,000 2,433,333 1,590,000 530,000 940,000 313,333 occupation 3. - Income from Livestock Kip 500,000 166,666 355,000 118,333 56,000 18,666 II. Expenditure 1. - for rice Kip 320,000 106,666 1,320,000 440,000 795,000 265,000 2. - for medicine kip 280,00 180,000 45,000 15,000 50,000 16,666 3. - other kip 1,340,000 446,666 550,800 183,598 137,000 45,666

Page 6 of 10

Summary Data from 5 families of better-off households of Pak Pe village

Items unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mr. Mr. Mr.Vilayvone Mr. Mr. Pheo Thongcheng Lam Bounvanh 1. Number of people in family person 7 5 5 4 8 29 5 - female person 4 4 3 2 5 18 4 - main labor person 4 2 2 2 2 12 2 - secondary person 1 2 0 0 2 5 1 labor 2. Area for production activities ha - rained upland ha 0 0 0 1 0 1 0,2 rice - garden ha 0 0 0 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,04 - upland rice ha 2 1 0,8 1 1 5,8 1,16 - rice production kg 1,700 1,000 750 666 750 4,866 973,2 - rice sufficient month 10 12 8 12 8 50 10 - insufficient month 2 0 4 0 4 10 2 rice - fish pond area ha no No no no no no no 3. Livestock - Buffalo head 2 2 - Cattle head - Goat head - Horse head - Pig head 1 1 1 3 - Chicken head 20 25 12 10 3 70 14 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip 20,000 20,000 4,000 - Selling kip banana - Selling kip 5,000 45,000 50,000 10,000 vegetables - Selling non- kip 600,000 200,000 400,000 200,000 300,000 1,170,000 340,000 timber product - Seeing coffee kip - Selling Basket kip 8,000 8,000 1,600 - Selling rice kip 6,000 6,000 1,200 box - Selling mat kip 50,000 25,000 20,000 30,000 125,000 25,000 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip - Pig kip 100,000 35,000 135,000 27,000 - Chicken kip 8,000 20,000 45,000 9,000 82,000 16,400 - Duck kip - Fish kip 6,000 20,000 26,000 5,200 Page 7 of 10

- Wild animal kip 60,000 60,000 12,000 - Other kip 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 95,000 90,000 140,000 325,000 65,000 - for medicine kip 150,000 6,000 - for clothes kip 85,000 - for kerosene kip 8,000 8,000 1,600 - for MSG kip 20,000 15,000 25,000 25,000 10,000 95,000 19,000 - for Salt kip 8,000 12,000 12,000 2,500 12,000 46,500 9,300 - for cigarette kip 30,000 11,000 41,000 8200 - for education kip 800 900 3,500 5,200 1,040 material - Other kip 55,000 30,500 30,000 20,000 117,500 23,500

Summary Data from 5 families of Averaged households of Pak Pe village

Items Unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Ngam Khamduang Bounching Phio Nge 1. Number of people in family person 6 7 3 4 4 24 5 - female person 5 5 1 4 2 18 3 - main labor person 3 2 2 3 2 12 2 - secondary labor person 2 4 1 0 2 9 1 2. Area for production activities ha 0,25 0,25 0,05 - rained upland rice ha 100 100 20 - garden ha - upland rice ha 2 1 1 1 1 6 0,2 - rice production kg 2,500 1,250 1,250 750 500 6,250 1,250 - rice sufficient month 12 9 12 12 8 53 10 - insufficient rice month 0 3 0 0 4 7 2 - fish pond area ha no No no no no no no 3. Livestock - Buffalo head 1 1 2 - Cattle head - Goat head - Horse head - Pig head 5 1 6 1 - Chicken head 10 7 15 32 6 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip 6,000 20,000 26,000 5,200 - Selling banana kip 48,000 48,000 9,600 - Selling chilies kip 15,000 150,000 3,000 - Selling non-timber kip 450,000 200,000 100,000 400,000 60,000 1,210,000 242,000 product - Seeing coffee kip Page 8 of 10

- Selling material for kip 50,000 50,000 16,000 20,000 135,000 27,000 urniture - Selling rice box kip - Selling mat kip 50,000 66,000 13,200 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip - Pig kip - Chicken kip 6,000 20,000 25,000 10,000 61,000 12,200 - Duck kip - Fish kip 50,000 50,000 10,000 - Wild animal kip 60,000 50,000 110,000 22,000 - Other kip 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 150,000 105,000 21,000 - for medicine kip 40,000 10,000 20,000 70,000 14,000 - for clothes kip 60,000 90,000 40,000 50,00 13,500 253,500 50,700 - for kerosene (for kip 8,000 12,000 5,000 25,000 5,000 lighting) - for MSG kip 50,000 20,000 3,000 25,000 15,000 113,000 22,600 - for Salt kip 21,000 4,800 2,000 8,000 35,800 7,160 - for cigarette kip - for education kip 5,000 5,000 1,000 material - Other kip 26,000 20,000 6,000 12,000 28,4600 74,460 14,892

Summary Data from 3 families of poor households of Pak Pe village

Items unite Family’s Leader Total Average Mrs. Neng Mrs. Mouat Mr. Kanh 1. Number of people in family person 1 1 3 5 1 - female person 1 1 2 4 1 -main labor person 1 1 1 3 1 - secondary labor person No no No no no 2. Area for production activities ha - rained upland rice ha - garden ha - upland rice ha 0,5 0,03 0,2 0,73 0,24 - rice production kg 275 150 250 675 225 - rice sufficient month 10 6 9 25 8 - insufficient rice month 2 6 3 11 4 - fish pond area ha 3. Livestock - Buffalo head - Cattle head - Goat head Page 9 of 10

- Horse head - Pig head 1 1 2 - Chicken head 10 10 3 - Duck head 4. Income from productivity - Selling rice kip - Selling banana kip - Selling vegetables kip 3,000 3,000 1,000 (chilies) - Selling non-timber kip 84,000 80,000 164,000 54,666 product - Seeing coffee kip - Selling Basket kip - Selling rice box kip - Selling mat kip 3,000 15,000 18,000 6,000 5. Income from livestock - Buffalo kip - Cattle kip - Pig kip 60,000 60,000 20,000 - Chicken kip 5,000 15,000 20,000 6,600 - Duck kip - Fish kip - Wild animal kip - Other kip 6. The expenditure - for rice kip 35,000 20,000 55,000 18,300 - for medicine kip - for clothes kip 5,000 7,500 20,000 32,500 10,833 - for gasoline kip - for MSG kip 19,000 5,000 24,000 8,000 - for Salt kip - for chili kip - for cigarette kip - for education material kip - Other kip 3,000 4,000 3,000 10,000 3,333

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Income and Expenditure Comparison between three socio-economic strata of Pakpe village

No. Items unit Rich (self-sufficient) Middle Poor Total Average Total Average Total Average I. Income 1. - Income from occupation kip 0 0 26,000 5,200 0 0 2. - Income from secondary occupation kip 1,409,000 281,800 1,474,000 294,800 185,000 61,666 3. - Income from Livestock kip 303,000 60,600 221,000 44,200 80,000 26,666 II. Expenditure 1. - for rice kip 325,000 65,000 106,000 21,000 55,000 18,333 2. - for medicine kip 161,00 32,200 70,000 14,000 0 10 3. - other kip 463,200 92,640 506,760 101,352 66,500 22,166

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