Introduction to Greek Grammar (Mounce ch. 1-4)

The Greek Alphabet:

Small Letter Capital Name Sound

a A Alpha a as in father

b B Beta b as in Bible

g G Gamma g as in God

d D Delta d as in dog

e E Epsilon e as in met

z Z Zeta z as in zoo

h H Eta e as in obey

q Q Theta th as in thing

i I Iota i as in inside

k K Kappa k as in kitchen

l L Lambda l as in lamb

m M Mu m as in mother

n N Nu n as in new

x X Xsi x as in axe

o O Omicron o as in pot

p P Pi p as in peach

r R Rho r as in rod

s, j S Sigma s as in study

t T Tau t as in talk

u U Upsilon u as in book

f F Phi ph as in phone

c C Chi ch as in chasm

y Y Psi ps as in lips

w W Omega o as in tone

1 Vowels:

English Greek

Short Long Vowels Vowel Vowel

a a

e e h

i i

o o w

u u

Notice how in Greek there are two more vowels. There is a long “e” and a long “o.” The difference is in their pronunciation. It will be important to identify them for translation.

Dipthongs:

A dipthong is basically two vowels that go together to form one sound. The second vowel is always a iota (i) or an upsilon (u). These are not separate letters or consonants, but rather combinations of vowels that go together to produce a unique sound.

Dipthong Sound Example

ai as in aisle ai;rw “I lift up”

ei as in eight eivj “into, in, towards”

oi as in oil oivki,a “house, home, property”

au as in sauerkraut auvto,j “he, she, it”

ou as in soup ouvde, “neither, not”

ui as in suite ui`o,j “son”

eu,hu as in feud euvdoke,w “I am pleased”

2 There are also three letters that take a subscripted iota. The letters alpha (a), eta (h), and omega (w) will have a small iota (i) underneath the letter. When this happens, it is called in improper dipthong. There is no effect on the pronunciation, but they are very important in translation so you must recognize them.

Each of these improper dipthongs are have the same pronunciation as their letter.

a| a as in father w[ra| “hour”

h| e as in obey grafh,| “scriptures”

w| o as in tone lo,gw| “word”

Consonants:

Letters other than vowels are called consonants. The consonants can be classified as follows:

Liquid l, m, n, r

Mute Palatal k, g, c

Labial p, b, f

Dental t, d, q

Sibilant s (j), z, x, y

Notice that there are two forms for the sigma (s). The alternate form (j) is only found when the sigma is found at the end of a word. There is no change in meaning. Note the word sei,smoj (seismos).

The letters are put in different groups based on the way the air flows out of the mouth when they are pronounced. Liquids have a smooth air flow. Mutes momentarily stop the air flow. Sibilants produce a “hissing” sound.

These groupings are important, because whatever happens to the ending of a word that ends in a tau (t), also happens in the same way to a delta (d) or a theta (q). The same is true for the Palatals and the Dentals. If you learn this pattern, then you can predict what changes are going to take place (or have taken place) to a given word.

3 Note this chart below for what happens when a Palatal, Labial, or Dental combines with a s.

Palatal k, g, c + s = x

Labial p, b, f + s = y

Dental (z) t, d, q + s = s

When the Palatal consonants are followed by a sigma (s) in a word, they combine together to form a different letter altogether (x). This makes sense, because if a kappa (k) combines with a sigma (s), you would get a “ks” kind of sound which is a ksi (x).

Notice that the dentals as well as the zeta (z) combine with a sigma (s) to form a sigma (s). In essence, the dental or zeta drops off altogether and the only letter remaining is the sigma (s).

EXAMPLE:

sko,lop + s = sko,loy

sa,rk + s = sa,rx

ca,rit + s = ca,rij

In addition to the dentals “dropping out” when followed by a sigma, there are two other rules that are needed:

1. When a nu (n) is followed by a sigma (s), the nu drops out.

lo,go + ns = lo,goj  (lo,gouj)

2. A tau (t) cannot stand at the end of a word, and will drop off.

pant + s = pa/j

ovno,mat = o;noma

4 Breathing:

Every word beginning with a vowel has a breathing mark. There are two breathing marks; rough and smooth. The breathing marks looks like the chart below:

BREATHING NAME SOUND

v Smooth No sound is made

` Rough Like the letter ‘h” in help Sounded before the vowel or dipthong is pronounced

The rough breathing is placed over the 1st vowel and adds an ‘h’ sound to the word. The word u`pe,r is pronounced “huper.” Every word that begins with a rho (r) or an upsilon (u) takes a rough breathing.

The smooth breathing is placed over the 1st vowel and is not pronounced. The word avpo,stoloj is pronounced a po, sto los.”

Accents:

There are three accents in the Greek language. They always stand over vowels, or the 2nd letter of a dipthong, but never over consonants. Almost every Greek word has an accent. It is placed over a vowel, and show which syllable receives the accent, or strong tone when the word is pronounced. Accents can only stand over one of the last three syllables of a word. There are three accents, and they are as follows:

Acute , pitch goes up on the accented syllable

Circumflex / pitch goes up then down on the accented syllable

Grave . pitch goes down on the accented syllable

Accents are not critical for Beginning Greek Grammar, however you will need to recognize accents, especially the circumflex for verbs because the accents indicate that the word has changed from its Lexical Form somewhat. For now, just memorize the three accents and their purpose.

5 Punctuation:

There are four punctuation marks used in the Greek New Testament. They are listed below:

Comma (

Full Stop Å

Colon \

Question Mark È

Syllabification:

There are as many syllables in a word as it has separate vowels or dipthongs. Wherever possible, a syllable should begin with a consonant. Where two or more consonants appear together, just divide between the consonants. Greek word form syllables basically in the same way as English. Follow common sense

Syllabification is important in that it will cause you to be able to pronounce words correctly.

1. There is one vowel or dipthong per syllable.

2. A single consonant by itself goes with the following vowel. If the consonant is the last letter in the word, it will go with the preceding vowel.

3. Two consecutive vowels, which do not form a dipthong, are divided and go in different syllables.

4. Two or more consonants that do not begin a word are divided, and the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel.

5. Two or more consonants that begin a word go with the following vowel.

6. Double consonants (two letters that are the same) are divided.

7. A consonant plus a mu (m) or a nu (n) goes with the following vowel.

8. Compound words (two words joined together) are divided where they are joined.

6 Grammar Refresher (Mounce ch. 5)

Parts of Speech:

Greek grammar is identical to English with the parts of speech. The parts of speech that we will be dealing with in the Greek New Testament are listed below:

 Definite Article. The definite article is the word “the.” This is the only thing that it can be, and it describes a noun.

 Noun. A noun is a person, place, thing, or abstract concept. Names of people and places are nouns. Things that are concrete like “book,” or “car” are nouns. Abstract concepts or thoughts like “wisdom” or “happiness” are nouns.

 Adjective. An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun. It usually answers the questions “What kind of?” or “How many?”

 Pronoun. A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun. The noun that it points back to is called its “antecedent.” It can be personal or impersonal (I, you, he, she, it, they).

 Verb. A verb is a word that describes an action or a state of being. States of being are usually described by the verb “to be.” (is, was, will be, am, are). A verb can also be called the predicate.

 Adverb. An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It can never modify or describe a noun. It usually answers questions such as “Where?” “When?” “How?” “Why?” and “To what degree?”

 Preposition. A preposition is a word that shows a relationship between two other words. The relationship can be spatial or directional (under the bed, to the church), or it can be temporal (after the sermon).

 Conjunction. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects to words, two phrases, two clauses, or even two sentences or paragraphs together. Typical conjunctions are the words “and,” “but,” “for,” “since,” “even,” and “therefore.”

Sentence Structure:

A sentence is made up of all the parts of speech. The objective of translating any sentence (whether in your own language, English, or Greek) is to break the sentence down into its various parts of speech, and to rebuild it again into a sentence diagram reflecting the various functions within the sentence. The functions within a sentence are listed below:

 Main Subject. The main subject is the main noun of the sentence, and is the subject of the action of the main verb.

 Main Verb. The main verb is the main verb of the sentence. It usually presents the main idea of the sentence and is the focal point.

7  Direct Object. The Direct Object is the recipient of the action of the main verb. In active verbs, the Subject is doing the action and the Direct Object receives the action of the main verb. In the sentence, “Billy sang a song.” the word “song” is the direct object because it received the action of singing.

 Indirect Object. The Indirect Object is the recipient of the Direct Object. It does not receive any action. In the sentence, “I threw Bill the ball.” the word “Bill” is the Indirect Object because he received the ball.

 Modifiers. All modifiers like the definite article, adjectives, and adverbs are placed directly below the word that they modify in a sentence diagram.

 Phrases. There are three types of phrases (prepositional phrase, participle phrase, and infinitive phrase). A phrase will never contain a verb. It is made up of either a preposition, participle, or infinitive, along with the object of the phrase, which will be a noun or pronoun. A phrase must stick together and cannot be broken apart on the sentence diagram. Phrases may either act adverbially or adjectivally. Sometimes they can act substantively (in place of a noun).

 Clause. There are many different types of clauses. You will need to refer to an English Grammar to get a complete understanding of their uses. All clauses contain a verb, but they usually cannot stand alone in the sentence. Types of clauses are relative, temporal, comparative, conditional, purpose, and result. There are many more. Clauses may either act adverbially or adjectivally like the phrases, and they also can act substantively.

8 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 18-21)

Word Pronunciation Definition a;ggeloj “angelos” angel, messenger avmh,n “amen” amen, verily, truly, so let it be a;nqrwpoj “anthropos” man, mankind, human being avpo,stoloj “apostolos” apostle, one who is sent Galilai,a “Galilaia” Galilee grafh, “grapheh” writing, Scripture do,xa “doxa” glory evgw, “ego” I e;scatoj “eskatos” last zwh, “zoeh” life Qeo,j “theos” God, god kai, “kai” and, also, even kardi,a “kardia” heart ko,smoj “kosmos” world lo,goj “logos” word pneu/ma “pneuma” Spirit, spirit, wind, breath profh,thj “prophetas” prophet sa,bbaton “sabbaton” Sabbath, week fwnh, “phoneh” voice, sound, noise cristo,j “Christos” Christ, Messiah, anointed one

Sight Words

VAbraa,m Abraham Daui,d David VIhsou/j Jesus VIsrah,l Israel Ma/rkoj Mark Mwu?sh/j Moses Pau/loj Paul Pe,troj Peter Pila/toj Pilate Si,mwn Simon

9 1st and 2nd Declension Nouns (Mounce ch. 6-7)

Nouns and Adjectives:

Nouns and adjectives are found in four cases. A case, “case ending” is a suffix added to the end of a particular word (noun or adjective) for the purpose of identifying the function of the noun or adjective in the sentence. The case ending indicates whether the noun is a subject, object, direct object, or acting possessively.

A noun is said to be “inflected” (given in its various forms) so that the endings show which case is involved in the particular noun or adjective. A noun or adjective will have four inflections, or four cases.

All nouns and adjectives have a basic stem, or root. The case endings are then added to the root to get the combined meaning of the noun or adjective along with its function in the sentence.

NB!! You will never see a noun or adjective with just the stem or without a case ending. All nouns and adjectives must have a case ending. The student’s objective is to identify the case ending to determine the function, and then identify the vocabulary word from the stem to determine the meaning. Both the function and the meaning are required for an accurate translation.

 avpo,stolo is the stem of the Greek word for “apostle”  The j is added as a case ending to form the Greek noun avpo,stoloj  The case ending does not change the meaning of the word  The case ending indicates the function of the word (subject, object, direct object, etc.)  Adjectives and nouns have exactly the same rules for case endings and declensions

For the purposes of this section, we will only be looking at nouns.

Case Endings:

Every noun must have a case, which is indicated by the case ending. This is a particular suffix that is added to the end of the noun. Each case ending determines how the particular noun functions in the sentence. There are four cases for each noun in the Greek language, and all the cases with their functions are listed below. The charts for the case endings are listed at the end of this section.

1. Nominative  Indicates the subject of the sentence 2. Genitive  Indicates ownership (can be translated ‘of the …’) 3. Dative  Indicates the indirect object (can be translated ‘to the …’) 4. Accusative  Indicates the direct object of the sentence

10 Declensions:

There are three classes of nouns, depending on the letter that is at the end of the noun stem. These classes are called “declensions.” The declension of a noun does not affect its meaning, but only affects the form of the case ending. The declensions are as follows:

1. 1st declension  The noun ends in an alpha “a”or an eta “h” 2. 2nd declension  The noun ends in a omicron “o” 3. 3rd declension  The noun ends in any consonant or non-vowel

1st declension nouns are primarily feminine, while 2nd declension nouns are either masculine or neuter. 3rd declension nouns can be either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and will be discussed in a later section. This section will only deal with 1st and 2nd declension nouns.

The declension of a noun (meaning whether the noun stem ends in an omicron “o,”alpha “a,” or an eta “h”) only indicates which case ending will be found on the noun. The charts at the end of this section show the different case endings for each declension

Stem, Gender, Number:

The stem of a noun is what is left after the case ending is removed. Or, put another way, the stem is the basic root noun without any case endings. The stem of lo,goj is lo,go, and carries the actual meaning of the word.

The gender of a noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and every noun has one gender that never changes. The only way to know this or to identify a masculine, neuter, or feminine noun is to memorize the vocabulary definition.

The number of a noun is basically just two; the singular or the plural. All of the characteristics of gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) and number (singular or plural) are found and defined by the case ending on every noun.

 There are three declensions possible—1st, 2nd, and 3rd declensions  1st declension nouns are always feminine nouns  1st declension nouns always end with an alpha “a,” or an eta “h”  2nd declension nouns are always masculine or neuter nouns  2nd declension noun stems always end with an omicron “o”  3rd declension nouns can be masculine, neuter, or feminine  3rd declension nouns end in a non vowel consonant  The particular declension of a noun will determine which chart to use to find a particular case ending

Lexical Form:

The lexical form (dictionary form) of a noun is its nominative singular form. The word for apostle would be listed in the Greek Lexicon as avpo,stoloj.

11 Examples:

Remember, the basic root of a noun does not include the case ending. There will never be a time when just a root appears in a sentence. A Greek word must always be a combination of a root and case ending. The following examples show the case endings in the singular—the plural form of the nouns will all have different case endings.

Root + Case = usable word in a sentence Ending avpo,stolo + j = nominative of avpo,stolo  avpo,stoloj avpo,stolo + u = genitive of avpo,stolo  avpo,stolou avpo,stolo + i = dative of avpo,stolo  avpo,stolw| avpo,stolo + n = accusative of avpo,stolo  avpo,stolon

Root + Case = usable word in a sentence Ending avgaph, + = nominative of avgaph,  avgaph, avgaph, + j = genitive of avgaph,  avgaph/j avgaph, + i = dative of avgaph,  avgaph|/ avgaph, + n = accusative of avgaph,  avgaph,n

Root + Case = usable word in a sentence Ending euvagge,lio + n = nominative of euvagge,lio  euvagge,lion euvagge,lio + u = genitive of euvagge,lio  euvagge,liou euvagge,lio + i = dative of euvagge,lio  euvagge,liw| euvagge,lio + n = accusative of euvagge,lio  euvagge,lion

Review the charts in Mounce—page 47

12 The Definite Article:

There is no indefinite article in the Greek language. This means that there is no word for “a” or “an” in the Greek language. In English we might say “a man” or “an elephant” but in the Greek language there would be no word to translate “a” or “an”. There is a definite article, and in fact, the definite article is the only article in the Greek language.

The definite article must agree with the noun or adjective that it modifies in case, number, and gender. For example, a masculine noun (regardless of whether it is a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd declension noun) in the nominative plural always uses a masculine nominative plural article.

The paradigm for the definite article is listed below:

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative Singular o` h` to. Genitive Singular tou/ th/j tou/ Dative Singular tw/| th/| tw/| Accusative Singular to.n th,n to. Nominative Plural oi` ai` ta. Genitive Plural tw/n tw/n tw/n Dative Plural toi/j tai/j toi/j Accusative Plural tou.j ta,j ta.

NB!! Knowing the definite article is the key to knowing the noun system. If you can identify the case, number, and gender of the definite article, then you will know the case, number, and gender of the noun that follows. This is all there is, so know them well!

Translation Hint:

When a noun does not have an article, the idea of quality of the noun is emphasized. Therefore the noun a;nqrwpoj without the article may be translated “a man” or can also be thought of as “one having the qualities of a man.”

When a noun has an article, the article is usually translated “the.” In this case the noun stresses personality rather than quality. It is also showing definiteness or specificity. Quality is more general, personality is very specific.

When proper nouns have the article, then the article is not translated. o` Pe,troj would not be translated “the Peter,” but would be translated “Peter,” and o` qeo,j would not be translated “the God,” but would be translated “God.”

13 The Eight Noun Rules (listed in Mounce)

1. Stems ending in alpha “a” or eta “h” are in the 1st declension, and stems ending in omincron “o”are in the 2nd declension, and stems ending in a consonant are in the 3rd declension.

2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative cases.

3. Almost all neuter words have a case ending in alpha “a” in the nominative and accusative plural.

4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible. A vowel can only subscript under a long vowel.

5. Vowels often change their length. An omega can shorten to an omicron, or an omicron can lengthen to an omega.

6. In the genitive and the dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical.

7. Memorize the square of stops (defined in the section on 3rd declension nouns)

8. A tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.

Nouns will function in a sentence in the following ways:

 Subject of the sentence  Direct Object of the sentence  Indirect Object of the sentence  Object of a prepositional phrase  Object of a participle phrase  Object of an infinitive phrase  Subject, Direct Object, or Indirect Object of a subordinate clause

Summary of the Noun Cases:

 Nominative A noun in the Nominative case is always the subject

 Genitive A noun in the Genitive case shows possession

 Dative A noun in the Dative case is often the indirect object

 Accusative A noun in the Accusative case is always the direct object

Nouns in the Genitive and Dative cases can be diagrammed as a prepositional phrase.

14 Masculine Nouns 2nd Declension (o ending)

Masculine Neuter CASE Article Noun Translation Article Noun Translation

Nominative o` lo,goj --a word to. e;rgon --a work Singular

Genitive tou/ lo,gou --of a word tou/ e;rgou --of a work Singular

Dative tw/| lo,gw| --to a word tw/| e;rgw| --to a work Singular

Accusative to.n lo,gon --a word to. e;rgon --a work Singular

Nominative oi` lo,goi --words ta. e;rga --works Plural

Genitive tw/n lo,gwn --of words tw/n e;rgwn --of works Plural

Dative toi/j lo,goij --to words toi/j e;rgoij --to works Plural

Accusative tou.j lo,gouj --words ta. e;rga --works Plural

15 Feminine Nouns 1st Declension

h ending a ending CASE Article Noun Translation Article Noun Translation

Nominative h` grafh, --a scripture h` w[ra --an hour Singular

Genitive th/j grafh/j --of a scripture th/j w[raj --of an hour Singular

Dative th/| grafh/| --to a scripture th/| w[ra| --to an hour Singular

Accusative th,n grafh.n --a scripture th,n w[ran --an hour Singular

Nominative ai` grafai. --scriptures ai` w[rai --hours Plural

Genitive tw/n grafw/n --of scriptures tw/n w[rw/n --of hours Plural

Dative tai/j grafai/j --to scriptures tai/j w[rai/j --to hours Plural

Accusative ta,j grafa.j --scriptures ta,j w[raj --hours Plural

16 Principles of Diagramming Greek Sentences

1. Make a line that looks like this:

______|______

2. Write the subject on the left and the verb on the right

 The subject is always a noun or pronoun in the nominative case  If there is no nominative, then the subject is implied in the verb

____NOMINATIVE______|____VERB______

3. If there is an object, make another vertical line to the right of the verb

__nominative___|____verb____|___accusative____

4. All adjectives must either go under a nominative or accusative. The adjective will be the same case as the word that it is modifying

__nominative___|____verb____|___accusative____ |__nominative |__accusative

5. All dative words will go under the verb

__nominative___|____verb____|___accusative____ |_nominative |__dative_ |__accusative

6. All genitive words will go under either a nominative or accusative noun

__nominative___|____verb____|___accusative____ |__nominative |__dative_ |__accusative |__genitive |__genitive

17 7. Examples of diagramming simple Greek Sentences

Note: The verbs are identified by the words in boxes

Nominative Accusative The father loves the son o` path.r filei/ to.n ui`o.n

_o` path.r_ ___|__filei/ __|_to.n ui`o.n____

Jesus said to him Nominative le,gei auvtw/| o` VIhsou/j

__o` VIhsou/j ___|__ le,gei __|______|_auvtw/|__ Dative

He spoke the word to them evla,lei auvtoi/j to.n lo,gon (No nominative subject—it is implied in the verb)

Nominative Accusative

____(He)____|_evla,lei__|__to.n lo,gon_____ |_auvtoi/j__ Dative

The good man out of the good treasure gives good (things) o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj evk tou/ avgaqou/ qhsaurou/ evkba,llei avgaqa, (Matt. 12:35)

Nominative Accusative Subject

_ __|_ __|______o` a;nqrwpoj evkba,llei avgaqa, Prep Phrase |_avgaqo.j_ |__evk tou/ qhsaurou/__ |_avgaqou/__ Genitive Nominative Adjective

18 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 40-41)

Word Pronunciation Definition avgaph, “agape” love a;lloj “allos” other, another auvto,j “autos” he, she, it, (plural: they) basilei,a “baslieia” kingdom de, “de” but, and evn “en” in, on, among e;rgon “ergon” work kairo,j “kairos” appointed time, season nu/n “nun” now, presently (adverb) o`, h`, to, “ho, he, to” the o;ti “hoti” that, since, because ouv, ouvk, ouvc “ou, ouk, oux” not w;ra “ora” hour

19 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 51-52)

Word Definition a`marti,a sin avrch, beginning, ruler ga,r for, then ei=pen he / she / it said eivj into, in, among evxousi,a authority, power euvagge,lion good news, Gospel vIhsou/j Jesus, Joshua ku,rioj Lord, lord, master, sir mh, no ouvrano,j heaven, sky ou=toj this, (plural: these) su, you (singular) uivo,j son, descendent w[ste therefore, so that

20 Prepositions (Mounce ch. 8)

Definitions:

 Prepositions are words which are usually placed before the word they modify, and usually define the relationship between two words.

 The word following a preposition is called the object of the preposition.

 A preposition together with its object is called a prepositional phrase.

 Prepositions are words like “under,” “over,” “through,” “with,” that usually indicate direction or association.

 In Greek, a particular preposition will change meaning depending on the case of its object.

 In Greek, the form (spelling) of a particular preposition does not change no matter what the case of its object (except in a few certain cases). The spelling stays the same.

Rules:

1. The only time that a preposition changes spelling is if the preposition typically ends in a vowel and the object that follows begins with a vowel. When this happens, the final vowel of the preposition is dropped and replaced with an apostrophe. The example below is for the prepositional phrase “with him.” It will not be written “para autoi” but rather “par’ autoi.”

para auvtw/|  parV auvtw/|

2. When a preposition is followed by an object in the genitive or dative case, do not translate with the word “of” for the possessive genitive or “in” with the dative. This is not done because these nouns are not subjective nouns, but they are objects of a prepositional phrase.

Typically: o` lo,goj tou/ qeou/ will be translated “the word of God”

The word “of” is used in translation because tou/ qeou/ is in the genitive

When we see: o` lo,goj avpo. qeou/ we translate “the word from God” even though qeou/ is in the genitive because we would not say “the word from of God.” The word qeou/ is in the genitive because it is an object of a prepositional phrase and not because it is possessive.

21 Present Tense Form of eivmi, (The Verb “to be”)

Present Tense Translation

1st Person Singular eivmi, I am

2nd Person Singular ei= You are

3rd Person Singular evsti,(n)* He / she / it is

1st Person Plural evsme,n We are

2nd Person Plural evste, You are

3rd Person Plural eivsi,(n)* They are

* A movable nu (n) is a nu that occurs at the end of a word that ends in a vowel when that word is followed b a a word beginning with a vowel. So, the 3rd person singular and the 3rd person plural will end in a nu (n) when the following word begins with a vowel.

The point here is not to write Greek, but to simply recognize that a movable nu (n) is present and to identify the form of eivmi,.

evpi,

eivmipro,j, eivmiavpo, , eivmievn ,

eivmidia, , Mounce p. 60 eivmieivj , eivmievk ,

para, eivmiuvpo, ,

22 Preposition Memory Chart

Genitive Dative Accusative avpo. from, away from

dia. through, by means of, on account of

eivj into, in, at, on, upon

evk, evx from, out of

evpi. on, upon, over, at on, at, in, with, near by on, upon, in, against

evn in, on, at, near, by

para, from, of, by, with beside, in the presence alongside of, beside, of by pro.j for, for the sake of at, on, near to, towards, with

u`po, by, by means of under, below

A prepoposition may be followed by an object noun in the genitive, dative, or accusative

NB!! Remember that a preposition always begins a prepositional phrase and always is followed by an object (noun). The noun is the object of the prepositional phrase. All prepositional phrases can either act adjectivally, or adverbially depending on the question that the phrase answers. The questions “How many?” and “What kind of?” are adjectival questions. The questions “When?” “Where?” “How?” “To what degree?” and “Why?” are adverbial questions.

A preposition can never be separated from its object in a sentence diagram. The two must go together as a separate, united thought.

23 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 60-62)

Word Definition avlla but, yet, except avpo, (avp v a,f v) (away) from dia, (di )v through, on account of eivmi, I am, exist, live, am present evk (evx) from, out of h`me,ra day h=n he/she/it was qa,lassa sea, lake qa,natoj death i[na in order that, that

~Iwa,nnhj John le,gw I say, speak meta, (met v meq v) with, after oivki,a house, home oi-koj house, home o[cloj crowd, multitude para, (par v) from, beside, in the presence of, alongside of parabolh, parable pro,j to, towards, with u`po, (u`p v u`f v) by, under

24 Adjectives (Mounce ch. 9)

Definitions:

 An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

 Adjectives can function adjectivally (they modify a noun). “He is a good preacher.”

 Adjectives can function substantivally (they act like a noun). “The poor you will always have with you.” In this case, the adjective “poor” does not modify anything, but acts like a noun and functions as a direct object to the verb “you will have.”

Rules:

1. The adjective must always agree with the noun that it is modifying. Because of this, adjectives can be in three different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter). The adjective must also agree in case and number with the noun that it modifies.

2. The adjective will use the identical case endings as the noun charts in the previous section. This is why it is important to memorize the gender and case endings of all nouns. For example, a feminine adjective can only modify a feminine noun.

3. There are three positions of an adjective within a sentence. They are the attributive, the predicate, and independent positions.

 Attributive The adjective gives a quality or attribute to the noun that it is modifying. “The tall man sings very well.” It answers the questions “what kind of?” or “how many?”

 Predicate The adjective tells something about the word. It is translated by putting the word “is” in context. “That man is tall.” “My Bible is black.”

 Independent This is when the adjective is functioning substantivally, meaning that it is functioning as a noun. It is in the independent position because there is no noun for it to modify, so it is independent.

4. The Lexical Form of any adjective (any word that can have multiple genders) is the nominative masculine singular form.

25 Adjectival Use of the Adjective:

1. Attributive Position

When an adjective is in the attributive position, it will be preceded by the definite article. It will be (article + adjective + noun) or (article + noun + article + adjective).

o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj  The good man

o` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.j  The good man (or literally “the man, the good one”)

These are both translated the same in English as “the good man.” Notice that the article precedes the adjective in both cases.

2. Predicate Position

When an adjective is in the predicate position, it will not be preceded by the definite article.

o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j  The man is good

avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj  The man is good (or literally “good is the man”)

Notice that the noun will have the definite article. In this case, you must supply the verb “is” to complete the translation and to show that the article is explaining something about the noun that it is modifying.

Where no article is before the noun or adjective, context must determine whether the adjective is used attributively or predicatively.

Substantival Use of the Adjective:

If an adjective is used substantively, then there will be no noun to modify. If this is the case, then usually the adjective is preceded by the article. For example “the poor.”

In order to translate the sentence, you will have to look at the context to determine where the adjective should go and how it functions. If an adjective is acting substantively, then its case will determine how it functions in the sentence. If it has a nominative ending, it will act as the subject. If it has an accusative ending, it will function as a direct object.

Gender and number of a substantival adjective are determined by the noun that it is replacing. You should follow natural gender in deciding how to translate and what words you need to add to fill out the context. Feminine adjectives would be given a feminine gender and masculine adjectives would be given a masculine gender.

avgaqo.j would be translated “a good man” because it is the masculine singular

avgaqai` would be translated “a good woman” because it is in the feminine singular

26 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 69-70)

Word Definition avgaqo,j good, useful avgaphto,j beloved aivw,nioj eternal avllh,lwn one another avpekri,qh he / she / it answered dou/loj slave, servant eva,n if, when evmo,j, evmh, , evmo,n my, mine evntolh, commandment kaqw,j as, even as kako,j bad, evil mou (evmou/) my nekro,j dead, dead body, corpse pisto,j faithful, believing ponhro,j evil, bad prw/toj first, earlier tri,toj third

27 3rd Declension Nouns (Mounce Ch. 10)

Definitions:

 A 3rd declension noun is a noun whose stem ends in a consonant (not o, a, or h)

 The declension of a noun (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) has no effect on its meaning

 You will need to identify the declension in order to identify the vocabulary word

 3rd declension case endings are very similar to 1st and 2nd declension nouns

 Remember, the function (meaning) of a noun is the same, only the form is different

 The definite article will either be masculine, feminine, or neuter

1st / 2nd Declension 3rd Declension Masculine Feminine Neuter Masc / Fem Neuter Nominative Singular j (-) n j (-)

Genitive Singular u j u oj oj

Dative Singular i i i i i

Accusative Singular n n n a / n (-)

Nominative Plural i i a ej a

Genitive Plural wn wn wn wn wn

Dative Plural ij ij ij si(n) si(n)

Accusative Plural uj j a aj a

Remember that a 3rd declension noun ends in a consonant. This means that when the noun ends in a labial, dental, or other consonant, then changes will occur. sark + s = sarkx

28 3rd Declension Endings when attached to the stem vowel:

1st / 2nd Declension 3rd Declension Masculine Feminine Neuter Masc / Fem Neuter Nominative Singular oj a h on j (-) (-)

Genitive Singular ou aj hj ou oj oj

Dative Singular w| a| h| w| i i

Accusative Singular on an hn n a / n (-)

Nominative Plural oi ai a ej a

Genitive Plural wn wn wn wn wn

Dative Plural oij aij oij si(n) si(n)

Accusative Plural ouj aj a aj a

 Note that the genitive plural ending (wn) is the same for all declensions

 If you memorize the genitive singular ending of a word, when you drop the ending (oj) then you will almost always have its root

 Whatever happens in the nominative singular also happens in the dative plural because both add a sigma to the root

 A nu (n) will always drop out when followed by a sigma, like in the nominative singular and dative plural

 A tau (t) will drop out if it is followed by a sigma (j) or if it is at the end of a word

29 Paradigm with three words:

CASE k – stem mat – stem n – stem sark onomat tin

Nominative Singular sa,rx o[noma ti,j

Genitive Singular sark o,j ovno,mat oj ti,n oj

Dative Singular sark i, ovno,mat i ti,n i

Accusative Singular sa,rk a o[noma ti,n a

Nominative Plural sa,rk ej ovno,mat a ti,n ej

Genitive Plural sark w/n ovnoma,t wn ti,n wn

Dative Plural sarx i,(n) ovno,ma si(n) ti, si(n)

Accusative Plural sa,rk aj ovno,mat a ti,n aj

30 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 162-63)

Word Definition a[gioj holy, saint eiv if eiv mh except, if not ei-j, mi,a, e[n one h[dh now, already o[noma name, reputation ouvdei,j , ouvdemi,a, ouvde,n no one, none, nothing pa/j, pa/sa, pa/n each, every, all peri, concerning, about, around sa,rx, sarko,j flesh su,n with sw/ma body te,knon child, descendant ti,j, ti, who? what? which? why? tij, ti certain one, thing, anyone, anything

31 Personal Pronouns (Mounce ch. 11)

Definitions:

 A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. “It” is finished. The word “It” is a pronoun referring back to a noun in a previous sentence.

 A personal pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person. Personal pronouns are the words (I, you, he, she, they).

 The noun (personal name) that the pronoun refers to is called an antecedent.

 Indefinite pronouns can be 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person

 Personal pronouns are only 1st or 2nd person

 In English, there is no way to distinguish between the 2nd person singular (you) and the 2nd person plural (you). The only way to do this is to say “y’all” when referring to the 2nd person plural, but unfortunately our Bibles are not translated this way.

Rules:

1. Memorize the personal pronoun paradigm chart.

2. In the plural, the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns are identical except for the first letter.

3. The 1st and 2nd person genitive, dative, and accusative pronouns can add an epsilon or an accent for purposes of emphasis. The basic structure of the words, however, is the same.

4. The case of a personal pronoun is determined by its function in the sentence, and the number and gender of the personal pronoun is determined by its antecedent.

5. There is no gender specified for personal pronouns.

6. The Lexical Form is always the nominative singular.

7. When declining a 1st or 2nd personal pronoun, list the case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), number (singular, plural), person (1st person, 2nd person), lexical form and the inflected meaning (translation).

For example, when declining the pronoun sou you would write:

CASE Genitive NUMBER Singular PERSON 2nd Person LEXICAL FORM sou/ TRANSLATION of you

32 Personal Pronoun Chart

1st Person 2nd Person

Nominative Singular evgw, -- I su, -- you

Genitive Singular evmou/ (mou) – my sou/ (sou) -- your

Dative Singular evmoi, (moi) -- to me soi, (soi) -- to you

Accusative Singular evme, (me) – me se, (se) -- you

Nominative Plural h`mei/j -- we u`mei/j -- you

Genitive Plural h`mw/n -- our u`mw/n -- your

Dative Plural h`mi/n -- to us u`mi/n -- to you

Accusative Plural h`ma/j -- us u`ma/j -- you

The genitive, dative, and accusative 1st person singular pronouns can be shown either way. Sometimes an emphatic epsilon is put in front of the pronoun and an accent at the end of the pronoun to add emphasis. The 2nd person singular pronoun will not add an epsilon, but it will add an accent for emphasis.

Notice that the 1st and 2nd person plurals are almost identical except for their beginning letter. The 1st person plural begins with an eta (h) and the 2nd person plural begins with an upsilon (u). Remember that an eta comes before an upsilon, so personal pronouns beginning with an eta are 1st person and personal pronouns beginning with an upsilon are 2nd person.

33 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 96-97)

Word Definition avdelfo,j brother a;n untranslatable avnh,r, a`ndro,j man, male, husband e`kklhsi,a church, assembly, congregation e`lpi,j hope, expectation e;xw without, outside e`pi, on, over, when, on the basis of, at, to, against h`mei/j we qe,lhma will, desire i`de, behold!, see! i`dou, behold!, see! kalo,j beautiful, good mh,thr mother ou`de, and not, not even, neither, nor path,r father pi,stij faith, belief u[dwr water u`mei/j you (plural) fw/j light ca,rij grace, favor, kindness w-de here

34 3rd Person Pronoun auvto,j (Mounce ch. 12)

Definitions:

 The word auvto,j is the 3rd person pronoun.

 Unlike the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns, auvto,j has gender.

 auvto,j is found in the masculine, feminine, and neuter.

 auvto,j is in the 1st declension (feminine) and 2nd declension (masculine, neuter).

 The gender and number of auvto,j is determined by the gender and number of its antecedent.

 auvto,j uses case endings just like nouns.

 The Lexical Form of auvto,j is the nominative, masculine, singular = auvto,j.

Three Uses of auvto,j:

1. Personal Pronoun

This is the most common use for auvto,j. As a 3rd person pronoun, it translates into he, she, it, and they. Refer to the 3rd Person Pronoun chart for all the forms.

The case of auvto,j will be determined by its function in the sentence, and its gender and number by its antecedent.

2. Adjectival Intensive

This use of auvto,j is for when it is used to intensify another word. When it is intensifying, auvto.j can be either in the attributive or predicate position.

In the predicate position (meaning that auvto.j will not be preceded by the definite article) it should be translated with the intensive reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself, themselves). When used in this manner, this pronoun will often be found with other personal pronouns or personal verbal suffixes for added emphasis.

John 6:40 “…and I myself will raise him up on the last day.”

“…kai. avnasth,sw auvto.n evgw. ÎevnÐ th/| evsca,th| h`me,ra|Å”

John 2:25 “…for He Himself knew what was in man.”

auvto.j ga.r evgi,nwsken ti, h=n evn tw/| avnqrw,pw|Å

35 3. Identical Adjective

In the attributive position (meaning that auvto.j will be preceded by the definite article) it should be translated with the word “same.”

o` auvto,j a;nqrwpoj  the same man

o` a;nqrwpoj o` auvto,j  The same man (or literally “the man, the same one”)

Compare Hebrews 11:9 “the same promise”

… th/j evpaggeli,aj th/j auvth/j

Summary:

1. Regular 3rd Person Pronoun Non-Intensive “he, she, it, they”

2. Adjectival Intensive Predicate Position “himself, herself, itself”

3. Identical Adjective Attributive Position “same”

1. auvto,j le,gei “he said”

2. to,n VIhsou/n auvto,n “Jesus Himself VIhsou/j auvto,j

3. tw/| auvtw/| pneu,mati “the same spirit”

36 3rd Person Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular auvto,j -- he auvth, -- she auvto, -- it

Genitive Singular auvtou/ -- his auvth,j -- her auvtou/ --its

Dative Singular auvtw/| -- to him auvth/| -- to her auvtw/| -- to it

Accusative Singular auvto,n -- him auvth,n -- her auvto, -- it

Nominative Plural auvtoi, -- they auvtai, -- they auvta, -- they

Genitive Plural auvtw/n -- their auvtw/n -- their auvtw/n -- their

Dative Plural auvtoi/j -- to them auvtai/j -- to them auvtoi/j -- to them

Accusative Plural auvtou,j -- them auvta,j -- them auvta, -- them

37 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 104-105)

Word Definition aivwn age, eternity dida,skaloj teacher euvquj immediately e[wj until, as far as maqhth,j disciple me,n on the one hand, indeed mhdei,j, mhdemi,a, mhde,n no one, no thing mo,noj alone, only o[pwj how, that, in order that o[soj as great as, as many as ou-n therefore, then, accordingly ovfqalmoj eye, sight pali,n again pou,j, podo,j foot uvpe,r in behalf of, above

38 Demonstrative Pronouns (Mounce ch. 13)

Definitions:

 Demonstrative pronouns in English are “this, that” (singular), and “these, those” (plural).

 The words “this” and “these” are near demonstrative pronouns.

 The words “that” and “those” are far demonstrative pronouns.

Near Demonstrative Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular ou-toj au[th tou/to

Genitive Singular tou,tou tau,thj tou,tou

Dative Singular tou,tw| tau,th| tou,tw|

Accusative Singular tou/ton tau,thn tou/to

Nominative Plural ou-toi au-tai tau,ta

Genitive Plural tou,twn tau,twn tou,twn

Dative Plural tou,toij tau,taij tou,toij

Accusative Plural tou,touj tau,taj tau,ta

39 Far Demonstrative Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular evkei/noj evkei,nh evkei/no

Genitive Singular evkei,nou evkei,nhj evkei,nou

Dative Singular evkei,nw| evkei,nh| evkei,nw|

Accusative Singular evkei/non evkei,nhn evkei/no

Nominative Plural evkei/noi evkei/nai evkei/na

Genitive Plural evkei,nwn evkei,nwn evkei,nwn

Dative Plural evkei,noij evkei,naij evkei,noij

Accusative Plural evkei,nouj evkei,naj evkei/na

40 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 112-113)

Word Definition gunh, woman, wife dikaiosu,nh righteous dw,deka twelve e`autou/ himself, herself, itself, themselves e`kei/noj that, those h[ or, than kavgw and I, but I maka,rioj blessed, happy me,gaj, mega,lh, me,ga large, great po,lij city po,luj, pollh,, polu, much, many, often pw/j how? shmei/on sign, miracle

41 Relative Pronouns (Mounce ch. 14)

Definitions:

 Relative pronouns in English are the words “who,” “whom,” “which,” “that,” and “whose.”

 A relative pronoun is used to introduce a relative clause, which is usually used adjectivally to modify or describe a noun.

 A relative clause, or a clause beginning with a relative pronoun is always a dependent clause so it cannot contain the main subject and verb of the sentence.

 Relative pronouns do not introduce questions. They always refer to a noun or a noun phrase. In the question “Whose books are these?” the word “Whose” is not a relative pronoun but an interrogative pronoun.

 A relative clause is the relative pronoun along with the clause that follows.

 A relative clause performs the same function as any noun or adjective. It can function as a subject, direct object, or object of a prepositional phrase, participle phrase, or infinitive phrase.

Rules:

1. The endings of relative pronouns are almost identical to the noun endings.

2. The number and gender of a relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent. Sometimes the antecedent might not be in the same verse or even the same sentence.

3. The case of the relative pronoun is determined by its function in the relative clause. It is not determined by the case of the noun that the relative clause modifies.

4. You must keep the relative clause together just like a prepositional phrase when you are taking the sentence apart.

42 Relative Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation

Nominative Singular o]j h[ o[ who, which, that

Genitive Singular ou- h-j ou- of whom, of which

Dative Singular w-| h-| w-| to whom, to which

Accusative Singular o]n h]n o[ whom, which, that

Nominative Plural oi[ ai[ a[ who, which, that

Genitive Plural w-n w-n w-n of whom, of which

Dative Plural oi-j ai-j oi-j to whom, to which

Accusative Plural ou[j a[j a[ whom, which, that

The best way to remember the relative pronoun is to see that they are just the noun case endings with two accent marks.

43 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 118-119)

Word Definition a`lhqeia truth eivrh,nh peace evnwpion before evpaggeli,a promise e`pta, seven qro,noj throne

`Ierousalh,m Jerusalem kata, down from, against, according to, throughout kefalh, head o`do,j way, road, journey, conduct o[j, h[, o[ who, (whom), which o[te when ou[twj thus, so, in this manner ploi/on ship, boat r`h/ma word, saying te and, (so), so cei,r hand, arm, finger yuch, soul, life, self

44 Verbs (Mounce ch. 15)

Verbs:

A verb is a word that describes an action or a state of being. Often the verb is the main idea of the sentence.

Tense (Aspect):

The tense of a verb is the most important concept, and perhaps the most difficult to grasp. The tense is also referred to as the aspect of the verb. Contrary to English, Greek tenses (or aspects) signify KIND OF ACTION rather than time of action. The time of a verb is described more clearly by the exact tense. The most important information given by the tense of a verb, however, refers to the kind of action. There are three kinds of action in Greek, and they are listed below:

 Undefined (or simple) Action: means that the action of the verb is thought of as a simple event, without commenting on whether or not it is a continuing process. It really just means that “the action happened.” It does not imply any preceding or following results of the action. A simple kind of action is like a photograph or snapshot and may be diagrammed like this (.). “The man fled.”

 Continuous Action: means that the action of the verb is described as an ongoing process. The action is happening or is in the process of happening. The beginning and end of the action are not in view. Continuous action is more like a moving picture or movie, and is diagrammed like this ( ______). “I am fleeing.”

 Completed Action: means the action has been brought to completion, but has effects carrying into the present. The action is a completed process, yet the results of the action continue through to the present. Completed action is diagrammed like in the following way ( .______).

There are six tenses of a verb in the Greek language. They are listed below:

1. Aorist (undefined time) 2. Imperfect (past time) 3. Present (present time) 4. Perfect (past time) 5. Pluperfect (past time) 6. Future (future time)

Remember, the main function of the tense is to provide the KIND OF ACTION of the verb. In addition, the tense also provides an indication of the time of action. Both are important, but the kind of action is most important.

45 To summarize, there are three kinds of action in Greek, along with six tenses. The following chart should help you to understand the relationships of each.

NAME OF ACTION TENSE TRANSLATION

Simple Action (.) Aorist “I walked.” Future* “I shall walk.”

Continuous Action ( ______) Present “I am walking.” Imperfect “I was walking.”

Completed Action ( .______) Perfect “I have walked.” Pluperfect “I had walked.”

*The future may show either simple or continuous action, depending on the basic root meaning of the word. The KIND OF ACTION is always involved in a verb tense. The time of action, is accurately and clearly represented only in verbs in the indicative mood, which will be discussed below:

Mood:

The mood of a verb refers to the relationship between the verb and reality. In other words, does the verb reflect reality, or some level of doubt? In other words, the mood of a verb shows how the action was accomplished. There are three possible moods of verbs that indicate the degree of doubt that may be involved in accomplishing the action of the verb (the imperative mood will be discussed separately—for the purposes here it will not be included as a mood).

 Indicative Mood  Subjunctive Mood  Optative Mood

The Indicative Mood: shows that there is no doubt in the mind of the writer or speaker. All of the tenses described above are shown in the indicative mood. “I am loosing.”

The Subjunctive Mood: shows that there is some doubt about the action. Words like “may” or “might” or “should” are used to help accurately translate the subjunctive mood. Only the present and aorist tenses occur in this mood.

Aorist “I should be loosing.”

Present “I should loose.”

46 The Optative Mood: is the mood of extreme doubt. A word like “possibly” might be used to translate this mood. The optative mood is found only in the aorist and present tenses.

Aorist “I should possibly loose.”

Present “I should possibly be loosing.”

Voice:

The voice of a verb refers to the relationship between the subject and the action of the verb. There are three voices in Greek:

1. Active Voice. The subject is doing the action.

“Bill hit the ball.”  “hit” is an active verb because Bill did the action

2. Passive Voice. The subject is not doing, but is receiving the action of the verb.

“Bill was hit by the ball” “was hit” is a passive verb because Bill received the action

3. Middle Voice. The subject is acting upon himself or on behalf of himself

“Bill hit himself.” “hit” is a middle verb because the subject is both doing and receiving the action

All of the tenses of a verb may occur in any of the three voices.

Person, Number:

Just like the pronouns, there are three persons with a verb

 The 1st person is translated “I,” or “we”  The 2nd person is translated “you”  The 3rd person is translated “he,” “she,” “it,” “they”

There are two numbers in Greek; singular or plural. This is just like English.

The verb must agree with its subject in both person and number. This means that if a subject is singular 2nd person, then the verb must be singular 2nd person as well. This provides an excellent check on the verb. If you can identify the nominate case noun, then its characteristics must match that of the verb. This is an extremely important habit to develop so that you can accurately parse verbs.

There is no gender in verbs. Case and gender are only with nouns.

47 Stem:

The stem of a verb is the dictionary form, or the root word that has the root meaning of the verb. This is just like the stem of a noun, although a verb stem can occasionally experience some changes in the endings. The form of lu,omen means “we destroy” and it comes from the verb stem lu.

Lexical Form:

The Lexical Form of a verb is the 1st person singular present, active, indicative. This is always the case, and all of the vocabulary verbs will be listed in this manner.

Parsing a Verb:

The word “parsing” is the same as conjugating. The word describes the process of taking a verb apart and looking at all its components (tense, mood, voice, person, number, stem). When describing a verb, you should state the following:

Tense, Mood, Voice, Person Number, and Lexical Form

For example, the Greek word fai,nei would be parsed as:

Present, Indicative, Active, 1st Person, Singular from fai,nw “to shine.”

Verb Slots, Connecting Vowel, Endings:

All of the properties (tense, mood, etc.) of the Greek verb can be determined by the proper recognition of the various parts of the verb form itself. Each property, or part of a verb falls into a certain place in the formation of the verb.

The form of the Greek verb may be divided into two or more parts, called “building slots.” The letters or combination of letters found in these slots indicate the way that the verb is to be translated. If you don’t recognize the slots, then your translation will be incorrect.

A description of the slots is shown below for the verb evlelu,komen

___ev______l______e______lu,______k______o___ __men___

2nd Re- 1st Stem Tense Connecting Ending Augment duplication Augment Formative Vowel

48 Tense Formative (Sign):

The Tense Formative (also called the sign) is a letter that is inserted between the Stem and the Connecting Vowel. It would be the next letter after the Stem lu,. The name “Tense Formative” refers to a letter that forms the tense of the verb. It will indicate the tense, and often indicates the voice of the verb.

The chart below will indicate all the possible formations of the Tense Formative (sign) slot.

Sign Tense Voice

Present Active Middle Passive ______* Imperfect Active Middle Passive 2nd Aorist Middle Passive ______* Perfect Middle Passive Pluperfect

Future Active Middle s 1st Aorist Active Middle

qh 1st Aorist Passive

qhs Future Passive

Perfect Active k Pluperfect Active

*The line ______indicates that there is nothing present. In the case of the Formative Tense letter, or sign letter, “nothing” is the sign and this actually means something. “Nothing” will mean that the tense can be either the Present or Imperfect in any voice, or it could be the Perfect or Pluperfect in only the Middle or Passive voice.

The Tense Formative (sign) slot will be important as we discover the future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and aorist tenses. The present tense has no Tense Formative letter, so nothing is what is put into the slot.

49 Connecting Vowel:

Often Greek verbs add a vowel just after the stem (as defined above where the sign is nothing) or after the sign and just before its personal ending. This is to aid in the pronunciation of the word.

Basically, the connecting vowel is the vowel that connects the verbal stem to the personal ending. In the indicative mood, if the personal ending begins with a mu (m) or a nu (n), the connecting vowel is omicron (o). The connecting vowel in every other case is epsilon (e). If there is no letter given for a personal ending, then the connecting vowel can be either omicron (o) or epsilon (e).

INDICATIVE MOOD

Connecting Tense Voice Vowel

Present Active Middle Passive o / e Imperfect Active Middle Passive nd 2 Aorist Active Middle Passive Future

1st Aorist Active Middle a Perfect Active

ei Pluperfect Passive

______* 1st Aorist Passive Perfect Middle Passive Pluperfect Middle Passive

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Connecting Tense Voice Vowel

Present Active Middle Passive w / h 1st Aorist Active Middle Passive nd 2 Aorist Active Middle Passive

50 Personal Endings:

In nouns, each word functions differently based on its case ending. The same situation occurs with the verb, only the endings are not case endings, but are called personal endings. These endings are suffixes that are added on to the end of the verb and specifically indicate the person and the number.

Main Verb Ending Chart

Primary Tenses Secondary Tenses

lu,w (-) e;lu,on (n) lu,eij (j) e;lu,ej (j) lu,ei (i) e;lu,e(n) (-)

Active Voice Active lu,omen (men) evlu,omen (men)

lu,ete (te) evlu,ete (te) lu,ousi(n) (ousi) e;lu,on (n)

lu,omai (mai) evlu,omhn (mhn) lu,h| (sai) evlu,ou (so) lu,etai (tai) evlu,eto (to)

lu,omeqa (meqa) evlu,omeqa (meqa) lu,esqe (sqe) evlu,esqe (sqe)

Middle / Passive Voice Middle / Passive

Midd

lu,ontai (ntai) evlu,onto (nto)

Summary:

The 1st and 2nd Augments and Reduplication will be discussed in a later section. For now, you should recognize that a verb has various slots and that by memorizing these charts, you will be able to quickly identify verbs and parse them even if you do not know the Lexical Form.

Not every verb will have all of the slots filled (some will have “nothing”) at a given time, but every verb will have at least two slots filled with letters at a given time.

51 Present Active Indicative (Mounce ch. 16)

Definitions:

 The present active indicative describes a continuous kind of action.

 The present active indicative should be translated with a continuous sense

 The connecting vowel of the present active indicative is either an o or an e

 The present active indicative uses the primary endings on the verb ending chart

 The present active indicative differs from the present middle or present passive indicatives by the personal endings. The middle / passive form of the present also uses the Primary Endings on the verb ending chart but in the middle / passive voice.

Examples: ble,pw “I see, I look” ble,p + o + men  ble,pomen

Paradigm:

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular ble,p w I am, look o (-) 2nd singular ble,p eij You see, look e (j) 3rd singular ble,p ei He/she/it sees, looks e (i)

1st plural ble,p omen We see, look o (men) 2nd plural ble,p ete You (all) see, look e (te) 3rd plural ble,p ousi(n) They see, look o (ousi)

Note that the 3rd plural ending can take a moveable nu (n). The nu drops out because of the following sigma (just as it does in the accusative plural of the 2nd declension nouns) and the connecting vowel omicron lengthens to ou to compensate for the loss. See footnote 8 in chapter 16 of Mounce.

52 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 137)

Word Definition a`kou,w I hear, learn, obey, understand ble,pw I see, look at e[cw I have, hold lu,w I loose, untie, destroy no,moj law, principle o[pou where pisteu,w I believe, have faith in, trust pro,swpon face, appearance to,te then, thereafter tuflo,j blind cara, joy, delight

53 Contract Verbs (Mounce ch. 17)

Definitions:

 Contract verbs are verbs whose stems end in an alpha (a), epsilon (e), or omicron (o). The final vowel of the verb stem is called the “contract vowel.” For example, the verb avgapa,w has a stem ending in alpha (avgapa).

 When the final stem vowel of a contract verb comes into contact with the connecting vowel the two vowels join together and form a contraction.

 All contract verb follow the same rules as other verbs, including the seven slots.

 All alpha endings will contract in the same way, as will all omicron and epsilon endings. For example, once you know the contraction patterns of avgapa,w, then you will know the contraction patterns for all other alpha stems.

 Contraction only occurs in the present and imperfect tenses of contract verbs.

Rules of Contraction:

1. An ou is formed whenever you have an eo, oe, or an oo.

2. An ei is formed by an ee.

3. An w is fomed from almost any combination of omicron or omega with any other vowel, except for rule #1.

4. An a is formed from ae.

5. An h is formed from ea.

6. There is usually a circumflex accent over a contraction.

Examples parsing the a, o, and e contract verbs:

avgapa,w (I love) poie,w (I do) plhro,w (I fill)

1S avgapw/ (ao) poiw/ (eo) plhrw/ (oo) 2S avgapa/|j (aeij) poiei/j (eeij) plhroi/j (oeij) 3S avgapa/| (aei ) poiei/ (eei) plhroi/ (oei)

1P avgapw/men (aomen) poiou/men (eomen ) plhrou/men (oomen) 2P avgapa/te (aete) poiei/te (ete) plhrou/te (oete) 3P avgapw/si(n) (aousi) poiou/si(n) (eousi) plhrou/si(n) (oousi)

54 CONTRACTION CHART

Connecting Vowel

e h h| ei oi o w ou

e ei h h| ei oi ou w ou

a a a a| a| w| w w w

Stem Vowel Stem o ou w oi oi oi ou w ou

There are three generalizations to help in memorizing the Contraction Chart:

1. When the stem vowel e contracts with any of the connecting vowels, the result is that particular connecting vowel or dipthong, except in the case of e and o where the contracted forms are ei and ou, respectively.

2. When the a stem vowel contracts with these connecting vowels, the result is w where an “o” sound is found in the connecting vowel, and a everywhere else. (Be sure to remember that the iota subscript is found in the contracted form where the iota is present in the connecting vowel.)

3. The o contracts with the various thematic vowels or dipthongs to always form a contraction with an “o” sound in it. Where a iota is involved, the result is oi, and when one of the vowels is long the result is w. The remaining three contractions are ou.

There are no uncontracted forms of contract verbs in the New Testament. Every contract verb will have a contraction.

55 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 144)

Word Definition avgapa,w I love daimo,nion demon zhte,w I seek, desire, try to obtain kale,w I call, name, invite lale,w I speak, say oi-da I know, understand o[tan whenever plei,wn, plei/on larger, more plhro,w I fill, complete, fulfill poie,w I do, make thre,w I keep, guard, observe

56 Present Middle / Passive Indicative (Mounce ch. 18)

Definitions:

 The present middle / passive indicative describes a continuous kind of action.

 If the verb is in the passive voice, the subject is receiving the action of the verb.

 The passive form is translated usually by adding a helping verb. In the sentence “I was hit by a car.” the verb “hit” is combined with the helping verb “was”.

 A passive verb is ofen followed by the word “by.” This usually answers the question “by what” or “by whom?”

 The present middle / passive indicative uses the primary endings in the middle / passive voice on the verb chart.

 The present middle / passive indicative verb has no tense formative (sign) letter.

 The present active indicative differs from the present middle or present passive indicatives by the personal endings. The middle / passive form of the present uses the Secondary Endings on the verb ending chart

Examples: ble,pw “I see, I look at” ble,p + o + mai  ble,pomai

Paradigm:

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular ble,p o mai I am being seen o (mai) 2nd singular ble,p h| You are being seen e (sai) 3rd singular ble,p e tai He/she/it is being seen e (tai)

1st plural ble,p o meqa We are being seen o (meqa) 2nd plural ble,p e sqe You are being seen e (sqe) 3rd plural ble,p o ntai They are being seen o (ntai)

57 Refer to the Master Verb Chart on page 38 to review the Primary Endings in the Middle / Passive Voice. Also check footnote 1, chapter 18 of Mounce to understand the change in the 2nd person singular of the middle / passive.

Deponent Verbs:

A Deponent Verb is a verb that is middle or passive in form, but is active in meaning. The Lexical Form is always middle / passive, but its meaning is always active. A deponent verb will never be passive.

You can tell if a verb is a deponent verb by its lexical form. Deponent verbs are always listed in the vocabulary sections with passive endings (mai, sai, tai, etc.). Examples of deponent verbs are e;rcomai (I come), gi,nomai (I became), and qea,omai (I behold).

When parsing a deponent verb, instead of saying “active,” or “passive,” you should say “deponent.” For example, in parsing the verb e;rcetai, you would say:

Present, deponent, indicative, 3rd person, singular, from e;rcomai (I come)

In a single tense, a verb is either a regular verb or a deponent verb. It cannot be both. However, a verb can be deponent in one tense and not deponent in another.

Summary:

 Both middle and passive forms of a verb will take the same endings.

 Context will govern whether a middle / passive verb should be translated with a middle voice or with a passive voice.

 Contract verbs will follow the same rules in the middle / passive voice as they do in the active voice.

 In the passive voice, the subject receives the action.

 In the middle voice, the subject somehow participates in the action and receives the action. The translation should be reflexive, or reflecting back on the subject.

58 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 153-154)

Word Definition avpokri,nomai I answer dei/ it is necessary du,namai I am able, am powerful e[rcomai I come, go nu,x, nukto,j night o[stij, h[tij, o[ti whoever, whichever, whatever poreu,omai I go, proceed, live suna,gw I gather together, invite to,poj place, location w`j as, like, when, that, how, about

59 Future Active / Middle Indicative (Mounce ch. 19)

Definitions:

 The future tense in Greek has the same meaning as in English, and describes an action that will occur in the future.

 The actual time reference of the verb is from the point of view of the writer, not the reader.

 The Future Active / Middle Indicative has a Tense Formative (sign) letter in addition to a connecting vowel and personal ending.

 The Connecting Vowel for the Future Active / Middle Indicative is the same as for the Present Active Indicative.

 The Future Active Indicative uses the Primary Active Endings and the Future Middle Indicative uses the Primary Middle Endings (found on page 38).

Rules:

1. When a Contract Verb is in the Future Active Indicative, the contract vowel (stem ending in a, e, or o) is followed by the Tense Formative, or sign letter sigma (s). In this case, the contract vowel lengthens. The alpha (a) and epsilon (e) both lengthen to an eta (h), while the omicron lengthens to an omega (w).

avgapa + s + w  avgaph,sw

poie + s + w  poih,sw

plhro + s + w  plhrw,sw

The lengthening of the contract vowel occurs before any tense formative, and not just the Future Active Indicative. This will be evident in later chapters.

2. When the stem of a verb (non-Contract Verb) ends in a stop, when the Tense Formative or sign letter is added, there will be changes that occur depending on the stop. The chart from page 7 is listed below for your review.

Palatal k, g, c + s = x

Labial p, b, f + s = y

Dental (z) t, d, q + s = s

60 Examples:

Palatal ks  x diwk + sw  diw,xw gs  x ag + sw  a[xw cs  x e,legc + sw  evlegzw

Labial ps  y blep + sw  ble,yw bs  y fs  y gaf + sw  gra,,yw

Dental ts  s ds  s baptid + sw  bapti,sw qs  s peiq + sw  pei,sw

*The Labial bs and the dental ts do not have examples because there are not vocabulary words that have this form.

Paradigm (Future Active Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular lu, s w I will loose o (-) 2nd singular lu, s eij You will loose e (j) 3rd singular lu, s ei He/she/it will loose e (i)

1st plural lu, s omen We will loose o (men) 2nd plural lu, s ete You will loose e (te) 3rd plural lu, s ousi(n) They will loose o (nsi)

This paradigm is from the verb lu,w (I loose).

In the present tense, the middle and passive are the same form. In the future, the form of the middle is different from both the active and the passive forms. The future middle is formed from the future active tense stem but uses primary middle / passive personal endings.

61 Paradigm (Future Middle Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular poreu,s omai I will go o (mai) 2nd singular poreu,s h| You will go e (sai) 3rd singular poreu,s etai He/she/it will go e (tai)

1st plural poreu,s omeqa We will go o (meqa) 2nd plural poreu,s esqe You will go e (sqe) 3rd plural poreu,s ontai They will go o (ntai)

This paradigm is from the deponent verb poreu,somai (I go).

Future Tense Form of eivmi, (The Verb “to be”)

Future Tense Translation

1st Person Singular e;somai I will be

2nd Person Singular e;sh| You will be

3rd Person Singular e;stai He / she / it will be

1st Person Plural e;so,meqa We will be

2nd Person Plural e;sesqe You will be

3rd Person Plural e;sontai They will be

62 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 162-63)

Word Definition basileu,j king genna,w I beget, give birth to, produce za,w I live

~Ioudai,a Judea

~Ioudai/oj Jew, Jewish

~Israh,l Israel karpo,j fruit, crop, result mei,xwn greater o[,loj whole, complete proskune,w I worship

63 Roots & Stems—Liquid Futures (Mounce ch. 20)

Definitions:

 The verbal “root” of a verb is its most basic form

 The verbal “stem” of a verb is how it appears in a certain tense

 Tense stems are not formed from the present tense, but from the root

 Sometimes the verbal root is the same as the present tense, other times not

 A “liquid” verb is a verb whose last letter of the verbal stem ends in a liquid (l,m,n,r)

Rules:

1. You must memorize the root of a word rather than its stem—especially the present tense stem

2. In the previous chapter, the future and the present tense were the same stem, in this chapter the future has a different stem than the present

3. All the tenses (including the present tense) are formed off of the verbal root. No tenses are derived from the present tense stem

4. The present tense stem is usually the most “irregular” of all the stems

5. For examples and rules when verbs are regularly modified, read Mounce pp. 168-172

Liquid Future:

1. Liquid verbs are called “liquid” because the last letter of the verbal stem ends in a liquid letter where the air flows through the nose or tongue when they are pronounced (l,m,n,r).

2. Liquid verbs are not verbs where the stem is modified.

Example:

The root of menw (to remain) is men which ends in a liquid consonant. When we apply the tense formative es, the sigma drops out because it is standing between two vowels and the epsilon and omicron contract to ou with a circumflex to show the contraction. The tense formative es is slightly different than the basic future tense.

men + es + o + men  menou/men

64 Paradigm:

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular menw/ I will remain o (-) 2nd singular menei/j You will remain e (j) 3rd singular menei/ He/she/it will remain e (i)

1st plural menou/men We will remain o (men) 2nd plural menei/te You will remain e (te) 3rd plural menou/si(n) They will remain o (nsi)

The chart below shows the different forms of the liquid future compared with the future tense of a contract verb (poiew) and the liquid present of me,nw. Note that they all have the same personal endings, which is the primary active personal endings.

Liquid Contract Liquid Personal Future Present Present Ending

1st singular menw/ poiw/ me,nw (-) 2nd singular menei/j poei/j me,neij (j) 3rd singular menei/ poiei/ me,nei (i)

1st plural menou/men poiou/men me,nomen (men) 2nd plural menei/te poiei/te me,nete (te) 3rd plural menou/si(n) poiou/si(n) me,nousi(n) (nsi)

The form of a liquid future verb is identical to the present tense epsilon contract verb, including the accent. The only way to tell them apart is to have memorized the lexical form of each verb. You must also look at the last consonant in the stem, and if it is a liquid (l,m,n,r), then it would be a liquid future verb.

The main difference between a liquid future and a liquid present is the accent. The liquid future has a circumflex to indicate the loss of the sigma.

65 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 177-178)

Word Definition a;irw I raise up, take away avpoktei,nw I kill avposte,llw I send bapti,zw I baptize, dip, immerse ginw,skw I know, come to know, realize, learn glw/ssa tongue, language evgei,rw I raise up, wake evkba,llw I cast out, send out evkei/ there, in that place kri,nw I judge, decide prefer la,oj people, crowd me,nw I remain, live, abide o`raw I see, notice, experience sofi,a wisdom sto,ma mouth sw,|zw I save, deliver, rescue

66 Imperfect Indicative (Mounce ch. 21)

Definitions:

 The imperfect tense in Greek indicates a continuous action normally occurring in the past.

 The Imperfect Indicative is formed with an augment (usually a prefixed e), the present tense stem, and the Secondary Personal Endings (found on page 32).

 The augment is a prefix indicating past time. If the verb begins with a consonant, then the augment is an epsilon (e), but if the verb begins with a vowel, then the augment contracts with the beginning vowel, and lengthens the beginning vowel of the verb.

 While the Imperfect Tense describes a past tense event, its aspect is continuous. The Aorist Tense usually describes a single point undefined actions that typically occurs in the past.

 Secondary Personal Endings are defined as those endings that use the augment. The Primary Personal Endings are for un-augmented verbs.

Rules:

1. The Imperfect Active Indicative is formed with four parts:

Augment + Present Active Stem + Connecting Vowel + Secondary Active Ending

2. When a verb begins with a consonant, the augment is always an epsiolon (e) with a smooth breathing. When a verb begins with a vowel, the augment is formed by lengthening the vowel that begins the verb. This lengthening follows the normal pattern of contraction, except that an initial alpha lengthens to an eta and not an alpha.

Augment Beginning Lengthened Vowel Augment

e + a = h e + e = h e + o = w e + h = h e + i = i e + u = u e + w = w

67 Paradigm (Imperfect Active Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular e;luon I was loosing o (n) 2nd singular e;luej You were loosing e (j) 3rd singular e;lue(n) He/she/it was loosing e (-)

1st plural evlu,omen We were loosing o (men) 2nd plural evlu,ete You were loosing e (te) 3rd plural e;luon They were loosing o (n)

Paradigm (Imperfect Middle / Passive Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular evluo,mhn I was being loosed o (mhn) 2nd singular evlu,ou You were being loosed e (so) 3rd singular evlu,eto He/she/it was being loosed e (to)

1st plural evluo,meqa We were being loosed o (meqa) 2nd plural evlu,esqe You were being loosed e (sqe) 3rd plural evlu,onto They were being loosed o (nto)

1. Notice that the 2nd person singular (so) is not so, but is ou. This is because a sigma cannot stand between two vowels. See Mounce, footnote 4, page 184, and refer to the contract chart on page 41 of this syllabus.

ev + lu, + o + so  evlu,oo  evlu,ou

2. In a compound verb (a verb that begins with a preposition [proselqo,ntej]), the augment comes after the preposition and before the stem of the verb.

68 Main Verb Ending Chart

No Augment (e) Augment (e) Before the Verb Before the Verb

Primary Tenses Secondary Tenses

lu,w (-) e;lu,on (n) lu,eij (j) e;lu,ej (j)

lu,ei (i) e;lu,e(n) (-)

lu,omen (men) evlu,omen (men) lu,ete (te) evlu,ete (te)

Active Voice Active

lu,ousi(n) (ousi) e;lu,on (n)

lu,omai (mai) evlu,omhn (mhn) lu,h| (sai) evlu,ou (so) lu,etai (tai) evlu,eto (to)

lu,omeqa (meqa) evlu,omeqa (meqa) lu,esqe (sqe) evlu,esqe (sqe)

Middle / Passive Voice Middle / Passive Midd lu,ontai (ntai) evlu,onto (nto)

69 Imperfect Tense Form of eivmi, (The Verb “to be”)

Imperfect Tense Translation

1st Person Singular h;mhn I was

2nd Person Singular h=j You were

3rd Person Singular h=n He / she / it was

1st Person Plural h;men We were

2nd Person Plural h;te You were

3rd Person Plural h;san They were

70 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 190-91)

Word Definition avkolouqe,w I follow, accompany dida,skw I teach evperwta,w I ask for, question, demand of evrwta,w I ask, request, entreat qe,lw I will, wish, desire, enjoy peripate,w I walk, live sunagwgh, synagogue, meeting

Farissai/oj Pharisee cro,noj time

71 2nd Aorist Indicative (Mounce ch. 22)

Definitions:

 The aorist indicates an undefined action usually occurring in the past. The English translation would be in the simple past tense—“I ate”

 There are two ways to form the aorist tense. The 2nd Aorist uses the unmodified verbal root for its aorist tense stem, and the 1st Aorist uses the present tense stem which is not different than the verbal root, like lu,w

 The 2nd Aorist is only used when the present tense stem is different than the root. When the present stem of the verb is identical to the verb root, then the verb will use the 1st Aorist form

 The 2nd Aorist is formed by using an augment, 2nd Aorist tense stem (which is the verbal root unlike the imperfect), the connecting vowel, and secondary endings

 There is absolutely no difference in meaning between the 1st Aorist and the 2nd Aorist

Rules:

1. The 2nd Aorist is for verbs whose tense stem in the Aorist is different than that of the Present Tense. In essence, the 2nd Aorist is for verbs whose present tense stem is different than that of the root.

2. The 2nd Aorist will always have an augment.

3. The 2nd Aorist will not have a tense formative letter

4. The 2nd Aorist will have the usual connecting vowel

5. The 2nd Aorist will use the secondary active personal endings

Augment + 2nd Aorist Active Stem + Connecting Vowel + Secondary Active Ending

For the word lamba,nw the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: lamba,nw Root: lab

ev + la,b + o + mhn  evla,bomhn

72 Paradigm (2nd Aorist Active Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular e; lab o n I took o (n) 2nd singular e; lab e j You took e (j) 3rd singular e; lab e(n) He/she/it took e (-)

1st plural ev la,b o men We took o (men) 2nd plural ev la,b e te You took e (te) 3rd plural e; lab o n They took o (n)

In addition to the 2nd Aorist Active Indicative, there is also a 2nd Aorist Middle Indicative. The rules and paradigm are as listed below with the word gi,nomai because the root lab does not have a middle deponent.

For the word gi,nomai the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: gi,nomai Root: gen

ev + gen + o + mhn  egeno,mhn

Paradigm (2nd Aorist Middle Indicative):

Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular e; gen o, mhn I became o (mhn) 2nd singular e; ge,n o u You became e (so) 3rd singular e; ge,n e to He/she/it became e (to)

1st plural ev gen o, meqa We became o (meqa) 2nd plural ev ge,n e sqe You became e (sqe) 3rd plural e; ge,n o nto They became o (nto)

Notice the use of the secondary middle / passive endings. For the 2nd person singular, the sigma drops out because it stands between two vowels and the oo contracts to ou.

73 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 199-200)

Word Definition avpoqnh,skw I die, am about to die, am freed from a;rtoj bread, loaf, food ba,llw I throw gh/, gh/j earth gi,nomai I become, am, exist, am born, am created eivse,rcomai I come in, go in, enter evxe,rcomai I go out e;ti still, yet, even euvri,skw I find lamba,nw I take, receive ou;te and not, neither, nor prose,rcomai I come, go to proseu,comai I pray pu/r, pu/ro,j fire

74 1st Aorist Indicative (Mounce ch. 23)

Definitions:

 The aorist indicates an undefined action usually occurring in the past. The English translation would be in the simple past tense—“I ate” In this way the 1st and 2nd Aorist tenses are identical

 Unlike the 2nd Aorist, the 1st Aorist uses the present tense stem which is not different than the verbal root, like lu,w

 The 1st Aorist is formed by using an augment, Present Tense stem (which is unchanged from the verbal root), a tense formative, the connecting vowel, and secondary endings

 There is absolutely no difference in meaning between the 1st Aorist and the 2nd Aorist

Rules:

1. The 1st Aorist is for verbs whose tense stem in the Aorist is identical to that of the Present Tense.

2. The 1st Aorist will always have an augment.

3. The 1st Aorist will always have a tense formative letter

4. The 1st Aorist will not have the usual connecting vowel

5. The 1st Aorist will use the secondary active personal endings

For the word lu,w the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: lu,w Root: lu

ev + lu + sa + men  evlu,samen

75 Paradigm (1st Aorist Active Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular e; lu sa I loosed sa (-) 2nd singular e; lu sa j You loosed sa (j) 3rd singular e; lu se (n) He loosed se (-)(n)

1st plural ev lu, sa men We loosed sa (men) 2nd plural ev lu, sa te You loosed sa (te) 3rd plural e; lu sa n They loosed sa (n)

There is no ending on the 1st person singular. Notice that the tense formative (sa) is different in the 3rd person singular. This is to differentiate it from the 1st person singular, which would be the same form.

In the case of contract verbs, the contract vowel (the vowel that is at the end of the stem) lengthens before the tense formative so avgapa,w becomes hvga,phsa.

In addition to the 1st Aorist Active Indicative, there is also a 1st Aorist Middle Indicative. The rules and paradigm are as listed below with the word lu,w.

Paradigm (1st Aorist Middle Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular ev lu sa mhn I loosed sa (mhn) 2nd singular e; lu, s w You loosed s (so) 3rd singular e; lu, sa to He/she/it loosed sa (to)

1st plural ev lu sa, meqa We loosed sa (meqa) 2nd plural ev lu, sa sqe You loosed sa (sqe) 3rd plural e; lu, sa nto They loosed sa (nto)

Notice the tense formative of the 2nd singular. The original ending is so, and when this combines with the tense formative sa, the 2nd sigma drops out and the o and w combine and contract to a w (sa + so  sao  sw).

76 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 209-10)

Word Definition avpe,rcomai I depart a;rcw I rule, I begin gra,fw I write dio, therefore, for this reason doxa,zw I praise, honor, glorify du,namij power, miracle khru,ssw I proclaim, preach pi,nw I drink

77 Aorist / Future Passive Indicative (Mounce ch. 24)

Definitions:

 In Greek, the passive form of a verb often indicates that God is at work

Rules:

1. The 1st Aorist Passive is formed with an augment, Aorist Passive Tense stem, a tense formative, and secondary active endings

2. The 2nd Aorist Passive is the same as 1st Aorist Passive, except it has a different tense formative

3. The Future Passive is formed with no augment. Aorist Passive Tense stem, a different tense formative than the Aorist Passive, and primary passive endings

Example for the 1st Aorist Passive:

For the word lu,w the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: lu,w Root: lu

ev + lu + qh + n  evlu,qhn

Paradigm (1st Aorist Passive Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular ev lu, qh n I was loosed qh (n) 2nd singular ev lu, qh j You were loosed qh (j) 3rd singular ev lu, qh He/she/it was loosed qh (-)

1st plural ev lu, qh men We were loosed qh (men) 2nd plural ev lu, qh te You were loosed qh (te) 3rd plural ev lu, qh san They were loosed qh (san)

In the case of the 2nd Aorist Passive, the Tense Formative is only an h and not a qh. Everything else is the same. Only verbs that take a 2nd Aorist will use this form.

78 Example for the Future Passive:

For the word lu,w the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: lu,w Root: lu

lu + qhs + o + mai  luqh,somai

Paradigm (Future Passive Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular lu qhs o mai I will be loosed qhs (mai) 2nd singular lu qhs h| You will be loosed qhs (sai) 3rd singular lu qhs e tai He/she/it will be loosed qhs (tai)

1st plural lu qhs o, meqa We will be loosed qhs (meqa) 2nd plural lu qhs e sqe You will be loosed qhs (sqe) 3rd plural lu qhs o ntai They will be loosed qhs (ntai)

The connecting vowel is shown as part of the verb in the 3rd column of the Form. Notice that the 2nd Singular Form has no connecting vowel. This is because the sigma in the personal ending drops out because it stands between two vowels, and the vowels contract and the iota subscripts.

Differences Between the Aorist and Future Passive:

1. The Future Passive has no augment

2. The Tense Formative of the Future is qhs and not qh

3. The 3rd Person Plural Passive of the Aorist is qhsan. Notice the sa which is a marker for an Aorist.

79 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 220-21)

Word Definition a[gw I lead, bring, arrest ai-ma blood e[kastoj each, every ivma,tion garment, cloak o;roj, o;rouj mountain, hill uvpa,gw I depart fobe,omai I fear cai,rw I rejoice

80 Perfect Active / Middle Indicative (Mounce ch. 25)

Definitions:

 The Perfect indicates an completed action whose effects are felt in the speaker’s present. The action normally occurred in the past.

 The Perfect Tense stem is often identical to the present tense stem

 The Perfect is formed by using a reduplicated consonant, an augment, the perfect tense stem, and the primary personal endings

Rules:

1. The Perfect will almost always have a reduplication slot. This means that if the verb begins with a consonant, then the Perfect will begin with that consonant followed by an augment. This is an easy and obvious clue to identify a Perfect verb (tete,lestai) from the verb tele,w meaning “to complete, or finish”

2. The Perfect will always have an augment that follows a reduplicated letter

3. If a verb begins with a vowel or a dipthong, then the vowel is just lengthened and there is no reduplication.

4. The Perfect Active has no connecting vowel

5. The Perfect Active will have a tense formative stem ka

6. The Perfect Active will use the primary active personal endings

7. The Perfect Middle / Passive will use the primary middle / passive personal endings

For the word lu,w the construction is as follows:

Present Tense: lu,w Root: lu

l + e + lu + ka + men  lelu,kamen

81 Paradigm (Perfect Active Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular le, lu ka I have loosed ka (-) 2nd singular le, lu ka j You have loosed ka (j) 3rd singular le, lu ke (n) He/she/it has loosed ke (n)

1st plural le lu, ka men We have loosed ka (men) 2nd plural le lu, ka te You have loosed ka (te) 3rd plural le lu, ka si They have loosed ka si(n)

Notice that the tense formative changed from ka to ke in the 3rd singular. This is just like in the 3rd singular of the 1st Aorist.

In addition to the Perfect Active Indicative, there is also a Perfect Middle / Passive Indicative. The rules and paradigm are as listed below.

Paradigm (Perfect Middle / Passive Indicative):

Tense Personal Form Translation Formative Ending

1st singular le, lu mai I have been loosed (-) (mai) 2nd singular le, lu sai You have been loosed (-) (sai) 3rd singular le, lu tai He/she/it has been loosed (-) (tai)

1st plural le lu, meqa We have been loosed (-) (meqa) 2nd plural le, lu sqe You have been loosed (-) (sqe) 3rd plural le, lu ntai They have been loosed (-) (ntai)

Notice the use of the primary middle / passive endings because the verb does not begin with an augment (e). Focus on the reduplication for both the active and middle passive tenses of the perfect. This will make it very easy to spot.

82 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce pp. 234)

Word Definition aivtew I ask, demand ma/llon more, rather marture,w I bear witness, testify

83

Charts

84 Case Endings—1st and 2nd Declension

Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative Singular o` lo,g oj h` graf h, to. e;rg on Genitive Singular tou/ lo,g ou th/j graf h/j tou/ e;rg ou Dative Singular tw/| lo,g w| th/| graf h/| tw/| e;rg w| Accusative Singular to.n lo,g on th,n graf h.n to. e;rg on

Nominative Plural oi` lo,g oi ai` graf ai. ta. e;rg a Genitive Plural tw/n lo,g wn tw/n graf w/n tw/n e;rg wn Dative Plural toi/j lo,g oij tai/j graf ai/j toi/j e;rg oij Accusative Plural tou.j lo,g ouj ta,j graf a.j ta. e;rg a

Case Endings—3rd Declension

k—Ending mat—Ending n—Ending Nominative Singular sa,r x o[nom a ti, j Genitive Singular sark o,j ovno,mat oj ti,n oj Dative Singular sark i, ovno,mat i ti,n i Accusative Singular sa,rk a o[nom a ti,n a

Nominative Plural sa,rk ej ovno,mat a ti,n ej Genitive Plural sark w/n ovnoma,t wn ti,n wn Dative Plural sar xi,(n) ovno,ma si(n) ti, si(n) Accusative Plural sa,rk aj ovno,mat a ti,n aj

85 The eivmi, Verb

Present Tense Translation 1st Person Singular eivmi, I am 2nd Person Singular ei= You are rd 3 Person Singular evsti,(n)* He / she / it is 1st Person Plural evsme,n We are 2nd Person Plural evste, You are rd 3 Person Plural eivsi,(n)* They are

Future Tense Translation 1st Person Singular e;somai I will be 2nd Person Singular e;sh| You will be 3rd Person Singular e;stai He / she / it will be 1st Person Plural e;so,meqa We will be 2nd Person Plural e;sesqe You will be 3rd Person Plural e;sontai They will be

Imperfect Tense Translation 1st Person Singular h;mhn I was 2nd Person Singular h=j You were 3rd Person Singular h=n He / she / it was 1st Person Plural h;men We were 2nd Person Plural h;te You were 3rd Person Plural h;san They were

Memory Tips:

1. Every translation of eivmi, is always active, never passive

2. In the present tense plural, the endings are the PRIMARY ACTIVE verb endings

3. In the future tense, all endings are the PRIMARY PASSIVE verb endings

4. In the future tense, the verb begins with eso or ese.

5. In the imperfect tense, every form begins with an h (an augment)

6. The imperfect tense uses SECONDARY PASSIVE endings

86 The Definite Article:

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative Singular o` h` to. Genitive Singular tou/ th/j tou/ Dative Singular tw/| th/| tw/| Accusative Singular to.n th,n to. Nominative Plural oi` ai` ta. Genitive Plural tw/n tw/n tw/n Dative Plural toi/j tai/j toi/j Accusative Plural tou.j ta,j ta.

1. The noun or adjective must always agree with the definite article in case, number, and gender.

2. The definite article is an easy way to determine the case, number, and gender of the noun or adjective that follows;

Things to Recognize:

1. out or tout plus the case ending is the near demonstrative pronouns (this, these)

2. ekein plus the case ending is the far demonstrative pronouns (that, those)

3. auto plus the case ending is the 3rd person pronouns (he, she, it, they)

4. The case ending by itself is the relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that)

Things to Memorize:

1. The 1st and 2nd declension case ending charts (Masc, Fem, Neuter)

2. The 3rd declension case ending paradigm (j + oj + i + an + ej + wn + sin + aj)

3. The definite article paradigm

4. The verb endings chart

87 Masculine Nouns 2nd Declension (o ending)

Masculine Neuter CASE Article Noun Translation Article Noun Translation

Nominative o` lo,goj --a word to. e;rgon --a work Singular

Genitive tou/ lo,gou --of a word tou/ e;rgou --of a work Singular

Dative tw/| lo,gw| --to a word tw/| e;rgw| --to a work Singular

Accusative to.n lo,gon --a word to. e;rgon --a work Singular

Nominative oi` lo,goi --words ta. e;rga --works Plural

Genitive tw/n lo,gwn --of words tw/n e;rgwn --of works Plural

Dative toi/j lo,goij --to words toi/j e;rgoij --to works Plural

Accusative tou.j lo,gouj --words ta. e;rga --works Plural

88 Feminine Nouns 1st Declension

h ending a ending CASE Article Noun Translation Article Noun Translation

Nominative h` grafh, --a scripture h` w[ra --an hour Singular

Genitive th/j grafh/j --of a scripture th/j w[raj --of an hour Singular

Dative th/| grafh/| --to a scripture th/| w[ra| --to an hour Singular

Accusative th,n grafh.n --a scripture th,n w[ran --an hour Singular

Nominative ai` grafai. --scriptures ai` w[rai --hours Plural

Genitive tw/n grafw/n --of scriptures tw/n w[rw/n --of hours Plural

Dative tai/j grafai/j --to scriptures tai/j w[rai/j --to hours Plural

Accusative ta,j grafa.j --scriptures ta,j w[raj --hours Plural

89 3rd Declension Noun Chart

CASE k – stem mat – stem n – stem sark onomat tin

Nominative Singular sa,rx o[noma ti,j

Genitive Singular sark o,j ovno,mat oj ti,n oj

Dative Singular sark i, ovno,mat i ti,n i

Accusative Singular sa,rk a o[noma ti,n a

Nominative Plural sa,rk ej ovno,mat a ti,n ej

Genitive Plural sark w/n ovnoma,t wn ti,n wn

Dative Plural sarx i,(n) ovno,ma si(n) ti, si(n)

Accusative Plural sa,rk aj ovno,mat a ti,n aj

1. Third Declension nouns are nouns that do not end in a vowel (a, h, o)

2. Third Declension nouns usually end in the following: a. k (sark) is the most predominant b. mat (onomat) is found in 149 words c. n (tin) is found in 77 words

3. The Masculine and Feminine 3rd Declension endings are identical

4. The Neuter Genitive and Neuter Dative are the same as the Masculine and Feminine

5. The Neuter Nominative and Neuter Accusative (singular and plural) are the same

6. Review page 79 in Mounce

90 Personal Pronoun Chart

1st Person 2nd Person

Nominative Singular evgw, -- I su, -- you

Genitive Singular evmou/ (mou) – my sou/ (sou) -- your

Dative Singular evmoi, (moi) -- to me soi, (soi) -- to you

Accusative Singular evme, (me) – me se, (se) -- you

Nominative Plural h`mei/j -- we u`mei/j -- you

Genitive Plural h`mw/n -- our u`mw/n -- your

Dative Plural h`mi/n -- to us u`mi/n -- to you

Accusative Plural h`ma/j -- us u`ma/j -- you

91 Near Demonstrtive Ponoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular ou-toj au[th tou/to

Genitive Singular tou,tou tau,thj tou,tou

Dative Singular tou,tw| tau,th| tou,tw|

Accusative Singular tou/ton tau,thn tou/to

Nominative Plural ou-toi au-tai tau,ta

Genitive Plural tou,twn tau,twn tou,twn

Dative Plural tou,toij tau,taij tou,toij

Accusative Plural tou,touj tau,taj tau,ta

 Near Demonstrative Singular  “this”

 Near Demonstrative Plural  “these”

 It is just the word tou,t or tau,t followed by the case ending

o The only differences are in the nominative (M/F) and (S/P) . ou-toj (masculine singular) . au[th (feminine singular) . ou-toi (masculine plural) . au-tai (feminine plural)

92 Far Demonstrative Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular evkei/noj evkei,nh evkei/no

Genitive Singular evkei,nou evkei,nhj evkei,nou

Dative Singular evkei,nw| evkei,nh| evkei,nw|

Accusative Singular evkei/non evkei,nhn evkei/no

Nominative Plural evkei/noi evkei/nai evkei/na

Genitive Plural evkei,nwn evkei,nwn evkei,nwn

Dative Plural evkei,noij evkei,naij evkei,noij

Accusative Plural evkei,nouj evkei,naj evkei/na

 Far Demonstrative Singular  “that”

 Far Demonstrative Plural  “those”

 It is just the word evkei,n followed by the case ending

93 Relative Pronoun Chart

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation

Nominative Singular o]j h[ o[ who, which, that

Genitive Singular ou- h-j ou- of whom, of which

Dative Singular w-| h-| w-| to whom, to which

Accusative Singular o]n h]n o[ whom, which, that

Nominative Plural oi[ ai[ a[ who, which, that

Genitive Plural w-n w-n w-n of whom, of which

Dative Plural oi-j ai-j oi-j to whom, to which

Accusative Plural ou[j a[j a[ whom, which, that

 The relative pronouns are just the case endings by themselves

 Relative pronouns are usually describing a noun (who, whom, which)

94 Verb Endings Chart

All Tenses Without an Augment (e) All Tenses With an Augment (e)

Primary Tenses Secondary Tenses

lu,w (-) e;lu,on (n)

lu,eij (j) e;lu,ej (j) lu,ei (i) e;lu,e(n) (-)

lu,omen (men) evlu,omen (men) Active Voice Active lu,ete (te) evlu,ete (te) lu,ousi(n) (ousi) e;lu,on (n)

lu,omai (mai) evlu,omhn (mhn) lu,h| (sai) evlu,ou (so) lu,etai (tai) evlu,eto (to)

lu,omeqa (meqa) evlu,omeqa (meqa) lu,esqe (sqe) evlu,esqe (sqe)

Middle / Passive Voice Middle / Passive Midd lu,ontai (ntai) evlu,onto (nto)

1st Aorist Endings Liquid Verb Endings

e[ lu, sa (-) e[ mein a (-) e[ lu, saj (j) e[ mein aj (j) e[ lu, se(n) (-n) e[ mein e(n) (-n)

e[ lu, samen (men) e[ mein amen (men) e[ lu, sate (te) e[ mein ate (te) e[ lu, san (n) e[ mein an (n)

1. Primary Tenses are Present and Future only. They do not have an e in the 3rd slot meaning that the verb will not usually begin with an e

2. Secondary Tenses are Imperfect, Aorist, and Perfect (they all have an augment e)

3. 1st and 2nd person plural are the same in primary and secondary tenses

4. Generally, the middle and passive voices have the same endings

95 The Indicative Regular Verb Active

Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect

1st lu, w e; lu, on lu, sw e; lu, sa e; lab on le lu, ka 2nd lu, eij e; lu, ej lu, seij e; lu, saj e; lab ej le lu, kaj 3rd lu, ei e; lu, e(n) lu, sei e; lu, se(n) e; lab e(n) le lu, ke(n)

Singular

1st lu, omen ev lu, omen lu, somen ev lu, samen ev lab omen le lu, 2nd lu, ete ev lu, ete lu, sete ev lu, sate ev la,b ete kamen

3rd lu, ousi(n) ev lu, on lu, sousi(n) ev lu, san ev lab on le lu, kate le lu, kasi

Plural

Middle

Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect

1st lu, omai e; lu, omhn lu, somai e; lu, samhn e; gen o,mhn le lu, mai 2nd lu, h | e; lu, ou lu, sh| e; lu, sw e; gen ou le lu, sai 3rd lu, etai e; lu, eto lu, setai e; lu, sato e; gen eto le lu, tai Singular

1st lu, omeqa ev lu, omeqa lu, someqa ev lu, ev gen le lu, meqa

2nd lu, esqe ev lu, esqe lu, sesqe sameqa omeqa le lu, sqe 3rd lu, ontai ev lu, onto lu, sontai ev lu, sasqe ev gen esqe le lu, ntai

Plural ev lu, santo ev gen onto

Passive

Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect

1st lu, omai e; lu, omhn lu, qh,somai e; lu, qh,n e; graf hn le lu, mai 2nd lu, h| e; lu, ou lu, qh,sh| e; lu, qhj e; graf hj le lu, sai 3rd lu, etai e; lu, eto lu, qh,setai e; lu, qh e; graf h le lu, tai Singular

1st lu, omeqa ev lu, omeqa lu, ev lu, qhmen ev graf le lu, meqa nd lu, esqe ev lu, esqe qh,someqa ev lu, qhte hmen le lu, sqe 2 3rd lu, ontai ev lu, onto lu, qh,sesqe ev lu, qhsan ev graf hte le lu, ntai lu, ev grafhsan

Plural qh,sontai

96